Midieval History

Κατά την περίοδο της πρώιμης σύγχρονης εποχής της ευρωπαϊκής ιστορίας, από το 1450 έως 1750 περίπου, χιλιάδες άνθρωποι, στην πλειοψηφία τους γυναίκες, υπέστησαν διώξεις και δικάστηκαν στα εκκλησιαστικά και, έπειτα, στα κοσμικά δικαστήρια της εποχής, με την κατηγορία της μαγείας. Σχεδόν οι μισές διώξεις οδήγησαν σε εκτέλεση των διωκόμενων, κυρίως με καύση στην πυρά (Levack 2006). Οι αιτίες και οι παράγοντες που οδήγησαν στις διώξεις των μαγισσών, καθώς και οι συνέπειες στο γυναικείο πληθυσμό, αλλά και στην ευρύτερη κοινωνία καθιστούν σαφή την ανάγκη διεπιστημονικής διερεύνησης του ζητήματος.

МУЗЕЈСКИ ЛЕТОПИС (зборник на трудови по повод 65 години ,,Завод и Музеј“- Струмица)

MEDIEVAL NECROPOLISES IN STRUMICA AND ITS SURROUNDINGS (XI-XIV CENTURIES): REVIEW, UBICATION AND THEIR CONNECTION TO THE CHURCHES

The choice of eternal resting place has always been an important moment for people, a connection between two worlds, those of the living and thedead. A necropolis, a city of the dead, the portal to eternal life and the last traceof this earth’s living. The exploration of the medieval necropolises is of greatimportance. Burial has always been a powerful cultural and anthropological phenomenon into which are reflected many segments of the life and culture of a certain community. In the burial we can find the elements of the religious understandings of certain community, of its aesthetic criteria, its folklore features, as well as the economic, social, trading relations, craftsmen and other values.

In Strumica and its surroundings there existed a large number of churches and necropolises, whose number was various in different periods, depending on the needs and the conditions, which dictated the progress of theentire region. The relatively densely populated Strumica region, as well as the large number of settlements that existed in the Middle Ages, are a confirmation to the fact that sacral objects were built and that there was also need for necropolises. The professional public of Strumica and its region is acquainted with a small number of medieval necropolises, whose exploration, whether systematic or just at a reconnoiter level, is relatively small.

In this contribution with the ubication of the medieval churches in Strumica and its surroundings we offer a basis for exploring the spiritual tradition of the medieval population, as well as their dedication to building sacral objects. This paper calls for new potential archaeological sites, church complexes around which with certainty there developed medieval necropolises.

Historically, Ethiopian sacred Christian chant may offer unparalleled insight into the human progression of oral to written cultures. Additionally, it has  the potential to offer scientists a new perspective on the structure of memory and the needs of a culture for both music and a method for communicating it.. In addition to expanding our knowledge of eastern Africa, it has far-reaching repercussions in the fields of music, epic poetry, medieval history and human memory.

Сажетак: Овим радом објављују се нoвопронађени ста-ри ћирилички натписи на надгробним споменицима главног средњовјековног гробља у селу Пипери (заселак Јаковље-вићи) на Мајевици, а такође, доносе се исправке ранијих ту-мачења одређених натписа. Гробље се препознаје као родов-ско-братственичко. Гробље лежи у простору општине Лопаре на Мајевици, на предјелима уз Саву, па тако илуструје снажан епиграфски потенцијал простора у доњем току Дрине и при-падајућих предјела око Саве, простора који представља сје-верну границу распростирања стећака. Гробље обилује натпи-сима и у његовом главном дијелу готово да нема споменика без натписа.

САМУИЛОВАТА ДРЖАВА ВО ИСТОРИСКАТА, ВОЕНО-ПОЛИТИЧКАТА, ДУХОВНАТА И КУЛТУРНАТА ТРАДИЦИЈА НА МАКЕДОНИЈА - Струмица

Military-strategic significance of the Strumica area in the time of Tsar Samuel (X-XI centuries)

Summary:  In this study we analyze the defence system of Samuel within the Strumica area, a defence system upon which he relied in his campaign against Basil II. From the accessible historic sources we can learn that Strumica withits surroundings was encompassed into a separate military-administrative unit, which played an important role in the decisive clash between the Balkan hegemons of that time. In this study are given the possible fortifications that Samuel used in this area: their locations, temporal frames and functions. In this defence system were certainly incorporated the palisades, which were builton the very roads. For the realization of this goal we have used: analysis ofthe accessible historic sources, reconnaissance in the south-east region of the Republic of Macedonia, etymologic connection, as well as the archaeological explorations that have been conducted in the past years in the Strumica region.

Claiming to be Dionysius the Areopagite, Pseudo-Dionysius produced several theological works during the late 5th or early 6th centuries that played varying roles of influence in Church theology over the following centuries. Although some his theological methods were teetering off the edge of orthodoxy in the early church, he remained prevalent due to a combination of perceived authenticity, historical conditions and certain salient threads in his theology. Despite the infamy of his pseudonym, his influence has remained through to today.

Theatre offers an opportunity for communities to think with and through fiction. We come together to hear and tell stories because it is moving, both in the literal and the figurative sense: it changes us. Theories from cognitive science of embodied cognition make clear that making sense of theatre is a full-bodied affair. In this essay, I argue that we can see moments when theatre invited its audience to think in new ways by shifting theatrical conventions. I explore how a contemporary production of Hamlet, Pan Pan’s production of “The Rehearsal: Playing the Dane,” brings its audience to question the stability of the self and text by altering the conventions around casting and representation. This is theatre that I may not understand, in a traditional way, but that gives me a way to understand a new way of thinking about the world around me. It is theatre I can use.

Before the Ottoman conquest, the Diocese of Drishti (Drivasto) had many churches and chapels, and the researchers qualified it as a nursery of Albanian Catholic clergy in the Middle Age. The churches of Drishti were thick-walled. And so far we know, this city had these cathedrals and churches: St. George’s Cathedral, Cathedral of St. Mary with chapter, the church of St. Francis, St. Salvador’s church, the church of St. Cross, the church of Sancta Maria Veteris, St. Stephen’s Church, the Church of St. Veneranda, and the church of St. Nicholas. The incomes of these churches were testaments, too, left by clerics and others who donate different amounts to them for the salvation of their souls. Besides the churches mentioned above, there have also identified ruins of four other churches, which may have been even any of those mentioned above, but it cannot be confirmed yet because the churches mentioned by name cannot be localized, where they were in the city.

Ved den arkæologiske undersøgelse på Kronprinsensgade 8 erkendtes flere latriner fra forskellige perioder
fra senmiddelalderen og op til nyere tid sandsynligvis fra 1400-1700-tallet. Latrinerne var fyldt med godt
bevaret fækalie indeholdende arkæobotanisk materiale i form af frø og korn, desuden var en stor mængde
affald fra husholdningerne i området smidt i latrinerne. Der afventes svar på de naturvidenskabelige
resultater. Affaldet kom især til udtryk i form af dyreknogler, samt mindre mængder af keramikskår og
metalrester. Derudover var der fra især én latrin spor efter forarbejdning af lædersko.

Review of a collection of articles by Michel Pastoureau published between 1992-2020 edited in a single volume in 2013 (Paris, Seuil)

Compte rendu d'un recueil d'article de Michel Pastoureau publiés entre 1992-2020 édité dans un unique volume en 2013 (Paris, édition du Seuil)

"Cette méthode d’occitan donne à voir toutes les variétés (ou dialectes) d’occitan. La première partie de l’ouvrage présente le languedocien standard – une variété qui permet de comprendre assez aisément la plupart des autres dialectes occitans puisque l’aire languedocienne occupe le centre géographique de l’espace occitan. La méthode revient ensuite sur les six principaux dialectes de l’aire occitane (auvergnat, gascon, languedocien, limousin, provençal, vivaro-alpin) parlés dans trois pays (France, Espagne, Italie) et donne également accès à l’occitan médiéval sur une série de leçons. Les acteurs locaux, très actifs dans la promotion de leur langue, ont été partie intégrante de cet ouvrage à la fois par le biais des relectures et des enregistrements.
Cet ouvrage a été publié avec le soutien de la Direction Générale de la Langue Française et des Langues de France (Ministère de la Culture) et de l’Union Latine. "

This article studies this American political debate on the charitable tax exemption from 1864 to 1969, in particular, the debate regarding philanthropic, private foundations. The article’s premise is that the debate’s core has little evolved since that between the 1850s and 1870s. To create perspective, a short brief of the modern economic significance of the foundation sector follows. Thereafter, the article begins with a review of the pre- and post-colonial attitudes toward charitable institutions leading up to the 1800s debates, illustrating the incongruity of American policy regarding whether and to what extent to grant charities tax exemption. The 1800s state debates are referenced and correlated to parts of the 1900s federal debate to show the similarity if not sameness of the arguments against and justifications for exemption. The twentieth century legislative examination primarily focuses upon the regulatory evolution for foundations. Finally, the article concludes with a brief discussion of the 1969 tax reform’s changes to the foundation rules and the significant twentieth century legislation regulating both public and private foundations.