Naval Tactics (Military Science)

""En Filipo II y el Arte de la Guerra tendremos la oportunidad de conocer en profundidad a uno de los más grandes reyes de la antigua Macedonia. Gracias a su habilidad como estratega, diplomático, político y soldado, heredó un reino pobre, débil y acosado por innumerables enemigos y lo transformó en el más poderoso de toda Grecia.

A lo largo de sus páginas podremos conocer la historia del reino Macedonio, desde sus orígenes míticos hasta la formación de un imperio, de la mano del que, a la postre, se convertiría en el padre del mítico Alejandro Magno y en el forjador de un nuevo ejército que cambiaria el devenir de la guerra en la Antigüedad. Filipo II fue el creador de la falange macedonia, formación que se demostraría como inigualable en el campo de batalla y que reportaría incontables victorias sobre poderosos enemigos, como los ilirios, los tesalios, los tracios, los beocios o los atenienses. Pero no sólo eso, logró integrar en el campo de batalla a la infantería y a la caballería para emplearlos en nuevas formaciones tácticas: armó a sus soldados con las míticas sarissas y apreció como pocos las posibilidades militares que la maquinaria de guerra podía proporcionarle, siendo el mecenas de numerosos avances en este campo. Soñó con conquistar el Imperio persa, cuando ya había logrado lo que nadie antes fue capaz: el control de Grecia.

Sólo la muerte le arrebató esa hazaña, pero sentó las bases de lo que más tarde conseguiría su propio hijo. Su figura levantó tanto odios como pasiones; se le conocía como mujeriego y bebedor, pero también por su habilidad para la oratoria, por sus astucia, determinación y valor. Siempre luchó en primera línea junto a sus soldados y nunca permitió que éstos le llamaran rey, sino solo "General".

Campaigns of Germanicus, AD 13-16 describes briefly the campaigns, joint and combined ops., tactics, strategy, foreign policy, espionage, intelligence gathering, and strategy between ca. 60 BC and AD 150 with particular focus on Germanicus' campaigns.

The report examines the existing Bulgarian Army training systems for training in the use of small arms. Различните тренировъчни приспособления и симулатори съвсем не са нова идея. Някои от тях като например квинтенът-въртящият се манекен за тренировки преди турнирните боеве с копия-датират от векове. По-модерните устройства за обучаване на шофьори, водачи на бойни машини или самолети също са нещо, което се използва в армиите от десетилетия. В сравнение с модерните системи за военни симулации обаче, те са буквално първобитни. Защото бързото развитие на компютърните технологии през последните десетина години направи възможно "проиграването" на почти всички фази на бойните действия и възпитаването на професионални войнишки и командирски умения, почти съизмерими с тези на ветераните, участвали в поне няколко истински битки. Любопитното е, че тази технологична революция идва тъкмо навреме-в период, когато съкращаването на военните разходи, въоръжените сили и армейските бюджети сериозно ограничава възможностите за създаване и поддържане на ефективна армия. ограничения + съкращения = повече симулации Тенденциите, които провокират все по-широкото използване на технологии за военни симулации, се наблюдават не само в много от страните от НАТО-те със сигурност са добре познати и на българските офицери. Съкращенията на бюджетите намаляват броя на летателните часове за пилотите, ограничават броя на планираните "излизания" и учения на бронираната техника и "затварят" полигони.

The essay aims at retracing the tactical evolution in the english approach to naval warfare from the foundation of a standing Navy Royal by king Henry VIII, through the 1588 Armada Campaign and the 1652-54 First Anglo-Dutch War, until the Stuart Restoration and the Fighting Instructions issued on the eve of the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1665. Special attention is devoted to the process of formalization of the line ahead, in an attempt to identify the historical and intellectual foundations of this tactical formation destined to radically influence naval cinematics in the Age of Sail. Despite a well-known body of primary sources devoid of any significant new archival discovery, a fresh interpretation of such records – often fragmentary and puzzling – capable of benefitting from the results of the most recent scholarship, is much needed in order to achieve a better understanding of the broad features of naval warfare, its limits and possibilites, during the period ideally comprised between the Armada Campaign and the battle of Trafalgar.

"This book offers annotated translations of documents touching on Dutch admiral Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge and his voyage to Asia between 1605 and 1608. These translations are aimed at a contemporary English-speaking Asian readership interested in the early modern history of European trade, warfare and expansion in Southeast Asia with a focus on Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Researchers specialising in early European colonialism, international law, international relations, security studies, and diplomatic history will also find that the documents translated in this volume offer new and unfamiliar perspectives. Materlieff’s business acumen, military and diplomataic prowess as well as his vision of empire all have implications for examining not only European expansion into Southeast Asia, but also into other regions at large, including especially south Asia, Africa and the Americas.
Admiral Matelieff was a director of the Rotterdam Chamber of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) formed in 1602. He was appointed fleet commander on one of the company’s first voyages to Asia. Matelieff’s mission was both commercial and military: he launched a major sea-borne attack on the Portuguese colony of Melaka, arranged for the signing of treaties with the rulers of Johor, Aceh and Ternate, and founded the first Dutch fort on the island of Ternate. His endeavours, however, to open the Chinese market for the Dutch company proved unsuccessful.
Following his return to the Dutch Republic in September 1608, Matelieff penned a series of memorials and letters. In these he advanced recommendations for changing the way the company organized its fleets and conducted business. More importantly he offered  his Dutch contemporaries a vision of empire in Asia. The materials contained in this volume offer important observations of a perceptive analyst who was also determined to grasp the political and economic structures of Asia, and also of inter-state relations in across this vast region. At a time of Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Danish, French and English engagement in Southeast Asia, Matelieff sought to critically assess and strategize on the ways in which Europeans were increasingly engaging with Asian polities and their rulers.

This book will be released for sale in Australasia and Europe in June 2014 and available in the Americas after September 2014
""""

A native of Bruges (now part of Belgium), Jacques de Coutre was a gem trader who spent nearly a decade in Southeast Asia in the early 17th century. In addition to a substantial autobiography written in Spanish and preserved in the National Library of Spain in Madrid, he wrote a series of memorials to the united crown of Spain and Portugal that contain recommendations designed to reverse the decline in the fortunes of the Iberian powers in Southeast Asia, particularly against the backdrop of early Dutch political and commercial penetration into the region. Translated into English for the first time, these materials provide a valuable first-hand account of the bigger issues confronting the early colonial powers in Southeast Asia, and deep insights into the societies De Coutre encountered in the territory that today makes up Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines.

Mycenae culture became due to its own merits, the most important one in continental Greece for more than four centuries all along the II Millennium B.C. Its commercial importance due to the fact they took advantage of the minoans exchange routes and their own economic interests made them reach far regions even in Central Mediterranean and the Near East. But all of that must’ve been difficult if they hadn’t encountered a powerful army who support their colonial and commercial adventures. Numerous Lineal B writings, pictorial and archaeological remains are witness to the importance the military world provides to those former Mycenaean. Therefore, in this article we will try to show the diverse aspects related to the Mycenaean army who supported its power in continental Greece in spite of this, neither the reforms taken in 13th century B.C. got that mycenaeans culture survival, when their settlements were destroyed.

The Battle of Tsushima was fought between Japan and Russia in 1905 and has left a deep and indelible mark on both. The two belligerents have used different names for this naval clash, and have ascribed varying degrees of importance to it through the years. After all, one of them won and the other lost. But in both, this largest naval engagement of the Russo–Japanese War is still debated, still devotedly commemorated, and still triggers pride or pain more than a century after it ended. At the same time, the Battle of Tsushima has exerted an unmistakable significance far beyond the realm of these two nations. Among other things, the strong echoes of this first modern naval victory of an Asian power over a major European power were heard across the entire colonial world and shocked its rulers. Likewise, from a naval perspective, this most devastating defeat suffered by the Imperial Russian Navy in its entire history was also the only decisive engagement between two battleship fleets in modern times.
On the eve of the battle, both sides believed that an engagement of their fleets would determine the final outcome of the war. A Russian victory could lead to Tsarist control of the seas around the Japanese home islands and to an immediate interruption of the flow of personnel and materials to the Asian mainland. This, in turn, might have allowed the Imperial Russian Army to crush the Japanese land forces in Manchuria and thus decide the war. A defeat, however, could end any Russian hope of altering the course of the war and possibly oblige the Russians to negotiate peace. And indeed, the Russian government’s hopes of reversing the military situation in East Asia were dashed in the battle’s aftermath. It was now compelled to enter into peace negotiations, which resulted in the Treaty of Portsmouth, signed just over three months later. In the subsequent years, the influence of this battle was commemorated and the symbolic victory of an “Eastern” power over Tsarist Russia using modern technology was celebrated in both the Western and Colonial Worlds. Similarly, and in both Japan and Russia, the Battle of Tsushima had a prolonged impact on the fates of these nations’ respective navies and on their ambitions, which lasted for at least four decades.
This is not the first attempt to tell the story of the battle. It has been told over and over again since 1905 in many languages and forms. However, these endeavours rarely relied on archival and primary sources associated with both belligerents alongside sources originating from contemporary neutral powers, let alone the vast repository of digital sources that are presently available to scholars. The present book seeks to provide a broad and balanced picture of the battle while employing an extensive and diverse array of sources. Moreover, it is the first scholarly account to evaluate the battle’s short- and long-term consequences in the political, social, and naval spheres, as well as the way it has been commemorated by the two nations involved. The main argument of this book is that the battle has exerted wide and lasting impact far beyond its immediate arena. It brought about the end of the Russo–Japanese War and affected dramatically the two belligerents’ geopolitical vision and naval outlook for decades. Likewise, its shock waves affected European affairs, American strategic plans, and the naval development during the decade before the First World War. For this profound impact, as well as for its scale and decisive results, the Battle of Tsushima deserves to be considered one of the greatest naval battles in history.

Oxford University Press: https://global.oup.com/academic/product/tsushima-9780198831075?lang=en&cc=il

Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0B5HGRTHP/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_taft_p1_i0

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REVIEWS
“It is often said that good things come in small packages, and in the case of Tsushima by Professor Rotem Kowner this is the literal truth… Not only does this excellent book provide a good treatment of the battle itself and the events which led up to it, but a great deal of consideration is also given to its long-term effect in naval, political, and cultural spheres… The author writes with an easy engaging style that gives this book a very broad appeal, achieving that delicate balance between clear explanation of events and historical factors that makes for a good introduction to a reader exploring the subject for the first time, while including enough detail to satisfy even demanding Tsushima aficionados. If this reviewer were to make a favourable comparison with another work, Kowner’s book does for Tsushima what H. P. Wilmott’s The Second World War in The Far East achieved for 1931–45 in Asia and the Pacific. Overall, this book is an excellent all-round treatment of the battle and its impact on world history and is strongly recommended to anyone with an interest in this subject.”
— Andrew Choong Han Lin, The Mariner's Mirror 109:1 (2023): 114-116

“Kowner provides essential insights into combat operations from the tactical to the strategic level. The detail, clarity, and accuracy of his analyses contribute to the field of military history and are a model for future academic pursuits. He provides validated sources to bring accuracy to the historical events. All of the author’s accounts are described in a compelling manner that is enticing to readers, regardless of their background."
— John C. Hanley, The Journal of Military History 87, no. 3 (2023): 795–797

“The story of the Battle of Tsushima … is a tale that has been told often, and usually at great length. This is not what Rotem Kowner is up to. What he offers here is one of the most analytical and balanced accounts of the Battle of Tsushima. … It provides a balanced account of the battle based on primary sources from both sides. It evaluates the short- and long-term consequences of the battle across a wide spectrum; and Kowner’s argument that ‘the battle has exerted wide and lasting impact far beyond its immediate arena … and dramatically affected the two belligerents’ geopolitical vision and naval outlook for decades’ (p. xiv) is convincing. Those interested in modern naval history owe themselves a quick read, at least.”
— Timothy C. Dowling, The Journal of Military History 87, no. 3 (2023): 797–799

“This book is very readable and informative and gives an excellent insight into how naval tactics changed and developed after the battle. A must-read for anyone interested I early-twentieth century naval warfare.”
— Chris May, Battlefield (Autumn, 2022): 30


ENDORSEMENTS
"A penetrating and comprehensive study of the most consequential naval battle fought between Trafalgar (1805) and Pearl Harbor (1941). Where Kowner's work shines brightest is his insightful analysis of this battle's military, political, and cultural legacy for both participants and the wider world. Tsushima is masterful."
— J. Charles Schencking, Professor of Japanese History, Hong Kong University, author of Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, and the Emergence of the Imperial Japanese Navy

"Rotem Kowner's Tsushima constitutes a tour de force treatment of this epic battle and its multiple legacies. He establishes remote and immediate con- texts, provides accurate description and informed analysis, and delves deeply into aftermath."
— Bruce W. Menning, Professor of Strategy (ret.), U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, co-editor of The Russo-Japanese War In Global Perspective: World War Zero

"Rotem Kowner's Tsushima presents a comprehensive account of the Battle of Tsushima Strait in 1905. It skilfully describes how and why it occurred and ended with a decisive and one-sided victory by the Imperial Japanese Navy. Kowner, as a true historian, re-enacts the days of the big battleships and guns, and beckons us all to return to the seas again."
— Naoyuki Agawa, Professor of Constitutional Law, Doshisha University, Japan, author of Friendship Across the Seas: The US Navy and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force

"A book of remarkable originality, daring, and openness of mind. Professor Kowner presents a skilful account of Tsushima which for the first time equally embraces Japanese and Russian sides of the battle and its consequences."
— Dmitrii V. Likharev, Professor of History, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia


TABLE OF CONTENTS
Background
The Battle
Japan’s Rise to Naval Prominence
Russia’s Shattered Naval Dream
Worldwide Reactions and Assessments
The Battle and Naval Development: Lessons Learned and Unlearned
Conclusions

Konsep poros maritim memiliki 5 pilar yaitu (1) Budaya maritim; (2) Pengelolaan sumber daya laut: (3) Konekvitas maritim; (4) Diplomasi maritim; dan (5) Pertahanan maritim. Dari kelima pilar ini, pertahanan maritim lebih tajam jika diterjemahkan sebagai kedaulatan laut, merupakan syarat mutlak agar NKRI bisa  menjadi poros maritim dunia. Kedaulatan laut mencakup 2 hal penting yaitu (1) Penyelesaian batas-batas laut NKRI; (2) pertahanan maritim.

A lo largo de su historia el Imperio romano tuvo que hacer frente a numerosas revueltas, debido al enorme territorio que controlaba. De entre los pueblos que las protagonizaron, los hebreos se contaban entre los que con mayor insistencia lucharon por recuperar su independencia. En cuanto a los diversos conflictos que enfrentaron a judíos y romanos, la que, a la postre, seria recordada como la Primera Guerra Judeo-romana (66-73 d.C.) pasó a la historia como el más importante de todos. Ello se debe tanto a que requirió de la participación de dos futuros emperadores al mando de las tropas romanas que debían restablecer la paz en la provincia de Judea, Vespasiano y su hijo Tito, como al hecho de que la ciudad de Jerusalén y el Gran Templo que albergaba acabaron completamente destruidos.

En el año 66 d.C. numerosos factores se unieron al odio que sectores radicales hebreos sentían hacia sus conquistadores romanos, provocando la caída del procurador de Judea, Gesio Floro, y la derrota del Legado de Siria, Cestio Galo, en Beth Horón, quien acudió con sus tropas a pacificar la región sin conseguirlo. El movimiento fue cobrando fuerza tras estos éxitos, y Jerusalén se convirtió en el epicentro del independentismo judío. Roma no podía permanecer pasiva ante estos acontecimientos y Nerón envió allí a Vespasiano, un general experimentado, para acabar de una vez por todas con el problema. La resistencia implacable que demostraron los rebeldes y los problemas políticos que, durante ese tiempo, se produjeron en Roma, provocaron que la conquista final quedara en manos de su capaz hijo Tito quien, a la postre, consiguió conquistar Jerusalén y acabar con la revuelta. El gran triunfo que se celebró en Roma para conmemorar la victoria era lo que la nueva dinastía Flavia necesitaba para afianzar su poder. Sin embargo, la campaña no finalizó hasta el año 73 d.C., tras la toma de la fortaleza de Masada, donde los últimos insurrectos prefirieron suicidarse antes de ser derrotados. El enfrentamiento se saldaría con una enorme pérdida de vidas, tanto entre los soldados romanos como entre los insurrectos judíos y la población civil. Gracias a la obra de Flavio Josefo, podemos reconstruir lo sucedido para poder así conocer con detalle uno de los grandes episodios de la Historia Antigua.

En el S. XVI mares y océanos se habían convertido en ajetreadas zonas de paso, confrontación, exploración, etc. por las que pululaban armadas, corsarios, piratas, comerciantes y aventureros tanto de coronas europeas como de reinos norteafricanos y orientales. La corona española centraba su interés en controlar las rutas comerciales, puertos, etc. tanto en las Américas como en el Mediterráneo y Norte de España, para proteger esos mercados tanto de la flota Otomana y los berberiscos en el Mediterráneo como de corsarios y demás enemigos en el Atlántico y pacifico, lo cual determino el sistema naval y defensivo que iba a emplear el imperio.

In 1684, for the first time in its history, Venice declared war on the Ottoman Empire, as the Republic joined the Holy League. Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa's huge army had just suffered a crushing defeat during the siege of Vienna: The Holy Roman Empire, Poland, Venice and the Papacy finally had an opportunity to deal a decisive blow against their common enemy.Captain General Francesco Morosini, the illustrious defender of Candia, was recalled to active duty. Once again entrusted with overall command over the Serenissima’s armed forces in the Levant, the old soldier with his staff of seasoned sailors, officers, and engineers secured the Morea (Peloponnese) in four epic campaigns, seizing its key fortresses one after the other.The conflict would drag on unexpectedly, as the Turks fought back with renewed determination, while the opening of a new front against France diverted the Habsburg Empire’s main military effort from Central Europe. Venice also shifted its focus on defense, as its colonial representatives struggled to set up an administration in the impoverished and devastated “Kingdom of Morea”. The challenges were daunting, including the need to upgrade at least half a dozen Medieval castles, and the creation of brand new fortifications based on the most innovative designs of the time.In 1699 the treaty of Karlowitz ratified the conquest of the Morea. Venice had avenged the loss of Crete and was still a respected European power. Fifteen years later, a large Ottoman land offensive led by the Grand Vizier was able to reconquer the entire Peloponnese in just three months. The Ionian islands, last remnant of the once-formidable overseas empire, were only saved owing to the gallant defenders of Corfu and Prince Eugene’s victory at Peterwardein. After the Great Turkish War's string of victories, how was this final and monumental Venetian debacle made possible?Using a considerable amount of so-far unpublished archival material and contemporary historical accounts, Venice and the Ottoman Empire: The Morean Wars, immerses the reader into the 17th-18th century’s codes of European diplomatic intrigues and shifting alliances. It also unveils the dramatic evolution in siege warfare, naval warfare, and military tactics spearheaded by the West European centralized states.In the unforgiving theaters of Central Europe, the Southern Balkans and the Aegean, the religious dimension of the conflict meant that rules of war seldom applied. The fighting reached levels of violence unseen in Christendom since the Thirty Years' War.

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En 1684, pour la première fois de son histoire, Venise déclarait la guerre à l’Empire Ottoman en rejoignant la Sainte Ligue. L'armée du grand vizir Kara Mustapha Pacha venait de subir une défaite écrasante lors du siège de Vienne: le Saint-Empire romain germanique, la Pologne, Venise et la papauté tenaient enfin l'occasion de porter un coup décisif contre leur ennemi commun.

Le capitaine général Francesco Morosini, illustre défenseur de Candie, fut appelé à reprendre du service. À nouveau chargé du commandement général des forces de la Sérénissime au Levant, le vieux soldat entouré de marins, de soldats et d’ingénieurs chevronnés, conquit la Morée (Péloponnèse) en quatre campagnes épiques, s’emparant des principales forteresses les unes après les autres.

Le conflit se prolongea de façon inattendue, les Turcs résistant avec une détermination renouvelée, tandis que l’ouverture par l’Empire d’un nouveau front contre la France, détournait le meilleur de ses forces des combats en Hongrie. Les Vénitiens, bien obligés de défendre leurs nouveaux territoires, s’efforcèrent de mettre en place un semblant d’administration dans un «Royaume de Morée» dévasté par la guerre et le banditisme. Les défis à relever étaient innombrables; priorité étant donnée à la coûteuse modernisation des châteaux médiévaux et à la création de nouvelles fortifications à la pointe de l’architecture militaire.

En 1699, le traité de Karlowitz entérina la possession de la Morée. Venise avait vengé la perte de la Crète et restait une puissance européenne incontournable. Quinze ans plus tard cependant, une irrésistible offensive ottomane reconquit l'ensemble du Péloponnèse en seulement trois mois. Les îles ioniennes, dernier vestige de l’ancien Stato da Mar, ne furent sauvées que grâce aux vaillants défenseurs de Corfou et à la victoire du prince Eugène à Peterwardein. Après les succès de la Grande Guerre Turque, comment cette monumentale débâcle vénitienne a-t-elle été rendue possible?

Basé sur un volume considérable de documents d’archives inédits et de sources imprimées contemporaines, cet ouvrage immerge le lecteur au cœur des intrigues diplomatiques européennes des 17e - 18e siècles, et révèle les mécanismes d’une tactique militaire en rapide évolution. Sur les théâtres d’opération de l'Europe centrale, du sud des Balkans et de la mer Égée, la dimension religieuse du conflit entraîna souvent un mépris des lois de la guerre : les combats atteignirent des niveaux de violence inégalés depuis la Guerre de Trente Ans.

"For the reconstruction of the military Mycenaean world scarcely
we possess the information extracted from diverse slats written in Linear B, as well as the remains of some pictorial representations and scanty archaeological remains extracted from warriors' diverse tombs. It is for it that the reconstruction of this important aspect inside the Mycenaean culture is not simple, and in this respect it turns out very interesting to manage to raise approximations as the one that occupies us. Across the analysis of few remains which we possess,It occupies. Across the analysis of few remains which we possess, authors of John Chadwick's taya have proposed interesting theories on the Mycenaean systems of defense and, in this case, we will try to approach each other the system that could be used in Pilo's accession."

Imjin Wars were an essential incident in the history of Korea and in the relations of this kingdom with Japan and China. The aim of this article is to analyze some of the most emblematic landmarks which occurred during the conflict and make possible to assemble it: the battles of Sach’on, Myeongnyang and Noryang. In addition, it has been considered meaningful to include some lines to Korean sources that have been conserved, as the Nanjung Ilgi or the Chingbirok. All of them have a special value for the reconstruction and knowledge from the Joseon dinasty's point of view of some events occurred between 1592 and 1598.

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Las guerras Imjin constituyeron un episodio fundamental en la historia de Corea y en las relaciones de este reino con Japón y China. En el presente artículo realizaré un análisis sobre algunos de los hitos más emblemáticos que tuvieron lugar durante el conflicto y que permiten articularlo: las batallas de Sach’on, Myeongnyang y Noryang. Además, he considerado apropiado dedicar unas líneas a las fuentes coreanas conservadas, como el Nanjung Ilgi o el Chingbirok, entre otras. Todas ellas poseen un valor fundamental para reconstruir y conocer desde la perspectiva de los Joseon unos hechos ocurridos entre 1592 y 1598.

Located in the center of the Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria has always been a crucial element of the political and military affairs in the Black Sea region. Because of its position and the aspirations of annexing the Ottoman lands inhabited by Christians, Bulgaria was an important member of the Balkan states coalition in 1911–1912. With the outbreak of the First Balkan War Bulgaria through the series of spectacular land victories had a large part in the final defeat of the Ottoman army. In 1912 Bulgarian fleet, composed of few and obsolete vessels, was not able to establish equal fight with the much stronger fleet of the Ottoman Empire. Nevertheless Bulgarian sailors took an effort that brought them a great success. They had repelled on a number of enemy attacks and torpedoed Ottoman cruiser named „Hamidiye”. The actions of the Bulgarian fleet in 1912–1913 are excellent examples of the successful defense of the sea coast in small forces.

El presente estudio ofrece una interpretación de los parámetros de la construcción naval entre los siglos XVII y XVIII a partir de las ideas de Joseph de Veitia y Linaje, Gerónimo de Uztáriz, Antonio de Gaztañeta y Juan José Navarro. Se aborda detalladamente la relación entre estrategia, táctica y construcción naval, demostrando la cronología e implicaciones de la transición entre los paradigmas Habsburgo y borbónico, en un sentido todavía no aprehendido por la historiografía especializada.

Japan faces Chinese military operations against the Senkaku Islands, which Beijing claims under the name Diaoyu. However, China has been mainly using paramilitary and coastguard units, while civilians (fishermen and activists) have also been key actors in her strategy. As a result, Japans' Self-Defense Forces need to develop a wide range of capabilities, so that they can react to different contingencies, from an invasion by a traditional military force to one by unarmed activists, including the different combinations in between. Therefore, by analogy with the USMC's 'Three-Block Doctrine', we may talk about the 'Three-Island Doctrine', and just like the USMC is building a police capability, so should Japan's SDF.

Published in Swedish. The article looks in to the details of the 1743 Sea Battle at Korpoström during the War of the Hats between Russia and Sweden. The battle resulted in a Swedish defeat and has received little attention by later historians. In this article presents this battle in the context of the development of new Swedish Naval tactics by the founder of the Swedish Army Fleet, August Ehrensvärd during the latter part of the 18th century. The Battle of Korpoström provided valuable tactical insights in the most effective way to fight a naval battle within the limited confines of the archipelago - a paradigm shift to the established tactical traditions of naval engagements that took place in the open seas. Only the three first pages of the article are made available for Academia readers. Please refer to the Swedish Maritime Museum for the whole book and article.

In dieser Arbeit klassifiziert der Autor kronologisch und topographisch das Phänomen der antiken Naumachie
und richtet das Augenmerk dabei besonders auf deren Entstehung und Entwicklung durch die Jahrhunderte. Besondere wissenschaftliche Aufmerksamkeit genießen dabei die innerhalb von römischen Amphitheatern organisierten und aufgeführten Naumachien. Der Autor beschäftigt sich ebenfalls mit der Möglichkeit der Aufführung im weiteren Umfeld der ostadriatischen Küste. Durch interdisziplinäre Forschungen versucht er anhand kulturgeschichtlicher Quellen, in Bauten verewigter Inschriften, archäologischer Überreste, numismatischer Bauten und toponomastischer Überbleibsel, aber auch durch Rekonstruktionen, archivische, kartographische und andere
Informationsquellen, ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung zu belegen. Grund für die Entstehung und Aufführung der hier bearbeiteten Naumachien sind alle samt relevante Ereignisse für die römische Sozial-, Religions-, Militär und Kulturgeschichte, wie in etwa die erwähnten militärischen Siege, Triumphe und Einweihungen von Tempeln und anderen monumentalen öffentlichen Gebäuden. Alle hier aufgezählten Ereignisse sind außergewöhnlichen
Charakters und eng mit der Verherrlichung der kaiserlichen Persönlichkeit, seinen Siegen und in die Tat umgesetzten
Gebäudeplänen verbunden. Aufgrund dessen sind Naumachien Manifestierungen angemessenen Charakters,
die anspruchsvolle und teure Bauarbeiten erforderten (Aushebungen von Becken, Schiffbau, Überflutung der
Oberfläche, architektonische Eingriffe in den Wasserversorgungssystemen und Amphitheatern...). Die Distribution aller bis zum heutigen Zeitpunkt historisch bezeugter Naumachien führt hauptsächlich auf das Gebiet der
italienischen Halbinsel zurück, beziehungsweise die Stadt Rom, auch wenn die Möglichkeit ihres Erscheinens in
einigen römischen Provinzen nicht ausgeschlossen werden sollte. Szenographisch erstellte Naumachien wurden in authenthischer Kleidung, Bewaffnung und Ausrüstung aufgeführt und berühmte Schlachten der antiken Geschichte, wie zum Beispiel Athener gegen Perser, Sizilianer gegen die Streitmächte der Insel Rhodos oder auch Ägypter gegen Phöniziern wurden so nachgestellt. Die Entstehung, die Entwicklung und das Ende der hier bearbeiteten
Naumachien werden der Zeitspanne vom 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr. bis hin zur Spätantike zugeordnet.

Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti, geçmişinde Batılı güçlerin Asya ve Hint Okyanusu’ndaki askerî üslerinden son derece rahatsız olmuş ve üslerin kapatılmasını talep etmiştir. Bu talep Çin’in dış politikasında emperyalizm ve sömürgecilik karşıtı duruşunun önemli bir parçası olmuştur. Uzmanlara göre Çin, artık uluslararası düzenin gerçeklerine uyum sağlamaya başlamıştır. Pekin, artık kendi çıkarları doğrultusunda olduğu müddetçe, yabancı askerî üsleri ideolojik objektifinden değil, güvenlik çıkarları noktasından görmektedir (Mohan, 2019). Çin’in siyasî ve ekonomik gücünün artmasının bu tavır değişikliğinde önemli bir payı olmuştur.
Çin ekonomisi, özellikle enerji kaynakları için hayatî bir güzergâh olan Hint Okyanusu’nun ticaret yollarına oldukça bağımlıdır. Bu nedenle Çin’in Hint Okyanusu boyunca kendi enerji hatlarının güvenliği adına askerî adımlar atması normal karşılanmaktadır. Gelecek yıllarda da bölge üzerinde Çin Hükümetinin pergel adımlarını görmek mümkün olacaktır (Cooper, 2018). Bunun ilk örneği de Afrika Boynuzunun güneyinde yer alan Cibuti Limanını satın alarak limana askerî üs kurmasıdır (Akçay, 2019, s. 2). 2017 yılında açılan liman, Çin’e Umman Denizi’nin en batısında konumlanabilme imkânı tanımaktadır.
Çin’in, Afrika’yı seçmesi tesadüf olarak görülmeme

In 2012, there were over 30 Warships from more than 16 Nations undertaking counter-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden (GoA). Yet, despite the disparity of force between these ultra-modern high tech vessels and the low-tech criminals, piracy remains a thriving business venture. Only by focusing on the root causes of piracy can the international community deal effectively with these maritime guerrillas who are truly the 'enemies of all mankind'.

The following publication sheds light on some specific details about the reigns of various rulers. Such details might include tactical and strategic preferences of varying countries and their individual leaders; army composition and style; country-specific or era-specific units and troop types; detailed accounts of particular battles or wars; political and militant maneuvers that might otherwise be neglected; leader-specific methods of motivation and instilling loyalty within the army, as well as discipline, among other similar factors. It is also vital to note that this book will be the first in a series of publications, and only certain leaders from the Eastern Hemisphere will be depicted.

In the first book-length examination of the connections between the commercial fishing industry in colonial America and the American Revolution, Christopher Magra places the origins and progress of this formative event in a wider Atlantic context. The Fisherman's Cause utilizes extensive research from archives in the United States, Canada, and the U.K. in order to take this Atlantic approach. Dried, salted cod represented the most lucrative export in New England. The fishing industry connected colonial producers to transatlantic markets in the Iberian Peninsula and the West Indies. Parliament's coercive regulation of this branch of colonial maritime commerce contributed to colonists' willingness to engage in a variety of revolutionary activities. Colonists then used the sea to forcibly resist British authority. Fish merchants converted transatlantic trade routes into military supply lines, and they transformed fishing vessels into warships. Fishermen armed and manned the first American navy, served in the first coast guard units, and fought on privateers. These maritime activities helped secure American independence.