Written Sources

Abstract. All-round research and study of the history of science of Azerbaijan depends on the availability of primary sources and their involvement in research. As we know, most of the sources on the medieval history of Azerbaijan are written in Arabic and Persian languages. In the article, we tried to provide information about sources that provide relatively more coverage of the history of science from these written sources. If we examine these sources in detail, we will notice that the Islamic world in the IX-XIV centuries was the pinnacle of human civilization. The union of different peoples into a one state and their interconnection let to the rapid development of sciences and cultures. The people of Azerbaijan are among the peoples who have made a worthy contribution to Islamic culture, and this reality is reflected in the written sources written in the mentioned period.

In my dissertation I describe the building history of the church of the Saviour in Utrecht, Holland. The church was founded in the remains of a Roman castellum that merovingian 'maiordomus'  Pippin had transferred to the Anglo-Saxon missionary Willibrord.

Four major building phases are described. First Willibrord had rather sizeble hall church erected with a eastern annex, that was used as a burial chamber until 854. In that year the bishop of Utrecht fled from his see because of Viking threat. it was only around 924 that bishop Balderic was reinstated in Utrecht. Based on archaeological indications an outer crypta was added on the eastside during his episcopate. Bishop Ansfried had the church rebuilt on the original groundplan. The hall was divided into two. On the western side a grand 'westwerk' was erected, on the eastern part a basilical structure was built. The eastern annex was preserved.  It seems that the role of the church changed from mausoleum to episcopal palatine chapel. Around 1050 the church underwent another building phase. The ancient annex was torn down and a wide transept was erected in it's place. On the the eastern side a huge choir with crypt was built, in which the first bishops of Utrecht were venerated. The remails of these bishops had been taken out of their graves during the tearing down of the ancient eastern annex.
The church remained in this shape until it was torn down during the Reformation, in the year 1587. 
The research done for this 'paper reconstruction' of the church  had a interdisciplinary character, in which diplomatic, hagiograhical, litugical and archaeological sources wew used.

In this paper we try to point out the meaning of four terms which belong to the '500 and '600's technical-building language in Genova: imboccare, indarbare, indarbusare and infrascare, disappeared in Italian. Each of these terms has a complicate relationship with the others depending on the contest, the kind of building, the part of the building in which it is used. We could collect information from different sources-this is the most interesting and the main quality of the research-such as literature, technical analysis on the original buildings and, most of all, from the Historical Archives of Genova.

http://pawet.net/library/history/bel_history/_metrica/560/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0_%E2%84%96_560._%D0%9A%D0%BD._%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9E_3.html

ПРАДМОВА ДА ДРУГОГА ВЫДАННЯ
ПРАДМОВА (да першага выдання)
УВОДЗІНЫ
1. Кніга № 560 Метрыкі ВКЛ: архіўная гісторыя і вывучэнне
Табліца 1. Эвалюцыя канцыцлярскай і архіўнай гісторыі Кнігі № 560 Метрыкі ВКЛ (паводле рукапісу Кнігі і іншых архіўных звестак)
2. Знешнія прыкметы рукапісу
Табліца 2. Памер і змест надпісаў наклеек спінкі Кнігі № 560
Табліца 3. Суадносіны пагінацый, размяшчэння філіграняў і зместу тэксту
3. Некаторыя асаблівасці арфаграфіі і мовы Кнігі № 560
Табліца 4. Старажытныя кірылічныя літары, выкарыстаныя ў Кнізе № 560
4. Агульныя прынцыпы перадачы тэксту
5. Кніга № 560 Метрыкі ВКЛ як гістарычна-геаграфічная крыніца
Табліца 5. Тыпы маркераў мяжы

ТЭКСТ КНІГІ № 560 МЕТРЫКІ ВЯЛІКАГА КНЯСТВА ЛІТОЎСКАГА

НАВУКОВА-ДАВЕДАЧНЫ АПАРАТ
1. Спіс скарачэнняў
2. Адзінкі колькасці і вымярэння
3. Тлумачальны слоўнік
4. Прадметна-тэрміналагічны паказальнік
5. Паказальнік імёнаў і асобаў
6. Геаграфічны паказальнік-каментарый
ІЛЮСТРАЦЫІ

ДАДАТАК
Олег Дзярнович. Цена обиды: локальные конфликты на белорусско-латгальской границе в первой половине XVI в. и проблема измерения ущерба (по материалам Книги № 560 Метрики Великого Княжества Литовского)

Дзярновіч А. І. "Невядомы Стрыйкоўскі": Гісторыя рукапісу паэмы "Бітва пад Улай" (1564 г.) са збораў Пушкінскага Дому ў Санкт-Пецярбурзе // Studia Historica Europae Orientalis = Исследования по истории Восточной Европы. Вып. 3. Мн.: РИВШ, 2010. С. 221-244.

Aleh Dziarnovich
"Unknown Stryjkowski": The History of the Manuscript of "The Battle of Ula" Poem (1564) in the Collections of the Pushkin House in St. Petersburg

Abstract

This detective story is devoted to the adventures of Maciej Stryjkowski's unpublished " The Battle of Ula" Poem (1564). Stryjkowski was a Pole. But having arrived in the age of sixteen in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, he became a patriot of this country. Moreover, Stryjkowski wrote the first published history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: « Kronika Polska, Litewska, Zmodzka i Wszystkiej Rusi» (1582). " The Battle of Ula" poem (in Polish original: « Wiersz o Porazeniu 30000 Moskwy») is one of the earliest Stryjkowski's work. The poem is dedicated to winning the army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the leadership of Nicholas Radziwill and Gregory Chodkiewicz over the superior forces of the Moscow governor Peter Shuysky (the exact ratio of the enemy remains debatable). The battle took place in January 1564 on the Ula river near Čašniki (Northern Belarus).

Initially, the manuscript was owned by Radziwill in the Archives of Niasviž castle. In the middle of the 18 th c. the manuscript was acquired by Polish patrons and founders of the National Library of brothers Załuski. In 1795, after the elimination of the Commonwealth, the Załuski Library was moved to St. Petersburg, where it became the basis for a foreign fund of the Imperial Public Library (now: The Russian National Library). In 1834-45 former of the Wilno University professor's Ignat (Żegota) Onacewicz lived and studied manuscripts in St. Petersburg. Among randomly piled material from newly acquired western provinces of the Russian Empire Onacewicz found the Stryjkowski's manuscript and "borrowed" for their own collection. After Onacewicz's death his unique collection passed to heirs, and in the future it should be gradually lost. In the 20 th c. the Onacewicz's collection and the manuscript of the Stryjkowski's poem became a legend in scientific and humanitarian midst. Suddenly, about 1970 the Onacewicz's collection was found in Moscow in the Institute of World Literature archives. About 1979 the collection was transferred to the Institute of Russian Literature ( Pushkin House) in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). Begins a gradual learning collections and manuscripts.

В текста се разглеждат и анализират "аргументите", извлечени от писмени(те) извори от края на X до началото на XIII в., с помощта на които се правят опити да се придаде "историческа тежест" на съчинената от археолози несъстоятелна теза за масовите движения на българи между земите съответно на север и на юг от Стара планина през XI-XII в., която разгледах подробно в предишен свой текст. Пожелателно мислене, преиначаване на наличната информация в името на предварително формулирана теза и в крайна сметка съчиняване, а не изучаване, на миналото са сред основните похвати на застъпниците на теорията за "миграцията".

http://kamunikat.fontel.net/www/knizki/historia/ryzskija_akty/index.htm

Віцебска-Рыжскія акты XIII—XVII ст.:
Дагаворы і службовая карэспандэнцыя паміж органамі кіравання горада Віцебска і ганзейскага горада Рыгі (з былога комплекса Ruthenica Дзяржаўнага Гістарычнага Архіва Латвіі). Выпуск І: Дакументы гаспадарча-гандлёвыя, XV—XVI ст. / Падрыхтаваў Алег Дзярновіч; НАН Беларусі, Інстытут гісторыі. – Мн.: ATHENAEUM, 2005. – 88 с., іл. (Athenaeum, Том ХІ).

This article is a critical analysis of Heimskringla's source reliability, first and foremost from an archeological point of view, but also within the historical field. The analysis is presented as a case study where the relevance and reliability for battlefield archaeology is assessed. Some focus will be put on when different forms of warfare and organization were introduced, examples include shield walls and other battle formations, use of horses in battle or the introduction of Leidangen.

Resumo: Este artigo é uma análise crítica sobre a confiabilidade da Heimskringla como fonte, em primeiro lugar, do ponto de vista arqueológico, mas também dentro do campo histórico. A análise é apresentada como um estudo de caso em que a relevância e confiabilidade da arqueologia do campo de batalha são avaliadas. Algum foco será incluido quando diferentes formas de guerra e organização forem introduzidas, exemplos incluem paredes de escudos e outras formações de batalha, uso de cavalos em batalha ou a introdução de Leidangen.

Ragionamento attorno al rapporto che si instaura durante una ricerca nel campo della cultura materiale tra le diverse fonti che vi concorrono, quando ci si accorge che questo rapporto, in alcuni casi, diventa paradossale: ovvero quando succede che si ottengano da una fonte le informazioni che sono tipiche della sua opposta e viceversa.

Celem niniejszej pracy jest próba zrekonstruowania układu przestrzennego i kształtu zamku joannitów w Łagowie według stanu, jaki przedstawia zapis inwentaryzacji z 1533 r. Zamek Łagowie powstał w połowie XIV w., w znacznej mierze zachowując do dzisiaj swoją pierwotną średniowieczną bryłę. Inwentarz z 1533 r., najstarszy tak szczegółowy opis zamku łagowskiego, zawiera niezwykle istotne informacje o formie warowni i wykorzystaniu poszczególnych pomieszczeń, stanie osobowym konwentu i służby zamkowej oraz o militarnym potencjale komandorii na przełomie późnego średniowiecza i nowożytności. Dotychczas inwentarz, znajdujący się w zbiorach Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv w Poczdamie (Rep. 9B Johanniterorden), był wykorzystywany jedynie w niewielkim stopniu. Porównując zapisy inwentarza z 1533 r. z późniejszymi inwentaryzacjami i zachowaną lub znaną z badań architektonicznych formą zamku, możliwe jest zasygnalizowanie pewnych nieścisłości w dotychczasowych ustaleniach, a także przedstawienie innych możliwych interpretacji, dotyczących użytkowania przestrzeni zamku w Łagowie. W 1533 r. zamek zachował w znacznej mierze układ późnośredniowieczny. Ważne są odnotowane w treści inwentarza nazwy własne pomieszczeń, a także względnie przejrzysty charakter
sporządzonego wówczas spisu. Dzięki temu możliwe jest odtworzenie znacznej części układu wnętrz, z zauważalnym podziałem na różne strefy użytkowe.
Analiza inwentarza wskazuje jednak na konieczność posiłkowania się pełnym zestawem zapisów inwentarzowych, nie tylko tych najbliższych czasowo badanemu okresowi w dziejach zamku. Jego treść może być też podstawą do prób określenia znaczenia i funkcji komandorii łagowskiej w okresie postępującej już sekularyzacji zakonu joannitów baliwatu brandenburskiego.


Ziel dieser Vortrag ist die Raumgestaltung des Johanniterschlosses
Lagow nach dem Zustand vom Jahr 1533 darzustellen. Das Schloss wurde im
14. Jh. gebaut und ist hohem Maße durchgestanden. Das Inventar vom Jahre
1533 – die älteste so ausführliche Beschreibung des Gebäudes – enthaltet wesentliche Angaben sowohl über Gestalt und Verwendung von einzelnen Räume
der Festung, als auch über der Belegschaft des Konvents und militärisches Potenzial der Kommende. Bisher nutzte man das Inventar nur im geringen Maß.
Vergleich von Dokument mit der späteren Quellen und mit der bewahrten bzw.
rekonstruierten Form des Schlosses weist darauf hin, dass die bisherige Ergebnisse ungenau sind. Im Jahre 1533 das Schloss hat noch die spätmittelalterliche
Raumgestaltung. Es ist zu bemerken, dass die ursprüngliche Namen der einzelnen Räume im Inventar registriert wurden. Dank Klarheit des Verzeichnises
kann man das System des Innenraumes und die Erschließungszonen wiedergeben. Inhalt des Inventars könnte auch für Forschung über die Geschichte der
Kommende während der Säkularisierung nutzbar sein.

In the highly militarised Late Middle Ages society,
arms and military equipment constituted a significant
element of everyday life to the then inhabitants of Europe.
Combat armour and weapons were like a lens focusing
the most important ideas of the culture at the
time. In the Late Middle Ages, the area of today’s Lubuskie
Province was contested for by three powerful
players: the Margraviate of Brandenburg, the Crown
of the Kingdom of Poland and the Duchy of Głogów
which was subject to considerable disintegration at the time. Furthermore, the Kingdom of Bohemia and the
Teutonic Order often interfered in regional matters.
Thus far, arms experts showed only mild interest in the
Late Middle Ages arms from this area. This was primarily
caused by frontier character of these areas during
the Middle Ages.
The military science research of the Middle Ages in
this area can be split into three periods, of different intensities
and research characters: 1 – 19th century until
1945; 2 – between 1945 and 1989; 3 – between 1990 and
2016. The first period is predominantly a collector’s approach
to heritage when historic pieces were treated as
works of art. Little attention was paid to the context of
where these were found and the analysis of these items
rarely took this information into account. The publications
of war axes from Gubin and Żagań as well as the
town of Santok are noteworthy.
The next phase of military research falls during the
communist period in Poland (1945-1989). Excavations
to identify the main strongholds of the Piast Kingdom,
primarily focused on Early Middle Ages strata, which
meant that younger layers were mostly overlooked by
researchers. The acquired arms were treated as date
stamps for various settlement layers, without devoting
too much space to them. During that time, military
items from Międzyrzecz, Santok, Witków, Rybojady,
Lutol Mokry were only partially published.
The development of archaeological research which
began at the start of the 1990s and a focus on Middle
Ages towns, strongholds and castles, resulted in a significant
increase in sources from the Silesian-Polish-
Brandenburg-Lusatian borderland. This time span
should be identified as the 3rd period of military science
interest. A number of source character publications are
associated with it, where the importance of arms finds,
as good, independent date stamps making it possible to
date the strata from which they came, was emphasised.
Specialist analyses were used in the research increasingly
more often. Here publications of materials from the castle
and town in Międzyrzecz should be mentioned as well
as documents on minor pieces from the area: swords, falchions,
arrowheads, maces, etc.

"ENGLISH
In 1671, Colbert – ubiquitous Minister of Louis XIV of France – sent officers aboard a small man-of-war to gather intelligence on Dutch forts engaged in the gold trade in WestAfrica.
Colbert et la Guinée results from an erudite and rigorous historical investigation about two little known accounts of this voyage, from Senegambia to the Gold Coast (Ghana), in the
seventeenth century. It includes an English translation of the French original.

FRENCH
En 1671, anticipant l’offensive contre les Provinces-Unies, Colbert organise une mission de renseignement sur les forteresses hollandaises en Afrique de l’Ouest, où s’effectue le commerce de l’or. Fruit d’une enquête historique rigoureuse et érudite, Colbert et la Guinée propose une édition comparée des deux relations de ce voyage, fenêtres ouvertes entre Europe et Afrique, et témoignages méconnus sur l’Afrique atlantique, entre Sénégambie et Côte de l’Or, au XVIIe siècle.""

In the XIXth century, Sultāniyya plain became an important region; this importance is due to favorable climate, rich pasturage, strategical location, including proximity to Tehran and Tabriz and the borders of Ottoman Empire and Russia. Thus during this period, a large number of evidences were written that show the various aspects of Sultāniyah plain’s cultural landscape. Political condition was required that Fatḥ¬ʿAlī-Shāh spent several summers in Sultāniyya, he set up an encampment and a palace near the grass or Čaman Sultāniyya. Now, this monument have been destroyed completely and remained two mounds with 25 height that are called “Tepeh qaleʿh”. The analysis of historical and cultural context in which the palace was constructed and the study of its architectural structure, can help us to understand the cultural landscape of Sultāniyah in the XIXth century, and also it can be a great step to preserve the actual site or Tepeh qaleʿh. The aims of this paper are why the Qajar chosen and stayed in Sultāniyah and built such palace here, and also the analysis of architectural aspects of this building. This paper shows that the choice of Sultāniyya as a summer residence was initially linked to the military operations against Russia. Hence Fatḥ¬ʿAlī¬Shāh built a palace or a summer residence to train the army in the grass or Čaman and called it “Sepehr Barin”. This building contained several spaces that were related to the interconnected elements such as Garden, Qanat, Hamams, yards, mosque and other small constructions around it. Studying this palace beside the other contemporary buildings show that this building was not specified to the women (Haram), rather than it was constructed for political purpose. The Women’s apartment was only a part of this complex and other parts like Divan khāneh and Khalvat khāne are the places for kings and elites.

A partire da documenti d'archivio genovesi del XVI, XVII e XVIII secolo si analizzano quegli aspetti della esecuzione degli stucchi su cui tali fonti forniscono informazioni. Tramite la ricerca del significati dei termini antichi e tramite l'interpretazione delle locuzioni impiegate si affrontano argomenti quali: le attrezzature impiegate, i materiali e le tecniche di esecuzione, le finiture superficiali, gli interventi di manutenzione, le competenze e le qualifiche delle diverse maestranze impegnate nella esecuzione degli stucchi.
Keyword: documents, materials, technique, history

Chapitre 1 de la thèse de doctorat de Bruno Restif, soutenue en 2004 à l'Université Rennes 2 Haute-Bretagne sous la direction d'Alain Croix : La Paroisse, cadre d'application de la Réforme catholique en Haute-Bretagne (diocèses de Rennes, Dol et Saint-Malo). Histoire d'un processus de transformation religieuse et culturelle (XVIe et XVIIe siècles).
Titre du chapitre 1 : Les paroisses et leur gestion (XVIe siècle).

Stratigraphy and typology are used co-ordinately by the Archaeology of Architecture in order to study the building productions. Their rules and differences with other methods are analysed to explain their proper use. Some examples are shown to argue this idea.
La utilización coordinada de la Estratigrafía y la Tipología por la Arqueología de la Arquitectura permite el estudio de las producciones constructivas. Se analizan las normas a que se someten para usarlas con rigor y sus diferencias con otros métodos. Finalmente se exponen algunos casos a modo de ejemplo.

Between the 13th and 15th centuries a new way of portraying the Annunciation was developed in the Iberian Peninsula. This iconographic variant, which depicts the Virgin in an advanced state of pregnancy, enjoyed great acceptance in the territories of the Crown of Castile and the Kingdom of Portugal. Even though there is no unanimous agreement on the reasons for this emphasis on the pregnancy, most researchers coincide in pointing out the transfer of the feast in the Hispanic Rite —from the 25th of March to the 18th of December, giving rise to the so called Feast of the Expectation— as the main potential cause. This article is intended to make an approach to the sources of the passage, seeking for possible connections with the features that typify these Annunciations, without losing sight of the influential capacity that the new feast of December had, as did the writings of Saint Ildephonsus of Toledo, its alleged creator.

The subject of the dissertation is verification of the mythological information that Matthaeus Praetorius (Matthäus Prätorius) (~ 1635–1704, 1707 (?) circa the second half (end) of the 17th century) recorded in his manuscript "Deliciae Prussicae oder Preussische Schaubühne" ("Deliciae Prussicae or Prussian Theater"). The scholars specializing in pre-Christian Baltic religion and mythology (BRM) used the mythological data provided by the latter source very commonly in the 19th to 21st century, have been using them currently, and are likely do so in the future. However, the reliability of these data has been considered either fragmentarily, or almost not considered at all. The question of the reliability of the mythological information in the "Deliciae Prussicae" has been considered by previous researchers either fragmentarily, or almost not considered at all. Therefore, it makes sense to try and find out the authenticity tendencies of the mythological information recorded in the "Deliciae Prussicae". In verifying Praetorius’ material, much attention was paid to interdisciplinarity. The study introduces a new term ("information noise") ("IN") into the process of verification of the ancient written sources that have recorded the pre-Christian BRM to define informational inconsistencies that arise in the works written in a compilation style. The results of the analysis suggest that the IN that has been sensed in the "Deliciae Prussicae" potentially influenced the development of Lithuanian mythology in the 19th to 21st century. The research carried out has also confirmed that Matthaeus Praetorius is to be regarded as an interpreter, reconstructor and verifier of BRM of the second half (end) of the 17th century. In working on the "Deliciae Prussicae", he operated access to several unequal levels of mythological material: information from previous written sources; material recorded from the contemporaries. The results of the research suggest that the author of the work under discussion in person observed and / or received information through intermediaries about two different behaviors of the presenters, which he evaluated and compared with each other. Matthaeus Praetorius rewrites the material from the sources recorded by his precursors not only by re-reading it, but also by interpreting it in a particular way. Thus, the verification of the mythological data carried out in the dissertation has allowed the formulation of the five most essential "features of the interpretative system" of the spoken author. The analysis of the "Deliciae Prussicae" has also tracked the tendency of unequal (ambivalent) reliability of the mythological data. The mythological data provided by Praetorius contains a number of references supposing that, in recording the material from the contemporaries, he sought to protect both the presenter and collector of the material from the clerical sanctions for "incorrect religious practices" that were characteristic of the spoken time period, and thus, used the "random action formula" (RAF) consisting of the following three random elements: time, place, and presenter. Finally an overview and assessment of the interpretations made by the 19th to 21st century researchers who studied the mythological material provided by Praetorius has revealed that they used and interpreted the mythological information of the verifiable source in different ways.

В статье приведены материалы к истории изучения коми-пермяцкого рукописного наследия протоиерея Антония Попова (1748—1788) в трудах отечественных языковедов с 1962 по 2018 гг. с перечислением неточностей, пропусков и ошибок, отмеченных в исследованиях. Наши предварительные наблюдения показали, что коми-пермяцкое рукописное наследие протоиерея Антония Попова широкому кругу языковедов известно в недостаточной степени и при сравнительно-исторических исследованиях к анализу не привлекается.

[The article cites materials on the history of studies that Russian linguists have conducted from 1962 to 2018 of the Komi-Permyak manuscript heritage of Archpriest Antony Popov (1748—1788), and lists inaccuracies, omissions and errors noted in the researches. Our preliminary observations have found that the Komi-Permyak manuscript heritage of Archpriest Antony Popov is little-known to a wide range of linguists and is not involved in the analysis during comparative historical studies.]

This paper presents the results of a research on the material culture of early modern Abruzzo (Italy) conducted from an archival perspective. The use of archival sources can provide a key framework that integrates and expands the knowledge based on the archaeological data which are often primarily focused on the ceramic record. The objective is to arrive to a more detailed knowledge of the household objects used in the investigated period. The knowledge of the entire set of objects used for cooking, storing and serving the food on the table is set up as a first and necessary step for the reconstruction of the eating habits of the analyzed urban societies.
With these objectives the research was devoted to the systematic examination of the records of notaries active in the studied area, identifying a core group of 94 post mortem inventories of movable and immovable property.
The analyzed area is that of the lower valley of Pescara river on the Abruzzo coast, gravitating in the major urban centers of Chieti, Ortona, Penne and, to a lesser extent, Atri. The historical period considered covers the rule of the Spanish Viceroy (1503-1707), in particular from the mid-sixteenth century to the early years of the eighteenth century.

The questions of the usage of written souces, or the 13th century architectural practice of the Dominican Order considering the general and provincal laws (constitutiones), regulations ( ordinationes) and recommendation or guidelines (declarationes et admonitiones) on architecture and the art. With English summary at the end.

Although experimental archaeology turns its attentions especially in prehistoric archaeology, "mute" because without written sources, this short article offers a range of possibilities and fields of application of written sources in the conception, in the holder and management of experiments in archaeology, especially in classical archaeology.
After a brief overview of the greek and latin heritage on the ‘techincal authors’, or at least containing technical information, and analyzed the ‘medieval filter’, is presented a series of hunts for the use of ancient texts in modern experiments with a look at the archaeological record without forgetting the great contribution of ethnography and ethno-archaeology.

In der antiken Mythologie findet man zahlreiche Schilderungen von Frauenraub: Zu den prominentesten Beispielen gehören zweifellos der Raub der Helena von Troja, jener Vorfall, der von Homer als Auslöser des Trojanischen Krieges betrachtet wurde, oder die Übergriffe des Göttervaters Zeus, der zahllose Frauen raubte, darunter auch die Namenspatronin unseres Kontinents. In der Römischen Frühzeit - so erzählen es die Legenden - begegnete man(n) dem Frauenmangel mithilfe der Entführung der Sabinerinnen. Doch handelt es sich bei diesen Episoden nur um Varianten eines  literarischen Motivs oder sahen sich Frauen im vorgeschichtlichen und antiken Europa tatsächlich der realen Gefahr durch Verschleppung und Missbrauch ausgesetzt?

Resumen: En este artículo se pretende abordar la conflictividad en la Galicia medieval desde la casuística de estudio que ofrece el yacimiento arqueológico de A Rocha Forte. Situado a pocos kilómetros de la ciudad de Santiago, funcionó como fortaleza militar bajomedieval y complejo residencial del señor de las tierras compostelanas, el arzobispo. Fue edificado en 1255 por el prelado Juan Arias y remodelado posteriormente en diversas ocasiones. El castillo fue definitivamente destruido en 1466 en el marco de las guerras Irmandiñas. Este yacimiento ha sido objeto de sucesivas intervenciones a lo largo del siglo XXI, impulsando la creación de numerosos proyectos de investigación en los que se apoyará el presente trabajo. Mediante el estudio de las fuentes textuales y arqueológicas se pretende ofrecer una visión analítica de la violencia ejercida en el entorno. El poder señorial se verá enfrentado en diversas ocasiones por los ciudadanos compostelanos. A Rocha se convierte en escenario privilegiado de los sucesivos conflictos armados que se desarrollan en la Galicia bajomedieval, ofreciendo una amplia muestra armamentística, ofensiva y defensiva, así como en la arquitectura de la propia fortaleza. Estas características hacen que actualmente sea una fuente arqueológica predilecta para el estudio social y bélico del medievo gallego.

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyse violence in Medieval Galicia focusing attention on the archaeological site of A Rocha Forte. This fortress of the late Middle Ages and Archbishop’s extramural residency, was built in 1255 by the prelate Juan Arias and remodelled several times. It was destroyed by the famous Revolt Irmandiña in 1466. This site has been the subject of historical archaeological researches during last century. These ones and written sources are used in this paper in order to analyse violence placed on the environment. The power exercised by the Santiago de Compostela’s feudal lords will be replied by the citizens of this city many times. Thus, this castle shows a large sampling of defensive and offensive weapons, as well as the structure of the building. Due to these features, this archaeological source is very important for studying war and social structure during the Medieval Galicia.

Essential concepts in written sources of Byzantium
and Medieval Serbia, denote a particular attention
to passages and portals. The passage “We allow
venerable paintings in sanctuaries but (…) we do not
regard the latter as being free from sin except on doors”
quoted at the beginning of the article – fragment of
the letter from Bishop Hypatios of Ephesus to his
suffragan bishop, Julian of Atramyttion – is both
significant and problematic. Portals in the sources are
of fundamental importance and imagery of the church
and its significance for the preaching of Christianity.
Written sources in Byzantium contain descriptions
of wooden or bronze doors, sometimes doors with
silver inlaid. Numerous preserved descriptions
are found in Byzantine Monastic Documents. The
architectural and decorative importance of churche ntrances are often emphasized, but quite often
described in very general terms: beauty of
church portals or the necessity of having an entrance
door of suitably decorated marble. Such descriptions
are present in the sources concerning numerous doors and
gates, from Domentian’s Life of St. Sabbas of Serbia
to the Vita of despot Stefan Lazarević of Constantine
the Philosopher from Kostanec. Description of doors
contain in the same time notable epithets of the Virgin
as the Opener of the Gates of Paradise and reenactment
of Christ’s incarnation as the Door. That tradition and
symbolic approach should be reconsidered in further
research on various components of architecture and
mystical experience in the liturgical rite in Byzantium
and Medieval architecture of Serbia.