Andrew Krasnozhon

Исследование официальной политики, проявленную в отношении культурного наследия на территории Транснистрии в 1941-44 гг. режимом Антонеску. О политической инструментализации археологии во время Второй мировой войны. Исследование подвергает ревизии официальный имидж румынской археологической науки. Книга содержит архив румынской Одесской трофейной службы "Организация Z.1/ музеи".

А. В. Красножон. Дисертаційне дослідження присвячено дослідженню історії фортечного будівництва Північно-Західного Причорномор’я (південний захід сучасної України) доби Середньовіччя та Нового часу, яка налічує чотири століття – від першого десятиліття XV ст. до останніх років XVIII ст., починаючи від появи першої кам’яної фортеці замкового типу у Білгороді на Дністрі і завершуючи бастіонними укріпленнями Бузько-Дністровського межиріччя.

В монографии рассматривается история крепостей Северо-Западного Причерноморья в XV-XVIII вв. в контексте развития оборонных комплексов от каменной замковой архитектуры к бастионных фронтов. Поднимаются вопросы типологии, происхождения, датировки, локализации и функциональной эффективности объектов долговременной фортификации региона на разных этапах их существования. Особое внимание уделено исторической топографии городов, а также средневековой молдавской, греческой, армянской и османской эпиграфике в источниковедческом аспекте. Рассмотрены природные ресурсы региона, способствовавшие его урбанизации на отдельных этапах указанного периода. В научный оборот введены десятки исторических планов и изображений, материалов современных реконструкций и авторских обмерных чертежей памятников военной и гражданской архитектуры XV-XVIII вв. в исследованном регионе.

А. В. Красножон
В монографии опубликовано около четырехсот рисунков, гравюр, фотографий крепости Белгород на Днестре, из фондов 17-ти архивных и научных учреждений Румынии, Молдовы, Украины, России. В них отражен утраченный облик крепости за последние 250 лет (начиная с 1770 г.). Бόльшая часть изображений введена в научный оборот впервые. Материалы являются неисчерпаемым источником по истории строительной периодизации крепости.

Fortress Belgorod (Akkerman) on the Dniester: the history of construction.
The monograph deals with a complex of documentary sources on the history of the fortress. The results of field historical and architectural studies of the fortress are presented. In the building history of the fortress there are 7 main periods: from the appearance of the old castle (citadel) in the second decade of the 15-th century, to the Ottoman reconstruction of the fortress in the late of 18-th century.

Odessa trophy exhibits in the collection National Museum Complex «Moldova» (Iasi). Six monuments of Ottoman epigraphy were taken by employees of the Odessa Trophy Service in 1942 to Iasi. Since then, their fate remained unknown. Three of them belonged to the Izmail fortress and dated 1795. Another two belonged to the Akkerman fortress and dated back to the 17th - 18th centuries. Last one stele came to Odessa from Istanbul. The first group of this monuments was discovered at the beginning of 2014. The second half of the monuments was discovered in June 2024. All monuments still remain in Romania. Not a single one of the slabs taken to Iasi during the war was republished by Romanian
esearchers in all the post-war decades, despite the availability of these materials. The Izmail slabs reflected the time of large-scale modernization of the fortress after it was taken by Suvorov’s troops in December 1790 and again returned to the Porta. These works were headed by a Rashid Efendi, who later became the Turkish commandant of Izmail. The slab from Akkerman with the inscription of Abu Bakr reflects the period of large-scale repairs to the towers of the citadel of the fortress after they were struck by lightning in 1673. The slab with a prayer in honor of Ali reflects the presence in the 18th century of the Sufi communities in Akkerman. Finally, the stele with the name of Mahmud Bey bears an epitaph in honor of the
pirate buried in Istanbul. All these monuments of Ottoman epigraphy were discovered in the funds of the National Museum complex ‘Moldova’ (Iasi). This article is devoted to their introduction into scientific circulation.

Метою дослідження є пошук доказів для датування одного з малодосліджених елементів оборонного комплексу Аккерманської фортеці – гласису та введення їх до наукового обігу. Методологічною основою дослідження став аналіз історіографії, а також картографічних, іконографічних та археологічних джерел, порівняльно-типологічний аналіз у галузі оборонного зодчества. Основні результати дослідження. В історіографії не раз висловлювалися різні думки щодо датування гласису фортеці. Усі вони коливались у межах середини XV ст. – початку 1790-х рр. Причиною такого широкого розльоту в датах була відсутність чіткого розуміння оборонних функцій гласису, відсутність переконливої та загальної будівельної періодизації фортеці (особливо для пізніх періодів), недостатня вивченість джерельної бази з історії Аккермана саме турецького періоду. Фортеця побудована в XV ст. на правому березі Дністровського лиману і протягом усієї своєї історії залишалася без кардинальних змін планування та конструктивних особливостей. Лише в 1795–1796 рр. турецька влада приступає до реалізації найбільш масштабного проєкту її модернізації. Його метою було приведення комплексу у відповідність до норм оборони в умовах виклику з боку розвиненої порохової вогнепальної артилерії. У 1792 р. Аккерман стає прикордонним пунктом через розмежування кордонів з Російською імперією по берегах Дністровського лиману. В результаті модернізації, здійсненої за проєктом французького інженера Ф. Кауффера, зводиться серія внутрішніх та зовнішніх додаткових земляних укріплень, одним з яких був гласис на еспланаді, в периметрі зовнішньої кромки рову. Висновки. Ключ до дати створення гласиса знаходиться в проєктному плані реконструкції фортеці авторства Ф. Кауффера, який датується другою половиною 1793 р. При цьому серія письмових та епіграфічних джерел дозволяють впевнено датувати час реалізації цього проєкту трьома роками пізніше. Помилки попередників у датуваннях цього елемента оборони полягали у сприйнятті гласису як похідної від рову у чіткому зв’язку з ним. Також археологічні розкопки античної Тіри 1900–1960-х рр., зроблені ніби «на гласисі», внесли плутанину в розуміння дати його походження через недбалість у вживанні фортифікаційних термінів і визначенні об’єкта досліджень.

About the Date of Modernization of Akkerman Fortress by François Kauffer One of the most famous periods in the construction history of the Akkerman Fortress is associated with the name of the French engineer in the Turkish service-François Kauffer. As a result of his activities, the medieval stronghold significantly changed its appearance in the last decade of the 18 th century, adapting to the tasks of conducting a modern siege war with the help of heavy powder artillery. The dating of these large-scale works in Ackerman remained under question. Some new documentary sources with their detailed information made such dating possible. Kauffer fixed his presence in the fortress with an autograph on the wall of the citadel tower. Apparently, the modernization took place here in the spring and summer of 1796. Equally, the end of the works was marked by the tughra of the ruling Sultan Selim III, installed on the facade of the main gate. The date on Selim III's tarih and the one in Kauffer's autograph is 1796. A. V. Krasnozhon Referitor la data modernizării cetăţii Akkerman de către François Kauffer Una dintre cele mai cunoscute perioade în istoria construcţiei cetăţii Akkerman este legată de numele inginerului francez din serviciul turcilor, François Kauffer. În rezultatul activităţii lui, fortăreaţa medievală și-a schimbat semnificativ aspectul în ultimul deceniu al sec. XVIII, adaptându-se la provocările războiului de asediu modern cu utilizarea artileriei grele cu praf de pușcă. Datarea acestor lucrări de proporţii în Akkerman rămânea sub semn de întrebare. Posibilitatea de a o determina a fost oferită de informaţia detaliată din noi surse documentare. Prezenţa sa în cetate a fost confirmată de Kauffer printr-un autograf pe peretele turnului citadelei. După toate aparenţele, modernizarea a avut loc acolo în primăvara-vara a. 1796. În același fel, de sfârșitul lor este legată și plasarea pe faţada porţilor principale a tughrei sultanului guvernator Selim III. Data de pe tarihul lui Selim III și autograful lui Kauffer este a. 1796.

The Izmail’s plan, authored by a French Ottoman engineer F. Kauffer, is one of the most important sources on the history and historical topography of this Ottoman city on the lower Danube. The plan was drawn up in 1797. It reflects the planning of the city after the Suvorov assault in December 1790 and the return of Izmail to the Ottoman Empire following the Iasi Peace Treaty. The value of the document is that it reflects a large number of elements of urban development and infrastructure with signatures on the functional purpose of buildings and even the names of some streets, bazaars etc. After the liquidation of the fortress in 1856, all these buildings disappeared, including the systems of defensive fortifications. At present moment only the stone mosque with a dome survived – one of the oldest buildings in Izmail. The plan of the city and the fortress of Kauffer gives modern researchers the opportunity to recover much of the lost information. This makes this source extremely relevant and creates the need to introduce into scientific circulation a high-quality, readable digital copy of the plan. Therefore, the beginning of the history of the fortress and the city of Izmail dates back to the last decade of the 16th century. However, the peak of its development dates back to the 1780s. After the return of the city to the Ottoman Empire as a result of the Iasi Peace Treaty, the Turks immediately began a new phase of reconstruction of the fortifications. This period was reflected in the plan of F. Kauffer’s authorship in 1797. It is not yet known who authored this modernization project, but the French engineer left us a very detailed picture of the urban topography of Izmail in the period after the Suvorov assault.

Решение проблемы локализации Хаджибейского замка на территории современной Одессы стало возможным благодаря впервые проведенной георадарной разведке в районе его наиболее вероятного существования. Работами выявлена на глубине более 2 м аномалия, совпадающая в размерах и контурах с планами каменного замка в Хаджибее, известного по картографическим материалам 1780-х гг. Замок располагался напротив современных домов №4—5 по Приморскому бульвару. Глубина залегания соответствует горизонту дневной поверхности хаджибейского периода, выявленного экспедицией А. О. Добролюбского в ходе раскопок возле Воронцовского дворца в 1997 г. Замок существовал на этом месте (почти в неизменном виде) в период с 1420-х по 1790-е гг. Был выстроен в связи
с оборонительными инициативами Витовта либо Т. Бучацкого. В 1593 г. турками была предпринята попытка реконструкции замка. В 1765 г. сооружение незначительно модернизировано — с северо-восточной, приморской, стороны пристроена береговая артиллерийская батарея. В 1789 г. выведен из строя путем подрыва двух мин. После 1794 г. разобран на стройматериалы.

Ports of the North-Western Black Sea Coast in the XV-XVIII Centuries
Морські факторії у Північно-Західному Причорномор’ї XV-XVIII ст. (до 1794 р.) існували лише у двох місцях: у Качубійові (сучасна Одеська затока) та поблизу Білгорода у Царгородського гирла Дністровського лиману. Морська пристань Білгорода існувала лише у першій чверті XV ст. Швидше за все, вона була пов’язана з морською рейдовою стоянкою кораблів. В османський період про неї згадок немає. Останнє повноцінне наукове видання Сейхат-наме турецькою мовою дозволяє бачити, що турецький Аккерман мав ще одну назву, грецьку – Піргаз Конман.
Keywords: Akkmerman, Kiliya, Ochakiv, Pirgaz Konman, Bogaz-Konman, Evliya Çelebi, the Cumans, Bilhorod on the Dniester River

The new data about the localization and dating of the Hadzhibey Castle.
Localization of the Hadzhibey Castle (in the place of the modern Odessa) is confirmed by information from the new cartographic sources. It was located on the site of the present Primorsky Boulevard in front of houses No. 2-3 (in 213 m from the cape of the Military Balk). In the period from the 1764 – to 1766th years, the castle was modernized. One of his curtains was torn down. A new artillery battery was built, which strengthened control over the southern water area of the harbor. In the same period, there is a garrison mosque appear. The modernization of the fortification and construction works in the city and the port in these years is taking place on the background of the increased attention of the Ottoman authorities to the Hadzhibey due to the change in his administrative status in the Sultan Huss. The dating of the structure cannot be attributed to the 1760th. For a many of archaic features, the castle can refer to the first half of the XV-th century. After the conquest of the Hadzhibey by the Russian troops, Grigory Potemkin ordered to destruction of the castle. According to reports, this was done already in October 1789-th, but in reality the castle stood in its place until 1793-th.

Two documents about the repair works in the Hadzhibey.
In 1593, in Ottoman Hadzhibey point (the North-West Black Sea Region), the Turks attempted to reconstruct of the old castle. Under the direction of Piri-Beg. This castle was here since Lithuanian times. The reconstruction of the structure was interrupted. The documents is the letter of the ambassador fon Krekvits.
В статье критикуется одно из звеньев т.н. "концепции четырех крепостей", существовавших в Хаджибее, сформулированной И. В. Сапожниковым.

TWO EASTERN INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AKKERMAN AND ISMAIL
In the article the author again returns to the analysis of two well-known epigraphic monuments of the fortresses of the North-Western Black Sea coast of the Ottoman period, as: Ismail and Akkerman. The new photos, cartograms and decoding of inscriptions with the specified translations are published. The plate with the inscription from Akkerman was located in the area of the main fortress gates and its text is connected with the Sufi tradition: the author appeals to the caliph Ali, hoping for his protection. The inscription from the Ismail is related to the last stage of modernization of the defense complex (1792–1795-th).

In 1979, the Romanian philologist I. Dumitru-Snagov published his dating of the Balkan map from the “Codex Latinus
Parisinus 7239”. This date is 1396. The map shows Monchastro Castle — toponymic synonym of the medieval Belgorod on
the Dniester. The historiographers started using this date for the early stage of the medieval Belgorod on the Dniester (the
citadel). In the same monograph, the Romanian researcher dated Paolo Santini's treaty, which is incorporated in the Codex,
but this dating seems to be wrong. The most likely date of the creation of the map is March of 1452. Santini's treaty “About
the art of war and military machines” was copied not before 1449, from the work of Mariano Taccola “About machines”. The
map and the treaty were consolidated under the cover of the Codex, but originally these were two different documents. The
map was designed at the Hungarian Court during escalation of the military conflict on the Balkans before the conquest of
Constantinople. It cannot beŁ used as evidence to determine the time of construction of the citadel in Belgorod. Moncastro
is wrongly located on the Danube and does not reflect the real ensemble of the fortress in the middle of the 15th century.

В 1979 г. румынский филолог И. Думитру-Снагов опубликовал свой вариант датировки карты Балкан из «Codex
Latinus Parisinus 7239» — 1396 г. На карте обозначен замок Монкастро (Monchastro) — топонимический синоним
средневекового Белгорода на Днестре. Эта дата вошла в историографию как время появления самой Белгород-
Днестровской крепости на раннем этапе (цитадель). Тем же временем ученый датировал и трактат Паоло Сантини,
включенный в Кодекс. Но эта датировка ошибочна. Наиболее вероятная дата создания карты — март 1453 г. Трактат
«О военном искусстве и военных машинах» был скопирован Сантини не ранее 1449 г., с сочинения Мариано Таккола
«О машинах». Карта Балкан и трактат объединены под обложкой Кодекса, но по происхождению это разные доку-
менты. Карта создана при венгерском дворе в период обострения военной обстановки на Балканах накануне взятия
Константинополя. Она не является источником для определения времени постройки цитадели крепости Белгород. Изо-
бражение замка Монкастро ошибочно размещено на Дунае и не отражает реальный облик крепостного ансамбля
в середине XV в.

About the religious buildings of Akkerman in the light of the latest publications.
The article is about of the  history of the turkish Akkerman's mosques and temples in the mid-15th-early 19th centuries.
В статье проводится анализ ряда публикаций, в которых затрагивается история мечетей и храмов Аккермана середины XV – начала XIX вв. Особое внимание уделено статье И.В.Сапожникова «Из истории мечетей и церквей
Аккермана середины XVII – первой половины XIX вв.». В ней автор пытается ввести в научный оборот ошибочные
тезисы о появлении Султанской мечети Аккермана в 1510-1520-х гг., а также о локализации средневекового т.н. Молдавского храма в здании XIX в. нынешней Болгарской церкви.

Church of Stephen the Great in Belgorod on the Dniester.
About the history of studies of the Greek church of the 15-th century in Belgorod. The church was built in three stages - from the early apse and the nave, to the west, along the axis of the temple, to the later parts of the structure. The creation of the church (the first stage) is connected with the initiative of the Moldovan ruler Stephen III in the late 1470-s. (not later than 1480).

The Akkerman Fortress in the Context of the Franco-Ottoman-Russian Relations in the 1790s.

This article introduces and analyzes a French document called “Mémoire sur la fortresse d’Akermann remis au Directoire en Nivose de l’an 6” (“Report about the fortress of Akkerman submitted to the Directory in Nivose month, 6”). The author of the report is not mentioned, but the date of the French revolutionary calendar in the title dates it to 1797/1798. The study has shown that the document was created in the spring of 1794 by the French engineer at the Ottoman service, Fr. Kauffer. It was a basic analytical report on the defense issues of the Akkerman fortress on the Dniester and perspectives of its modernization, meant for the government of the Ottoman Empire. The project proposed by the engineer was partially implemented by the Ottoman administration in the period from 1797 to 1806 (probably closer to the later date). The Turks were in no hurry to implement full-scale defensive work in the fortresses on the right bank of the Dniester, preferring the Danubian Chilia and Ismail. Aggravation of the political situation in the Black Sea region at the turn of 1797/1798 years, due to the coalition wars, aroused the interest of the French Directory to this faraway object as was the Akkerman fortress, a frontier outpost of the Turks on the Lower Dniester.

"Concerning to the problem of location of the Khadzhibey castle"
The location of the Khadzhibey castle is still uncertain. According to versions of the researchers of 19th-21st centuries, the castle “used to travel” along the modern Primorsky Boulevard, from the Vorontsov Palace to the City Council building. The analysis of the two unexplored cartographic sources, created by Devolan together with the Deribas’s report about the assault of the Khadzhibey castle, helps to locate the castle in front of the modern buildings №  1–2 on the Primorsky Boulevard.

Historical topography of the fortress and Akkerman City in 1770—1793.
Reconstruction has been based on several plans of Akkerman city and fortress The urban structures were characterized by chaotic planning with distinguished three-four local districts shaped around the squares. External fortifications (themoat and the wall) enveloped the trading quarters by a rough curve. Urban development becomes more dense closer to the fortress. The fortress also housed a few public buildings. The territory of the defensive ensemble is divided into several quarters. The highest density of buildings is seen in the north-eastern, coastal part of the trading quarters, near modern streets Popova and Shabskaya. The Greek church still preserved here is dated by the second half of 15th century, and Armenian church dates to early 17th century. The archaic planning is still present at places (outlines of streets and a square in the quarter between the current streets Shabskaya, Kutuzova, Popova and Shevchenko are the same).

The "Ritual of the founding of Odessa": a critical analysis

The article revises the results of archaeological excavations in 1995 on the Theater Square in Odessa, as a result of which the authors announced the discovery of the so-called. "Rite of the Founding of Odessa" (August 22, 1794), in connection with the discovery of the mortgage trench "the first house of Odessa" - Grigory Volkonsky.

Building plates with memorable texts from the Belgorod fortress on the Dniester: experience of the historical reconstruction
In may of 2016-th, to the walls of the fortress Belgorod on the Dniester were installed copies of memorable plates of the 15-th century, as part of the reconstruction. Their texts are the exclusive written sources about the time and reasons for the appearance of some  sections of the defense complex in the Moldovian period (the earler - 1440, the later - 1484).

15th Century Epigraphic Monuments from the Belgorod Fortress.
At the beginning of 2013 in the Kherson Regional Museum, the author found a collection of epigraphic plates of the 15th c. from the Belgorod on the Dniester, which was considered lost for more than 100 years. Three plates contain inscriptions in Old Slavonic, one — in Greek. Three of them are surely relate to the walls of the fortress and can be used to refine the chronology of the defense complex.
The text on the first plate of 1440 indicates an autonomous position of Belgorod in Moldavian state during the reign of Stefan II. The appearance of this plate is associated with the construction of the southern line-walls of the Military court in anticipation of an expected Tatar raid. The second plate — 1454 — was removed from the walls of one of the towers of the Military court. The text tells about the fortification works undertaken by pan Stanchul, awaiting of the attack the Turkish fleet of Temir-Kai. The third plate, presented by N. E. Afanasyev, has no relation to the fortress. Probably, it belonged to the Moldavian church of 15th century in Belgorod (“Greek” church) and was established in 1480 to celebrate the end of the construction of the monastery (or a church). The fourth plate from Main (Kiliya) gate dates to 1484, and was established during the renovation of the tower in anticipation of the Turkish siege of Belgorod by Sultan Bayazid II. This plate is an unique example in the document of 15th c. of the Moldavian Principality, bacause it is dated by AD. The author proposes a new reading of the texts, which differs from the one previously suggested by other researchers, and clarifies some dates of the plates.

A Bowl with Arabic Inscription from Sudak.
A unique cup of 16-th century with a lyric inscription in Arabic was found in Sudak during excavations of 2010. The cup was made for a love rite. This is archaeological evidence of the fact that the poetic images of medieval Iranian writers and miniaturists are not a mere fruit of their imagination. A cup with wine for love rites was in use in 16th —17th centuries not only in the cultural metropolis — in Iran, but also in the everyday life of the outskirts of the Ottoman Empire.

Gunshot Artillery as a Dating Attribute of the Citadel of Belgorod-Dnestrovsk Fortress.
In the absence of specific, direct indications of written and archaeological sources about the time of construction of the medieval citadel of the Belgorod-Dnestrovsk Fortress, the presence of four artillery positions in one of its towers presents new evidence in the process of dating of the building. The artillery came to Moldova in the epoch of Alexander cel Bun (the Good). The Belgorod Castle was built on his initiative in the period from 1414 to 1420, and the main reason of its construction was the threat of impending war with the Turks.

Localization of the Temple of the Ancient Tyra.
Location of the temple of the ancient Tyra has been unknown. The author of this article firstly suggests that the remains of the temple are located in the northeast corner of the Military Court of the medieval fortress, and has not yet been excavated. This conclusion is based on the comparison of the results of three expeditions of different time: the citadel excavation under the direction of G. Avakian in 1929, georadar shooting expedition in 2010 by S. A. Belyaeva, and the excavations in the territory of the fortress in 2011 under the leadership of T. L. Samoylova.

Khadzhibey Castle: iconography, archaeology, and politics

In the 14th – first half of the 15th century, the NW
shore of the Black Sea became a region where the political
interests of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Moldavia
clashed. With the weakening of the Golden Horde, the
lands between the Dniester and the Dnieper fell to the
GDL according to a 1324 treaty negotiated in Vilnius
between Grand Duke Gediminas and Khan Uzbeg. But
Grand Duke Algirdas had to defeat Khan Kochubey at the
Battle of Blue Waters in order to consolidate Lithuanian
control. According to a 1387 treaty, the Dniester became
the boundary between Moldavia and the GDL. But only
in the late 14th–15th century, thanks to the initiative
of Grand Duke Vytautas, did the Lithuanians become
established on the shore of the Black Sea.
The toponym Khadzhibeyov (Khachubeyov), which is
mentioned in 15th century historical sources, is probably
Andriy Krasnozhon
K. D. Ushinski Pedagogical University, Odessa (South Ukraine)
Khadzhibey Castle: iconography, archaeology, and politics
Summary
connected with the Khan Kochubey who lost the Battle
of Blue Waters. Later the locality was given the Turkish
toponym Hacibey (Khadzhibey).
Prior to the October Revolution, historians connected
this bay and the castle built beside it, which were called
‘the royal port and Khachubeyov Castle’ in the first quarter
of the 15th century, with Lithuania’s Grand Duke Vytautas.
During the Soviet era, and after the restoration of Ukraine’s
independence, the version about Lithuanian dominion at
the site of present-day Odessa was usually doubted. It was
thought that only the Turkish settlement of Khadzhibey,
founded in 1765, had existed at the site of the present-day
city and port.
An analysis of the surviving plans of Khadzhibey
fortress (the oldest being a Russian survey by Ivan Islenjev
in 1766, Fig. 6; followed by the 1784 plan by French
LIETUVOS PILYS 2010 31
Engineer André-Joseph Lafitte-Clavé (1740–1794), Fig.
3c; and finally the 1789 plan by Russian Engineer Freigan,
Fig. 3a) helped to raise doubts about the Turkish origin of
Khadzhibey Castle. This fortress needs to be connected with
a much earlier period when the Lithuanians controlled this
shore of the Black Sea. An archaeological investigation,
which K. D. Ushinski Pedagogical University in Odessa
(South Ukraine) conducted during 1996–2004, confirmed
this with the discovery, at a depth of 1.5–2 m in a trench
on the slope of the former shore, of a masonry wall laid
using local stone (shell rock, crag, ракушечник) that
had red brick and roof tile fragments in the gaps and was
bound with lime mortar (Fig. 4). Pits containing 14th
century ceramics were also discovered at the site. Thus
the unearthed wall fragment and cultural layer coincide
with the right bastion portrayed in the Freigan plan. This
find helped not only to identify the location of the oldest
fortress in the current one (Fig. 5), but also to calculate
its dimensions. As was suspected, Khachubeyov fortress
was much bigger than what is shown in the plans of
Lafitte-Clavé and Freigan (about twice as big). The round
towers were about 16 m in diameter with walls 3.5 m
thick and 16 m high. The castle’s East (main) façade was
56 m wide, the curtain walls 3.5 m wide, the minaret (?)
2.5–3 m in diameter, the gateway 4.5–9 m wide, and the
gate 60 m from the pentagonal (opposite) tower.
The problems in dating the oldest Khachubeyov
fortress relics that had been discovered forced another
look at the historiography. Many historians assert that the
Turkish fortress and city of Khadzhibey arose at the site
of the older Lithuanian Khachubeyov castle, which was
located at Odessa’s estuary. It was indicated that in 1765
the Turks built masonry fortifications, which ‘had existed
at this site in ancient times’ (‘бывшего в том месте в
древние времена’). The 1714, 1730, 1732, and 1757
maps call the locality Kodia-Bey or Kozubi. This same
name appears in the 1660 map of Nicholas Sanson and the
1699 map of Johannes van Keulen. The derelict old castle
is mentioned by 16th and 17th century travellers. In 1657
the Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi (1611–1682) wrote
in his book: ‘The structures of these fortifications have
survived to this day and are very visible on a high rock on
the shore of the Black Sea. If these fortifications were just
slightly mended, the locality would be inhabitable and the
road not dangerous’ (‘До сих пор постройки этого укре-
пления сохранились и хорошо видны на берегу Черно-
го моря, на крутой скале. Если это укрепление хотя бы
немного подправить, местность станет населенной, а
дорога – безопасной’ (Челеби, 1961, p. 108). The most
important source attesting to the existence of a Lithuanian
castle at the present-day site is its mention in Jan Dlugosz’
Chronicles of the Famous Kingdom of Poland, ‘[in 1415]
envoys from the Patriarch and Emperor of the Greeks came
before King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland with letters
and bulls with tin seals, requesting that “he help those,
who were being attacked on all sides and were in danger
from the Turks, with at least grain.” King Władysław II
Jagiełło, pitying their misfortune, ordered that the quantity
of grain they desired be given to them, indicated his royal
port of Khachubeyov as the place from which it would be
shipped’ (Jana Długosza Kanonika Krakowskiego Dzieła
wszystkie wydane staraniem Alexandra Przezdzieckiego,
t. V, kn. 11, 12, p. 181).
But, after conducting the investigation, it was
discovered that the date ‘1415’ given in Dlugosz’s Chronicles
was incorrect. The events, which he described,
occurred in 1422 rather than in 1415. The Byzantine
capital Constantinople was assaulted in 1422 and it
was obviously because of precisely this assault that the
Byzantine Patriarch and Emperor requested the assistance
of King Władysław II Jagiełło. In this context the note,
left by French Diplomat Ghillebert de Lannoy, about the
castle built in 1421 ‘on one riverbank’ appears clearer.
Lannoy, having arrived in Belgorod (Moncastro), met
with the steward of Podolia, Gedigolda, who had, at the
order of Vytautas, less than a month to erect a castle at an
empty site, where there were neither forest nor stones; thus
Gedigolda was bringing 12 000 people and 4 000 carts
loaded with timber and stone (Oeuvres de Ghillerbert de
lannoy voyageur, diplomate et moraliste, red. Ch. Potvin,
Louvain, 1878, p. 59–60).
After connecting these facts and evidence that
Lannoy was writing about precisely the construction
of Khachubeyov fortress (See Fra Mauro’s map, c.
1450, Fig. 8), it is possible to correct the date given by
Dlugosz when the grain was sent to Constantinople;
Vytautas founded the fortress and port on the Black Sea
not in 1415, but in 1421. This occurred after Vytautas’s
conflict with the ruler of Moldavia, Alexander the Good.
In 1420, the Turks attacked Belgorod, but neither Jagiełła
nor Vytautas helped Alexander, even though he was
married to Vytautas’s sister Rimgailė. Alexander divorced
Rimgailė and Khachubeyov fortress was built on one of
the estuaries of the Dniester delta. But by the 16th century
it had already become ruins.
In 1765, the Turks erected a new bastion trace at the
site of the Medieval castle and called it Eni-Dunja (New
World). During 1774–1789 the Russians took Eni-Dunją
and in early October 1789, blew it up. Today the 1820s–
1830s palace of Count Voroncov stands at the site of both
fortifications.

The Bender Fortification Complex of 16th—18th Centuries.
The Turkish fortress was built in Bender in three stages: 1) a small castle (citadel) was built in 1538; 2) in 1584, it was surrounded by a ditch and a system of curtains and towers; 3) in 1619, construction of the outer front bastion was finished. The author presents the results of historical and architectural analysis of the fortress complex of Bender, publishes its layout, measurements of the fortress and some of its towers, as well as an account of all epigraphic inscriptions so far discovered on its walls.

The Fortress Ensemble of Hadzhibey Fortress: Time of Foundation and Construction Periods.
The ensemble of the medieval Khadzhibey Fortress (in the territory of the modern Odessa) was built two stages. In the 1421, the Lithuanian duke Vitautas founded the Castle of Kachubiev. In the 1765, the already abandoned a medieval castle, was restored by the Turks. On the perimeter around it, they erected bastion-fortress Yeni-Dunya. Bastion fortifications were destroyed by the Russian troops in July 1774. The medieval castle existed until 1789, when it was conquered by the Russian troops under the command of Joseph Deribas.

A Turkish Settlement and Castle Khadzhibey on territory of Odessa.
The article is dedicated to study of a settlement and fortress of Khadzhibey founded by the Turks on place of what is now Primorskii Boulevard in Odessa in 1785, which was conquered by the Russian troops led by the Admiral Joseph De Ribas in September 1789. Soon after the castle had been conquered, it was disassembled by the order of Knyaz G.A. Potemkin; this was a major source for historiographic confusion among the historians of Odessa in XIX and XX centuries. Localisation of the fortress and its size stirred up scientific debates. Authenticity of scarce records was doubted: these are written witnesses of contemporaries, plans, drawings of the castle, as well as maps of the adjacent territory. Certain vagueness could be felt also in the J. De Ribas’ s report on assault of the fortress. These contradictions were fortunately eliminated through archaeological excavations led by the South-Ukrainian Pedagogical University on the territory of the castle and the settlement. Digging yielded remains of the fortress’s foundation,  studied an area on place of the karavan-saraj and mosque, as well as prospected locations of port features and a lighthouse. Besides, a rich archaeological collection has been collected, a stratigraphic diagnostics of the site has been done, based on which it was possible to correct its chronology. Few sherds of Golden Horde pottery were found along with the finds of the second half of XVIII century, which is indicative of existence of a small Tatar settlement on place of the Turkish Khadzhibey in this period. The first part of the article is a brief overview of written records and a historiographic review. The second part is a generalisation of all archaeological information received over the last four years of excavations in Odessa. The archaeological evidence is the first publication.

В дипломном исследовании Д. Мацкул представлены результаты анализа корпуса курсантских надписей, зафиксированных на стенах Одесского Сергиевского артиллерийского училища (более 5000 ед.), оставленных в период с 1912 г. по начало 2000-х гг. Эпиграфика содержит информацию о личном составе учреждения, о географии происхождения курсантов, о некоторых страницах истории здания в период Гражданской войны и Октябрьской революции, а также времен румынской оккупации 1942-1944 гг. Около 4000 ед. из общего количества надписей, содержат имена учащихся, что составляет 13% от личного состава, обучавшегося в училище за все годы его существования. В этих надписях отражена военная история дореволюционной России, Советского Союза, независимой Украины до 2007 г.

Звіт присвячений результатам проведення археологічних пошукових досліджень в грудні 2020 р. земельної ділянки за адресою: Приморський бульвар (навпроти будинку №5) в м. Одесі, розташованої в межах охоронної зони пам’ятки археології античного часу «Приморський бульвар». Експедиція проводилася Інститутом археології НАН України (наук. кер. Іванова С.В.), спільно з Південноукраїнським національним педагогічним університетом ім. К.Д. Ушинського (наук. кер. Красножон А.В.). Метою розкопок був пошук залишків Хаджибейського кам’яного замку, вирішення проблеми його локалізації та датування. У ході археологічних досліджень виявлено залишки земляних укріплень фортеці 1973 р., кераміка та монети ХІV ст., уламки античної кераміки у перевідкладеному вигляді. а також керамічний комплекс матеріалів кінця XVIII ст. Для студентів історичних факультетів, краєзнавців, а також всіх, хто цікавиться археологічними дослідженнями Північно-Західного Причорномор’я. Звіт складається з 138 сторінок та 50 ілюстрацій.
The report is devoted to the results of archeological excavations in December 2020 of the land plot at the address: Primorsky Boulevard (opposite the house №5) in Odessa, located within the protection zone of the ancient archeological monument "Primorsky Boulevard". The expedition was conducted by the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (scientific supervisor Ivanova SV), together with the South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University. K.D. Ushinsky (scientific supervisor Krasnozhon AV). The purpose of the excavations was to find the remains of Hadjibey Stone Castle, to solve the problem of its location and dating.