NTP

DNA biochip technology (especially in the optical field) can study a large amount of nucleic acid records at high throughput. It makes viable the simultaneous scrutiny of quite a few of tens of thousands of genes belonging to a healthy or diseased biological sample in terms of its genome (DNA). This article overviews optical DNA biochips as well as the Network Time Protocol (NTP) protocol deployment for synchronization among the collection database and the optical biochip automaton via the ASTM Elecsys protocol for better real-time detection with diagnosis of genetically mutated cancer. The present study utilizes the UNIX Server platform and NTP to synchronize communication between servers and optical DNA. Section 7.4 brings in automates.

A Workshop sponsored by EURL ECVAM was held in Ispra, Italy in 2013 to consider whether the in vitro mammalian cell genotoxicity test results could complement and mitigate the implications of a positive Ames test response for the prediction of in vivo genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, and if patterns of results could be identified. Databases of Ames-positive chemicals that were tested for in vivo genotoxicity and/or carcinogenicity were collected from different sources and analysed individually (Kirkland et al., in this issue). Because there were overlaps and inconsistent test results among chemicals in the different databases, a combined database which eliminated the overlaps and evaluated the inconsistencies was considered preferable for addressing the above question. A database of >700 Ames-positive chemicals also tested in vivo was compiled, and the results in in vitro mammalian cell tests were analysed. Because the database was limited to Ames-positive chemicals, the majorit...

Hepatitis E virus is a single, positive-sense, capped and poly A tailed RNA virus classified under the family Hepeviridae. Enteric transmission, acute self-limiting hepatitis, frequent epidemic and sporadic occurrence, high mortality in affected pregnants are hallmarks of hepatitis E infection. Lack of an efficient culture system and resulting reductionist approaches for the study of replication and pathogenesis of HEV made it to be a less understood agent. Early studies on animal models, sub-genomic expression of open reading frames (ORF) and infectious cDNA clones have helped in elucidating the genome organization, important stages in HEV replication and pathogenesis. The genome contains three ORF's and three untranslated regions (UTR). The 5' distal ORF, ORF1 is translated by host ribosomes in a cap dependent manner to form the non-structural polyprotein including the viral replicase. HEV replicates via a negative-sense RNA intermediate which helps in the formation of the...

The gene encoding ribose phosphate pyrophosphokinase (Pk-RPPK) from a hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus sp. KOD1 (Pk), was cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant Pk-RPPK (280 aa, 31, 113 Da) was purified to homogeneity. The optimal temperature and pH for the enzymatic activity are 50°C and 7.0, respectively. The half-life of the enzymatic activity is 55 min at 70°C.

Selecting among the clock system configurations which is most suitable to be realized into Railways System. In this case we are comparing 3 variants configuration.
Methodology analysis is  to compare their reliability in the point of failures term and from cost perspective, the most suitable configuration is determined based on which configuration has the most reliable and which has the most cost effective.
Result of analysis determined that the most suitable of clock system configuration for railways system is the configuration that realizes NTP drive slave clock, rather that realize with pulse drive slave clock, furthermore the most suitable is the configuration that realize master clock redundancy ratherthan allocate sub-master clock in each station. Realization of redundancy master clock and NTP drive slave analogue clock  increasing reliability of the system and lowering the cost. Then by utilizing of NTP drive slave clock, it’s no further required sub-master which is typically adapted for railways system so far.

Keywords: Clock System, Railways,Reliabity, Cost,NTP drive