Movements

The Barfray project aimed at improving the knowledge on the essential habitats of the European sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax) on the French Atlantic coast (English Channel and Bay of Biscay). One of the research need concerns the diversity of feeding areas contributing to the main spawning grounds. Here we present the analysis of the diffusion of tagged individuals towards the feeding areas, which follows a pilot operation of conventional tagging on spawning grounds. As of 25/03/2021, twenty-six recaptures had been recorded, corresponding to a recapture rate of 8.1%. The diffusion of the fish is rather rapid from the Gironde to the tip of Brittany (Pointe du Raz), although the fish had been tagged in a relatively coastal area. The coastal location of the tagging site raises the question of whether the tagged fish were spawning or not. From a methodological point of view, the number of recaptures is too low to be able to draw conclusions on the type of tag to be preferred. Regarding ...

The Barfray project aimed at improving the knowledge on the essential habitats of the European sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax) on the French Atlantic coast (English Channel and Bay of Biscay). One of the research need concerns the diversity of feeding areas contributing to the main spawning grounds. Here we present the setting up of a conventional tagging pilot operation on spawning ground, a prerequisite to carry out this research. The operation initially aimed to tag 2,000 adult sea bass by mobilising a pair of pelagic trawlers for 10 days of fishing on an offshore spawning ground in the Bay of Biscay. This operation had to be reorganised and reduced in duration as no pelagic trawlers agreed to participate. Ifremer therefore carried out a sea bass spawning tagging campaign with the help of two longliners from La Cotinière (Oléron Island) from 20 to 24 February 2019 off the Gironde. This campaign allowed the tagging of 321 adult sea bass with one or two external tags. The weather co...

Although bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus are among the most common delphinid species, global population trends remain poorly understood. To improve the knowledge of the species in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean, thispaper reviews all available data related to the distribution and occurrence, abundance, residency and ranging patterns, group size and composition, survival and reproduction and population structure of the coastal bottlenose dolphin in Argentina. Most information proved to be scattered in time and space. Based on the available data, total abundance of coastal bottlenose dolphins in Argentina appears to be low. Data show sightings decreased notably since the 1990s in the northern province of Buenos Aires and the province of Chubut, with the species having disappeared completely from the former region. Data also indicated that two genetically and morphologically distinct coastal populations occur in Argentinean coastal waters, with a sympatric distribution in the prov...

Scant attention has been given to the molting patterns of known-age Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus). In general, subadult individuals are identified with a tan, buffy or mottled chest, and adults are identified with a black chest. While studying Double-crested Cormorant population dynamics in Ontario, Canada, with known-age birds, it was noted that the plumage of many (\u3e 75%) breeding adults changed from black to heavily mottled during the course of the breeding season. No pattern with age was observed; plumage changed in equal proportions for all ages from 2-year-olds to 7-year-olds. A similar but reverse pattern has been observed with Double-crested Cormorants roosting at sites in the southeastern USA during fall migration. Whereas the majority of the roost had juvenile/subadult plumage in September, by mid-January the roost had shifted to 75% adult black plumage. The mechanism behind the plumage change is unknown, but extreme caution is advised when using plu...

On a global scale, false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) remain one of the lesserknown
delphinids. The occurrence, site fidelity, association patterns, and presence/
absence of foraging in waters off northeastern New Zealand are examined from
records collected between 1995 and 2012. The species was rarely encountered; however,
of the 61 distinctive, photo-identified individuals, 88.5% were resighted, with
resightings up to 7 yr after initial identification, and movements as far as 650 km
documented. Group sizes ranged from 20 to ca. 150. Results indicate that all individuals
are linked in a single social network. Most observations were recorded in
shallow (<100 m) nearshore waters. Occurrence in these continental shelf waters is
likely seasonal, coinciding with the shoreward flooding of a warm current. During
91.5% of encounters, close interspecific associations with common bottlenose dolphins
(Tursiops truncatus) were observed. Photo-identification reveals repeat interand
intraspecific associations among individuals with 34.2% of common bottlenose
dolphins resighted together with false killer whales over 1,832 d. While foraging
was observed during 39.5% of mixed-species encounters, results suggest that social
and antipredatory factors may also play a role in the formation of these mixed-species
groups.

Ever since the Hungarian authorities enacted a temporary halt on international train travel from Keleti Station in Budapest and more or less abandoned thousands of stranded refugees, countless images, both impressive and deeply disturbing, reach us daily: Refugees by the hundreds making their way on foot through Hungary, Austria, Germany and Denmark, walking on motorways and train tracks because international train and bus travel has been shut down; overwhelming transnational willingness to support refugees by offering rides in private cars, by welcoming them and providing for them at train stations, or by organising aid convoys to Hungary, Croatia, Greece and Macedonia. But we also witness violent behaviour of border officials and camp personnel, neo-Nazis stirring up hatred, bawling ‘concerned citizens’, and the burning down of refugee shelters. During this “long summer of migration” (Kasparek/Speer2015), Schengen and the project of the European Union as a whole have entered a sev...

We present an ocean-basin-scale dataset that includes tail fluke photographic identification (photo-ID) and encounter data for most living individual humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the North Pacific Ocean. The dataset was built through a broad collaboration combining 39 separate curated photo-ID catalogs, supplemented with community science data. Data from throughout the North Pacific were aggregated into 13 regions, including six breeding regions, six feeding regions, and one migratory corridor. All images were compared with minimal pre-processing using a recently developed machine learning artificial intelligence image recognition algorithm capable of rapidly detecting matches between individuals to an estimated 97–99% accuracy. For the study period of 2001 to 2021, a total of 27,956 unique individuals were documented in 157,350 encounters. Each individual was encountered, on average, in 5.6 sampling periods (i.e., breeding and feeding seasons), with an annual average...

This study unfolds the life stories of African freedom fighters who lived in exile in the German Democratic Republic and ultimately remained in reunified Germany, with the main case study centered on a Malawian activist who was expelled from East to West Berlin. Recounting his experiences along with those of South African exiles, chief among them a former medical worker for the ANC’s armed wing, the study ethnographically reconstructs the multiple entanglements between the “Second” and “Third” Worlds from the vantage point of the politically displaced within the concrete historical contexts of African decolonization, the struggle against the Malawian Banda dictatorship, and the struggle against South African apartheid. Discursively, the study counterposes the competing fi gures of the exile and the refugee and examines debates about exile in African studies. It further engages with various approaches from Germany regarding the South African exile experience in the GDR to illuminate the problems reunified Germany has had in coming to terms with its socialist past, further unearthing the critique of capitalism that is clearly visible in the lives and struggles of these exiles.

A two-patch model,SEi1,…,EinIiLi,  i=1,2, is used to analyze the spread of tuberculosis, with an arbitrary numbernof latently infected compartments in each patch. A fraction of infectious individuals that begun their treatment will not return to the hospital for the examination of sputum. This fact usually occurs in sub-Saharan Africa, due to many reasons. The model incorporates migrations from one patch to another. The existence and uniqueness of the associated equilibria are discussed. A Lyapunov function is used to show that when the basic reproduction ratio is less than one, the disease-free equilibrium is globally and asymptotically stable. When it is greater than one, there exists at least one endemic equilibrium. The local stability of endemic equilibria can be illustrated using numerical simulations. Numerical simulation results are provided to illustrate the theoretical results and analyze the influence of lost sight individuals.

To evaluate dynamics of elephant herbivory, we assessed seasonal preferences for woody plants by African elephant breeding herds in the southeastern part of Kruger National Park (KNP) between 2002 and 2005. Breeding herds had access to a variety of woody plants, and, of the 98 woody plant species that were recorded in the elephant&#39;s feeding areas, 63 species were utilized by observed animals. Data were recorded at 948 circular feeding sites (radius 5 m) during wet and dry seasons. Seasonal preference was measured by comparing selection of woody species in proportion to their estimated availability and then ranked according to the Manly alpha (α) index of preference. Animals demonstrated a selection preference in feeding on woody vegetation, andGrewia hexamita, Grewia bicolor, Grewia flavescens, andGrewia monticolawere selected consistently more over all seasons. In addition, our results indicate that elephant herds have a low preference for at least some of the woody species pro...

Why do social entrepreneurs retain their faith in social entrepreneurship despite the organizational tensions and anxieties inherent to this field of practice? In this article, we employ the psychoanalytic concept of fantasy to advance knowledge on social enterprise creation. The research analyses qualitative data relating to the adoption of the Community Interest Company, a bespoke organizational form for social enterprise. We argue that social entrepreneurs adopt a specific organizational form because it represents a fantasmatic object that supports their desire for pro-social work. This fantasmatic form appears to temporarily neutralize tensions and anxieties while preserving attachments to pro-social ideals. Our first contribution is to extant research on the role of fantasy in social enterprise. Specifically, we elucidate how social enterprise creation is riven with fantasy-laden attachments to ideals of pro-social work that promise to counteract concerns about future viability...

Despite the presence of melon-headed whales in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide, little is known about this species. To assess population structure in Hawai‘i, dedicated field efforts were undertaken from 2000 to 2009. Using only good quality photographs, there were 1,433 unique photo-identified individuals, of which 1,046 were distinctive. Of these, 31.5% were seen more than once. Resighting data combined with social network analyses showed evidence of two populations—a smaller, resident population, seen exclusively off the northwest region of the island of Hawai‘i, and a larger population, seen throughout all the main Hawaiian Islands (hereafter the “main Hawaiian Islands” population). A Bayesian analysis examining the probability of movements of individuals between populations provided a posterior median dispersal rate of 0.0009/yr (95% CI = 0–0.0041), indicating the populations are likely demographically independent. Depth of encounters with the Hawai‘i Island resident ...

Viral infections spread by mosquitoes are a growing threat to human health and welfare. Zika virus (ZIKV) is one of them and has become a global worry, particularly for women who are pregnant. To study ZIKV dynamics in the presence of demographic stochasticity, we consider an established ZIKV transmission model that takes into consideration the disease transmission from human to mosquito, mosquito to human, and human to human. In this study, we look at the local stability of the disease-free and endemic equilibriums. By conducting the sensitivity analysis both locally and globally, we assess the effect of the model parameters on the model outcomes. In this work, we use the continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) process to develop and analyze a stochastic model. The main distinction between deterministic and stochastic models is that, in the absence of any preventive measures such as avoiding travel to infected areas, being careful from mosquito bites, taking precautions to reduce the risk of sexual transmission, and seeking medical care for any acute illness with a rash or fever, the stochastic model shows the possibility of disease extinction in a finite amount of time, unlike the deterministic model shows disease persistence. We found that the numerically estimated disease extinction probability agrees well with the analytical probability obtained from the Galton-Watson branching process approximation. We have discovered that the disease extinction probability is high if the disease emerges from infected mosquitoes rather than infected humans. In the context of the stochastic model, we derive the implicit equation of the mean first passage time, which computes the average amount of time needed for a system to undergo its first state transition.

ABSTRACTThe authors investigated how eye movements are influenced by different reading goals in participants’ first (L1) and second language (L2). Participants read or studied the contents of texts while their eye movements were recorded. One group was asked to read L1 and L2 texts as they would read any expository text (informational reading). Another group was asked to study L1 and L2 texts for subsequent tests involving true/false questions (study condition). After reading, all participants, including those in the informational reading condition, completed the true/false tests without being able to further consult the texts, which allowed the authors to investigate the extent to which reading goal and text language affect recognition memory for texts. In general, more reading time was spent on studying than on informational reading, which also resulted in higher test scores in the study condition. The L2‐processing cost was larger in the study condition than in the informational ...

Dengue is one of the major health problems in Bangladesh and many people are died in recent years due to the severity of this disease. Therefore, in this paper, a SIRS model for the human and SI model for vector population with saturated incidence rate and constant treatment function has been presented to describe the transmission of dengue. The equilibrium points and the basic reproduction number have been computed. The conditions which lead the disease free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium have been determined. The local stability for the equilibrium points has been established based on the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix and the global stability has been analyzed by using the Lyapunov function theory. It is found that the stability of equilibrium points can be controlled by the reproduction number. In order to calculate the infection rate, data for infected human populations have been collected from several health institutions of Bangladesh. Numerical simulations of var...