PHYTOSOME

Objective: Allicin, a natural organosulfur compound, is the main garlic ingredient, which has extensive pharmacological activities. Its unstable under acidic conditions due to alliinase's inactivation causes the need for preparations that delayed-release in the stomach to maximize allicin absorption. This study aimed to prepare and characterize the enteric-coated microsphere of phytosome loading allicin-rich extract to protect it from gastric acid. Methods: The allicin-rich extract phytosome (ArE-Ps) was prepared and evaluated for characteristics. Microsphere was made in three formulas with different molar ratios of ArE-Ps and Eudragit L30D-55 (1:1; 1:1.5 and 1:2) by spray dry. The three microspheres compared to particle size, entrapment efficiency, and dissolution test in acid and 7.4 pH medium. Results: Optimized ArE-Ps has a size of 251.6 nm, polydispersity index 0.466, zeta potential 34.11, entrapment efficiency of 62.62 %, and specific gravity of 1,005 g/ml. The surface topography of the three formulas shows an almost spherical shape with concave surfaces. The particle size of the microsphere ranges from 215±6.27 nm to 548.8±10.15 nm. Entrapment efficiency increases with an increasing number of polymers with a maximum value of 65.44 % at F3. The results dissolution test in vitro showed no drug release in acidic medium, and drug release occurred at a 7.4 pH medium. Drug release of three microsphere formulations followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with a k value of 12.7088±0.1769; 17.9322±1.5621; and 12.958±1.2677; respectively. Conclusion: Based on these results, the polymer's increase in three microsphere formulations can affect characteristics and retain drug release under acidic conditions.

Phytosomes are referred to as novel compounds containing lipophiliccomplexes of components of different plants which are composed of glycerophospholipids. In the novel drug delivery system, it is a need of the hour to search for such a novel delivery system that can provide more bioavailability and efficacy for any extract containing phytoconstituents or Phyto extracts. The present study data were collected from extensive literature surveys from different esteemed scientific repositories such as Pubmed, Science direct, Research gate, Cochrane, Google scholar, Willey, Core, 1Library, etc. Many phytoconstituents that are obtained from nature have high biological activities in many chronic diseases and has the best therapeutic efficacy. The main advantage of using phytoconstituents is that it does not have most adverse side effects. Phytosome is used for phytopharmaceutical formulations, herbal formulations, and in Ayurveda. It improves the bioavailability of medicaments and absorption...

The word ”Phyto” means plant, and also sometimes, it can be signified as cell- like. The development of phytosomes produces a little cell by itself, by which the active ingredient of the herbal extracts is protected from the intestinal secretions and instinctive bacteria destruction. The introduction of phyto- somes into herbal formulation is very recent and useful because they have advanced bioavailability, and they are better absorbed. Also, they consume this enhanced ability to cross lipid-rich bio membranes to finally reach the blood. Phytosomes can also be defined as complex chemical mixtures which are formulated by countering more than one mole synthetic or natural phos- pholipids phosphatidyl ethanolamine or phosphatidylserines with the one mole of another component. There are various plants materials which can be merged in the process of phytosomes, such as several herbal extracts includ- ing quercetin, grape seed, Rhein, neem, green tea, aloe vera, marigold and ginseng. The...

Phytosomes, are the tiny structures which serves as intermediate between the conventional and novel drug delivery system. These are the cells, which are able to carry themselves from a hydrophilic to the lipid environment of the cell membrane, which ultimately reaches the blood. The hydrophilic plant constituents, which find their application in skin disorders, anti-ageing possess and different type of carcinomas are difficult in processing into conventional delivery system and hence transformed into phytosomes. Phytosomes are the complexes prepared by mixing polyphenolic phytoconstituents and phosphatidylcholine in molar ratio. Phytosomes are superior to the conventional drug delivery systems in terms of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Phytosomal delivery of the extracts of Ginkgo biloba, Grape seed, Green tea, Ginseng, etc. has been profitably used. Phytosomes have been refined for therapeutic uses like cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulator, anticancer...

Liposomes are lipid based vesicular systems that offer novel platform for versatile drug delivery to target cell. Liposomes were first reported by Bangham and his co-workers in 1964 (1). Since then, liposomes have undergone extensive research with the prime aim to optimize encapsulation, stability, circulation time and target specific drug delivery. Manipulation of a liposome’s lipid bilayer and surface decoration with selective ligands has transformed conventional liposomes into adaptable and multifunctional liposomes. Development of liposomes with target specificity provide the prospect of safe and effective therapy for challenging clinical applications. Bioresponsive liposomes offer the opportunity to release payload in response to tissue specific microenvironment. Incorporation of novel natural and synthetic materials has extended their application from stable formulations to controlled release targeted drug delivery systems. Integration and optimization of multiple features int...

Liposomes are lipid based vesicular systems that offer novel platform for versatile drug delivery to target cell. Liposomes were first reported by Bangham and his co-workers in 1964 (1). Since then, liposomes have undergone extensive research with the prime aim to optimize encapsulation, stability, circulation time and target specific drug delivery. Manipulation of a liposome’s lipid bilayer and surface decoration with selective ligands has transformed conventional liposomes into adaptable and multifunctional liposomes. Development of liposomes with target specificity provide the prospect of safe and effective therapy for challenging clinical applications. Bioresponsive liposomes offer the opportunity to release payload in response to tissue specific microenvironment. Incorporation of novel natural and synthetic materials has extended their application from stable formulations to controlled release targeted drug delivery systems. Integration and optimization of multiple features int...

Propolis and lycopene compounds with potent pharmacological activities as anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant action. Propolis is a unique product produced by honeybees. Lycopene is phytochemical pigment belong to the group of carotenoids and found in different fruits and vegetative, as well as certain algae and fungi. This study was conducted to prepare and characterize phytosomal propolis and lycopene, then evaluate their in vitro anti-proliferative potential on rats prostatic hyperplasia cell line. Size of the nanoparticles determined by scanning electron microscope were 102.1±5.83 nm for phytosome propolis and 110.4±5.77 nm for phytosome lycopene. The encapsulation and loading efficiencies of phytosome formulations were 80.83 ± 4.41% and 64.66 ± 3.52% respectively for phytosome propolis and 75.82 ± 5.46% and 60.66 ± 4.37% respectively for phytosome lycopene. In order to ascertain the anti-proliferative activity of the phytosomal formulations, MTT assay was carried out ...

Objective: Present work is aimed at preparation and characterization of phytosomes, one of the, novel drug delivery dosage form used for improving bioavailability of drug, formed from ethanolic, aqueous, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extract of Citrullus colocynthis fruit. Method: Required phytosomal formulations were developed in the form of different extracts of Citrullus colocynthis fruit from the lecithin and cholesterol, Then characterization involved various parameters, such as: Particle size determination, apparent solubility, entrapment efficiency (EE%), scanning electron microscope (SEM), xrd, FTIR spectroscopy and dissolution study. Result and Conclusion: Particle size varied from 250nm to 0.1μm of different formulations. The mean particle size of phytosome of aqueous extract of CC was scattered in a narrow range of 254±20.0 nm, and polydispersity index was 0.857±0.055, where phytosome of aqueous extract shows better entrapment then other phytosomal formulation. Photom...

Phytosomes, are the tiny structures which serves as intermediate between the conventional and novel drug delivery system. These are the cells, which are able to carry themselves from a hydrophilic to the lipid environment of the cell membrane, which ultimately reaches the blood. The hydrophilic plant constituents, which find their application in skin disorders, anti-ageing possess and different type of carcinomas are difficult in processing into conventional delivery system and hence transformed into phytosomes. Phytosomes are the complexes prepared by mixing polyphenolic phytoconstituents and phosphatidylcholine in molar ratio. Phytosomes are superior to the conventional drug delivery systems in terms of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Phytosomal delivery of the extracts of Ginkgo biloba, Grape seed, Green tea, Ginseng, etc. has been profitably used. Phytosomes have been refined for therapeutic uses like cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulator, anticancer...

Sinigrin is a major glucosinolate present in plants of the Brassicaceae family. Recently, sinigrin and its phytosome formulations have been investigated for its wound-healing actions, by our research group. The aim of this study was to demonstrate sinigrin drug release from its phytosome complex and also to determine whether the phytosome complex enhances the delivery of sinigrin into the skin when compared to free sinigrin. In vitro Franz cell diffusion studies were performed on human abdominal skin. The morphology of the phytosome complex was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The in vitro drug release was determined using dialysis sacks. The in vitro drug release indicated a controlled and sustained release of sinigrin from the phytosome complex. Tape stripping results showed that the sinigrin-phytosome complex (0.5155 μg/ml) statistically significantly enhanced the delivery of sinigrin into the stratum corneum-epidermis when compared to the free sinigrin (0.0730 μg/ml...

Cell death (apoptosis) in the hippocampus is related to impaired memory functions. Gotu kola (Centella asiatica) contains asiatic acid and asiaticoside, which act as antioxidants and improve memory function. This study was intended to determine the effects of gotu kola extracts on Bcl-2 gene expression and spatial memory in rats with impaired memory functions due to trimethyltin (TMT) injection. The rats were subdivided into six groups, each group consisting of 10. The normal group was given sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na); the TMT group was given CMC-Na; the positive group was given 200 mg/kg bw citicoline; the extract groups were given a variation of gotu kola extract at 100 (P100), 200 (P200), and 400 mg/kg bw (P400) doses, respectively. These treatments were conducted for 35 days. TMT was injected intraperitoneally on Day 8 of treatment at a dose of 8 mg/kg bw in all groups except the normal group. On Days 29-35, the Morris water maze (MWM) spatial memory test was conduc...

Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon-425002 ABSTRACT An attempt has been made to review some flavonoids rich medicinal plants of Maharashtra with the intention of their use in herbal drug delivery system. In this direction, a list of indigenous medicinal plants have been prepared with respect to the taxonomic name, vernacular names, family, parts used of these plants on the basis of literature. This article includes 181 medicinal plants of Maharashtra belonging to different 67 families. In the present review 27.07% trees, 17.13% shrubs, 48.07% herbs, few climbers, creepers and weeds are noted for the presence of flavonoids. Among the plant parts, mostly leaves contain more flavonoids than roots, stems, seeds, flowers, fruits and barks. The highest content of flavonoid as flavonol is present in Asteraceae family and an auntheticated chemotaxonomic marker of Asteraceae. Usually terpenes, edusmocoides, ginsenoside, flavonoids, epigallocatechi-3-o...

Phytosome is a complex of a natural active ingredient and phospholipids. The term ‘Phyto’ means plant while ‘some’ means cell like structure. It is claimed that phytosome increases absorption of "conventional herbal extracts" or isolated active principles both orally as well as topically. In this era phytosome gain popularity as a potential drug delivery device due to excessive demand and utility of herbs or herb based medicines. This advance technology offers amenities like improved absorption, enhanced delivery & increased bioavailability of herbal extracts. These drug-phospholipid complexes can be fabricated in the form of solution, suspension, emulsion, syrup, lotion, gel, cream, aqueous micro dispersions. Standardized plant extracts, mainly polar phytoconstituents like flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, xanthones shall be introduced in form of phytosome.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a disorder of the central nervous system due to head trauma. TBI can damage nerve membrane phospholipids and decrease protein synthesis of neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) because of the transcription factor Krox-20. These conditions cause the lowering in nerve re-myelination which contribute to the decline of cognitive function. In Indonesia, citicoline is a neuroprotective drug that widely used to repair and prevent further damage of the nerve cells membrane caused by trauma. Spade leaf (Centella asiatica) extract phytosome (SEP) is a model of drug delivery system which expected to enhance the therapeutic effects as neuroprotective drug. This study aims to demonstrate and compare the effectiveness from SEP and citicoline as a neuroprotective characterized by increasing the activation of Krox-20, the expression of NRG-1, the distribution of phospholipids, and the improvement of cognitive levels on TBI-induced rats. Rats were divided into 5 groups namely: control...

One of the herbs in Indonesia, Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) contains triterpenoid glycosides, which are ethnomedicine used as neuroprotectors. Phytochemical components of Gotu Kola extract tend to be polar, so it needs an approach to modify the polarity of the extract. The method is to formulate an extract in the form of phytosome as an herbal delivery system so that it can increase the absorption and bioavailability of the active substance. It is suitable for the delivery system of active compounds from plants because it can carry hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds from plants. This paper specifically reviews the potential of the plant extracts for the recovery of nerve cell membranes and improving one's cognitive function.

Conventional herbal extracts, despite their excellent biological activities, display poor bioavailability and poor lipid solubility, ascribing to their large molecular size and hydrophilic nature which adversely affects their therapeutic potential. This lack of bioavailability can be greatly improved by using different delivery systems, one such being the use of phytosomes. This phospholipid-based delivery system has proven to be a promising technique for delivery and enhanced efficacy of the herbal or phytochemical extracts, as well as demonstrating improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile when compared to the conventional herbal extracts. This delivery system has shown remarkable potential of herbal extract delivery, when administered orally or topically and may further be made to be used as a means of targeted intravenous cell therapy by employing the use of desired monoclonal antibodies with the standardised phytosome formulations.

Phytosomes, are the tiny structures which serves as intermediate between the conventional and novel drug delivery system. These are the cells, which are able to carry themselves from a hydrophilic to the lipid environment of the cell membrane, which ultimately reaches the blood. The hydrophilic plant constituents, which find their application in skin disorders, anti-ageing possess and different type of carcinomas are difficult in processing into conventional delivery system and hence transformed into phytosomes. Phytosomes are the complexes prepared by mixing polyphenolic phytoconstituents and phosphatidylcholine in molar ratio. Phytosomes are superior to the conventional drug delivery systems in terms of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Phytosomal delivery of the extracts of Ginkgo biloba, Grape seed, Green tea, Ginseng, etc. has been profitably used. Phytosomes have been refined for therapeutic uses like cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulator, anticancer, antidiabetic etc. or for preventive and health reasons. In the ever-expanding pharmaceutical horizon, exploration of Phytosome technology is much needed.

Most medicinal and pharmaceutical herbal extracts are poorly soluble in aqueous moieties and have
reduced adsorption by living cells. Liposomal encapsulation of those so called phytosomes could be a
solution to overcome this problem. Meanwhile, much research shows that metallic nanoparticles such as
gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibit biological activity such as wound healing and antioxidant properties
on living cells. Here, we constructed a novel liposomal formulation by encapsulating both Calendula
officinalis extract and AuNPs. After the preparation of vesicles using the traditional thin film hydration
method within extrusion, the resulting AuNP–phytosomes were characterized by dynamic light
scattering size measurements, zeta potential and atomic force microscopy. These vesicles are less than
100 nm in size and have a high encapsulation efficiency for chlorogenic acid and quercetin as the model
major molecules of Calendula extract. Furthermore, AuNP–phytosomes exhibited antioxidant and wound
healing activity significantly according to the free forms of each encapsulated material and the plain
liposome as well as the phytosome form. Moreover, the cellular interactions of the vesicles were
monitored using the nano-vesicles prepared by Texas-Red labelled lipids under fluorescence microscopy.

The health of women is linked to their status in the society. The demographic consequence of the women has formed expression in various forms, such as female infanticide, higher death rate, lower sex ratio, low literacy level and lower level of employment of women in the non-agricultural sector as compared to men. Generally, at household level, cultural norms and practices and socio-economic factors determine the extent of nutritional status among women. For the purpose of present investigation, the data collected during 2005-06 on diet and nutritional status of tribal rural and urban lactating women respectively in States of Jammu and Kashmir was utilized. The study revealed inadequate dietary intake, especially micronutrient deficiency (hidden hunger) during lactation. Tribal women were particularly vulnerable to under nutrition compared to women in rural and urban areas. (16.9%) women had chronic energy deficiency, (56.4%) of women from all the three regions were observed to have clinical signs of nutritional deficiency, (30% )of women had taken deficient calories Clinical signs of deficiency of nutrition were uniformly distributed among three regions (p> 0.01), whereas indicators like BMI and caloric intake showed significant difference (P< 0.01) between the three regions . 49% studied women were found to be anemic.

In the past few years, there has been a tremendous increase in food waste generation due to rapid urbanization and industrialization. Population is also increasing and is expected to reach 9.5 billion by 2050. Both of these factors have put an emphasis to employ novel techniques for management of waste generated so that waste generation could be reduced to a minimum or these wastes could be converted into some valuable products. Therefore, in this view much technological advancement has occurred in the recent past which has proved to be useful for combating this problem. In this review, a brief introduction to status of waste generation and novel methods for its management has been discussed.

The explosion of information communication technology (ICT) since the beginning of the 20th century has been rendering manual-based library system in academic, research, special and public libraries less relevant. This is because using and implementing information communication technology in the library depend largely on the librarian attitude toward the current digital age. This study examined the attitudinal correlates of some selected scientific and research institutes libraries in Iran towards the use and application of ICT in their various libraries. A total of ten libraries from all the forty nine libraries in Iran formed the study's population. It is observed that 'Internet/intranet etc' (1046; 67.5%) is the most important source through which the users become aware of modern information technologies used in their libraries. The vast majority of the respondents who answered electronic sources make it 'Easier' to gather and use information are (1313; 84.7%). The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between e-environment and collection development (?2 62.86, p=0.000). Findings further show that all of librarians (9; 100%) opined they feel that ICT application affects the collection development of library. Based on these findings, it is recommended that libraries in the developing countries should consider training those librarians who do not have knowledge of ICT in order to remove the fear and anxiety hindering them from developing good attitude towards the use of ICT in their libraries

The purpose of this paper is to present the Quality Interval acceptance single sampling plan when the fraction of nonconforming items is a fuzzy number and being modeled based on the fuzzy Poisson distribution. A new procedure for implementing Fuzzy logic in Quality Interval acceptance sampling plan has also been carried out.

The proximate, minerals, vitamins and anti-nutrients composition of Solanum verbascifolium Linn were determined. The proximate composition showed that moisture content was (85.5%), protein was (32.55%), lipid was (2.90%), ash was (7.20%), fibre was (4.80%), carbohydrate was (52.55%) and caloric value was (366.50%) respectively. This was found to be rich in protein and considerably high amount of carbohydrate. The anti-nutrient composition analysis revealed the presence of hydrocyanide (1.39mg/100g), Oxalate (114.40mg/100g), all of which are below toxic level except for oxalic acid. For mineral and vitamin compositions, potassium was significantly (P>0.05) higher than iron, sodium, calcium and phosphorus while vitamin A retinol was (371.72mg/100g) and vitamin C ascorbic acid (39.99mg/100g). Based on these findings the plant is recommended for consumption and for further investigation as a potential raw material for pharmaceutical industry.