Phillipine History

Populism and nationalism have been described as major threats to democracy. But ambiguities linger over their conceptual boundaries and overlaps. This article develops a typology of nationalist narratives to historically situate the recent global rise of populist nationalism. Specifically, we identify three common types of historical experience with empire that have shaped contemporary expressions of nationalism by populist leaders: imperial power, where a nation's forerunner was the leading polity in a regional or global empire; imperial subject, where a nation was ruled and dominated by an imperial power, and imperial holdout, where a nation battled off imperial encroachments with relative success. Collective memories of these divergent imperial experiences are associated with three distinct types of nationalist narratives today: restorative nationalism in former imperial powers, redemptive nationalism in former imperial subjects, and retentive nationalism in former imperial holdouts. We illustrate this typology in three major cases of twenty-first-century populism: Turkey under Erdogan, the Philippines under Duterte, and Thailand under Thaksin. We tentatively contend that restorative nationalism is an especially likely conduit for greater political disruptions at home and abroad.

Luis Taruc was one of the twentieth century’s most prominent peasant revolutionaries.
His death in May 2005 at the age of 91 is cause for reflection upon the
factors that contributed to his becoming one of the most tragic figures in recent
Philippine history, despite his ongoing popularity among the peasants of Luzon.
This study examines oral traditions, contrasts Socialist and Communist song lyrics
and theatrical productions, and engages hitherto overlooked peasant beliefs in reincarnation
to cast new light on the schism in leftist politics in the Philippines in the
mid-twentieth century. The Communist meta-narrative ultimately failed to resonate
with Filipino peasants, not only because of the military and economic power of the
United States and Philippine Republican governments, but because Taruc (to the
chagrin and frustration of his comrades-turned-adversaries in the Communist
Party) engaged and ultimately embodied certain peasant counter micro-narratives.

Cinematic landscape became visible at the same time as the arrival of film technology just before the close of the nineteenth century. In Landscape and Memory (1995), Simon Schama asserts that " landscapes are culture before they are nature; constructs of the imagination projected. " It is with this assumption that I trace how Philippine cinema was fashioned by imaging and imagining a rural landscape with a distinctly national dimension. In this paper, I answer the following questions: What were the historical contexts out of which Philippine spaces were defined and distinguished? How have the rural spaces been rendered as landscapes, in both the literal and symbolic senses? What are the main currents in thematizing rural landscape in twentieth-century Philippine cinema that helped clear the space for the nation to occupy the screen?

When Spanish conquistadors landed in the Philippines in 1521, they encountered heavily tattooed local peoples they called “Pintados” or the Painted Ones. Five hundred years later, traditional tattooing across the Philippines is nearly extinct. Today, it survives only in remote regions of Mindanao and the Cordillera Region of Luzon (Krutak 2014b).

One of the last remaining tribal tattoo practitioners in the Philippines is ninety eight-year-old Whang-Od (fig. 3.1), a respected Kalinga elder from the village of Buscalan, who has been tattooing clients for more than eighty years (Krutak 2010). Utilizing the timeworn technique of hand-tapping, she hammers her pomelo thorn tool into the quivering flesh of domestic and international tourists who are in search of a lasting souvenir, as well as local Kalinga villagers who seek to reassert their Indigenous roots in an increasingly globalized world.

Like the tattoos of the Ibaloy (see chapter 2, this volume), Kalinga tattoo motifs were derived from nature: rice bundles, centipedes, python scales, and eagle wings. Generally speaking, women’s tattoos were symbols of adulthood, while men’s tattoos demonstrated accomplishments on the battlefield (Krutak 2010).

One decade ago, however, the future of Kalinga tattooing was certainly in doubt. Tattoos were no longer being given, and with the passing of successive generations of tattooed elders the custom was rapidly vanishing. But this trend would change around 2006, when Whang-Od began apprenticing her great-niece Grace Palicas to take over....

Seijas, Tatiana. "Slaving and the Global Reach of the Moro Wars in the Seventeenth Century." Chap. 10 In Philippine Confluence: Iberian, Chinese and Islamic Currents, c. 1500-1800, edited by Jos Gommans and Ariel Lopez. Leiden: Leiden University Press, 2020.

Durante el reinado de Felipe III (1598-1621) la monarquía hispánica buscó, a través del envío de una serie de socorros a Filipinas (1610-1624), abrir una ruta comercial entre Sevilla y Manila. Solo una de estas armadas logró llegar a Manila al mandó de Ruy González de Sequeira, aunque fueron varios los intentos. En el presente estudio inten- to situar el envío de estas armadas en el marco de la política asiática de la monarquía hispánica de Felipe III y Felipe IV. Un análisis que me obliga a tener presente tanto el contexto global como el impacto que el envío de estos socorros, y la política en la que se sustentaba, tuvo en la relación entre los imperios portugués y español durante el reinado de Felipe III.

During the reign of Philip III (1598-1621) the Spanish monarchy looked to open a commercial route between Seville and Manila by sending of a series of socorros to the Philippines. Only one of these armadas managed to arrive to Manila under the command of Ruy González de Sequeira, although there were various attempts made. This study analyzes the sending of these armadas within the Asian politics of the Spanish Monarchy of Philip III and Philip IV. This is an analysis that obligates us to consider not only the global context but the impact of these armadas and the politics in which they were sus- tained in relation to the Portuguese and Spanish empires during the Reign of Philip III.

With its opening in the 1570s, the trade between China and the Philippines began to grow speedily, and a large amount of silver flowed from the newly discovered America into China. In order to gain more profits from this trade, Governor of the Philippines, Gonzalo Ronquillo de Pe1alosa, carried out the new customs policy known as almojarifazgo in 1581. This new tax policy had been well implemented through the next several decades though there were some changes of the tax rates. Based on an analysis of almojarifazgo data stored by AGI, the aim of the present research was to examine annual scale and historical development of this trade from 1591 to 1644. The total amount of American silver flowing into China could also be reestimated.

Siguiendo los debates historiográficos recientes sobre la corrupción en la América Hispánica, se describirán las quejas y acusaciones contra Francisco de Sande como Gobernador y Capitán General de las Islas Filipinas (1575-1580), antes de regresar a Nueva España como Oidor de la Audiencia de México y de ser promovido a Guatemala y luego al Nuevo Reino de Granada como Presidente de las audiencias de esos territorios. Se señalará que hay una continuidad en las acusaciones en su contra en todas las latitudes en las que desempeñó oficios reales, contrastando con las historiografías nacionales que han afirmado que sus malas prácticas sucedieron solo en algunos territorios. Por último, se abre la investigación a pensar en el capital relacional de Francisco de Sande para comprender las dinámicas de la corrupción en un periodo tan temprano.

Based on a phonetic, linguistic, and discursive analysis of sixteenth-century Iberian, “Aytiur” (Aytim) can be confirmed as the port of Hayten (“Haicheng” or “Yuegang” in Chinese). A study of the route which the Spaniards took in Southern China in 1579 (along Dongjiang, Xingningjiang, and Meixi to Chanxi and Hetouxi, then through Jiulongjiang to reach Zhangzhou Prefecture) also provides evidence as to Aytiur’s Chinese identity and location. After establishing the exact location and identity, the article next considers extant missionary records to gain a more nuanced understanding of trade in the area. Based on a close reading of primary documents, it seems that trade with the Philippines did not begin immediately following the opening of the port of Aytiur in 1567; in fact, until 1580, there were very few Manila-bound sea-faring vessels leaving the port of Aytiur. At the same time, Augustinian missionaries writing in 1575 reported a great number of ships in the two ports of Tansuso and Tongan, which were both more prosperous than Aytiur. Comparing the statistics of trading vessels and taxation records, this article concludes that the commercial situation in Aytiur was limited in the 1570s and that significant trade with the Spaniards began only in the 1580s or 90s. Aytiur’s growth as an important port city resulted from its location and a combination of institutional changes favorable to trade.
Keywords: Aytiur, Haicheng, Hayten

Ponencia presentada en el 56º Congreso Internacional de Americanistas Salamanca 2018 dentro del simposio "Corporaciones, actores económicos y corrupción en Iberoamérica: intereses del rey e intereses del mercado, s. XVII-XIX". En ella se reflexionó acerca de la evolución de un debate que duró décadas acerca del comercio por el Océano Pacífico en el que diversos personajes e instituciones, a lo largo de diversos centros de poder de la Monarquía Hispánica, lucharon pos sus intereses económicos y comerciales.

This paper analyses the trajectory of Andres de Losada Sotomayor and his role as agent on the process of transferring the monetary wealth bequeathed by Galician (Spain) origins migrants to their parishes of birth. The notarial documentation produced in order to gave legal support to these monetary transfers reveals a network interaction between Galician-born merchants which otherwise would be very difficult to trace. In this regard, mercantile and family networks arose as a main vector in order to articulate this apparently secondary transfers, but crucial from the inheritors point of view and their rural context.

This volume explores the challenges of teaching and learning Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subjects in local languages and local contexts in a range of countries around the world. Many countries around the world, including African countries, have been largely excluded from the transformation that is going on in STEM pedagogy in the USA, where the emphasis is on the importance of language choice and the development of English Language Learner (ELL). STEM subjects in many parts of the world have been taught in a global language, mainly English, rather than using a local language and local curriculum. This creates pedagogical challenges to the teaching of STEM. The contributions to this book review evidence and arguments for the teaching of STEM subjects in local languages and several chapters make this case that this should be considered a human right, both in national educational programs and in development aid.

With his ascension to the Spanish throne in 1759, Charles III took command of a global empire whose economic heyday had long since past. In Spain, commercial agriculture and manufacturing had stagnated while the metropole’s once more or less effective control over trade with its New World colonies was lost, usurped by foreign interests and contrabandists operating in both Spanish and American ports. To restore command of commerce between Spain and its colonies and stimulate economic development throughout the empire, Charles III introduced a series of liberalizing trade reforms. These measures, known collectively as comercio libre, increased the number of colonial ports allowed to trade directly with Spain while reducing barriers to inter-colonial commerce throughout the Atlantic. An important but overlooked component in existing scholarship on Bourbon trade reforms was, however, the crown’s goal of harnessing the productive economic forces of Asia to regain control of Spanish American markets from European competitors. The culmination of this project was the establishment of the Royal Philippines Company (RPC) in 1785. With its founding, the company was granted a royal monopoly on all direct trade between Spain and Asia along with the right to import Asian goods to colonial markets throughout the Americas. Comercio libre was not, therefore, concerned solely with reviving Spanish Atlantic trade levels nor was it focused exclusively on the Atlantic World. Rather, Bourbon commercial reforms constituted a global trade policy that sought to integrate Pacific and Atlantic commerce in order to restore Spanish control over colonial markets throughout the Americas.

Programa del X SIMPOSIO INTERNACIONAL DE LA ASOCIACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE AMERICANISTAS Magallanes y Valladolid Apertura y consolidación de la idea del mundo.
En mi ponencia presenté la visión que tuvo el virrey Luis de Velasco "El Joven" sobre el comercio por el Océano Pacífico, en donde tuvo que mediar los intereses del rey frente a los de los pobladores de las Indias y la evolución que fue teniendo en este sentido.

We make a stydy about the work done by the botanists of the Alejandro Malaspina
Scientific. Expedition (s.XVIII) round the world, more finally in Filipinas. The study has as fountain the Botanic Garden of Madrid, where the botanic discovers of Neé y Heancke are pointed. This discovers were about severa! native plants of Filipinas, ignored by the europeans.

This work analyzes the acting of the Augustinian and Discalced Franciscans missionaries in the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Philippine Islands. Through correspondence and reports of friars and civil authorities active in the islands, the models of "good government" designed by the religious are highlighted, as well as the mechanisms by which the churchmen influenced or attempted to influence the process of the conquest of the Asian archipelago, especially with regard to the incorporation of the natives and practice of encomienda.

Este artículo analiza la actuación de los misioneros agustinos y franciscanos descalzos en la primera fase de la colonización española de las Islas Filipinas. A través de la correspondencia y de los informes de los frailes y las autoridades civiles que trabajaban en las islas, se destacan los modelos de "buen gobierno" diseñados por los religiosos, así como los mecanismos mediante los cuales los eclesiásticos influyeron o intentaron influir en el proceso de conquista del archipiélago asiático, sobre todo con relación a la incorporación de los indígenas y la práctica de la encomienda.

El próximo viernes 29 de octubre a las 18:00 horas (CEST) se tendrá lugar una nueva sesión del Seminario permanente «Los mundos ibéricos y la globalización temprana» que organiza el grupo PAI HUM 1000. En esta edición, se presentarán y discutirán dos libros; en primer lugar el Prof. Bernard Vincent (École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales) presentará la monografía del Prof. Brice Cossart (UPO) publicada por Classiques Garnier, Les Artilleurs et la Monarchie hispanique (1560-1610). Guerre, savoirs techniques, État y, en segundo lugar, la Pfra. Birgit Tremml-Werner (Linnaeus University, Småland) presentará el libro del Prof. Antonio Real Botija (UPO), Hombres de armas, letras y tratos. Los escribanos en la expansión imperial en las Islas Filipinas (1568-1598).
Se podrá acceder a la sesión online a través de la plataforma Zoom el día 29 de octubre a las 18:00 horas (CEST) mediante el siguiente enlace:

https://us06web.zoom.us/j/84122139653

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Next Friday, October 29 at 6:00 pm (CEST), the next session of the Permanent Seminar "Iberian Worlds and Early Globalization" organized by the PAI HUM 1000 research group will be held. In this edition, two books will be presented and discussed; firstly Prof. Bernard Vincent (École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales) will present the monograph by Prof. Dr. Brice Cossart (UPO) published by Classiques Garnier, Les Artilleurs et la Monarchie hispanique (1560-1610). Guerre, savoirs techniques, État and, secondly, Pfr. Birgit Tremml-Werner (Linnaeus University, Småland) will present the book by Prof. Antonio Real Botija (UPO), Hombres de armas, letras y tratos. Los escribanos en la expansión imperial en las Islas Filipinas (1568-1598).
Attendance is open through the following Zoom link on October 29 at 6:00 pm (CEST):

https://us06web.zoom.us/j/84122139653

For some time in the shadow of other regional powers' forces and the other branches of the Vietnamese military, the Vietnamese Peoples' Navy (VPN) is going through a period of modernisation and expansion. Having not played a major role in Vietnamese geostrategy in the twenty-first century, increasing questions over control of sea routes in the South China Sea and competing forces within South-East Asia have necessitated the consolidation of the VPN.

This paper presents some of the results of our research on Islamic manuscripts of southern Philippines, and aims to contribute towards laying a foundation on which this potential study could be developed.

It first presents findings on Islamic intellectuals and manuscripts of southern Philippines belonging to the period spanning the 18th to 19th century, and discusses the languages used in them. In the second part it describes three manuscripts of Mindanao that are found in collections in the USA and Indonesia.

Se analizan las concepciones teológicas y jurídicas y la acción del
cuerpo eclesiástico en las islas Filipinas, en el contexto posterior al
Concilio de Trento, describiendo las formas y especificidades de los
procesos de reforma eclesiástica y confesionalización en el archipiélago
oriental. El período estudiado es el gobierno episcopal de Domingo de
Salazar y las dos primeras décadas después de la elevación de la diócesis
a la condición de arzobispado, estas estuvieron marcadas por las
vacantes en el gobierno eclesiástico. Se destaca la actuación de
instituciones y discursos estimados por la reforma católica, como
gobierno de conciencias, el control de la Inquisición sobre los
confesores, el clamor por las visitas y la búsqueda de la moralidad de
los fieles y del clero. En este sentido, se concluye que la idea de
frailocracia, que caracteriza las Filipinas como una situación de
desobediencia general del clero, en la que los frailes gozarían de grandes
libertades políticas y sociales, no es un concepto adecuado

Domingo de Salazar OP, first bishop of Manila, sent a memorial to the Third Mexican Provincial Council, convened in 1585, that addressed the question of the legitimacy of the patronato real and related practices. This article analyzes the memorial by taking into account the close personal, cultural and academic relationships that linked the bishops of the 16th-century Spanish overseas empire as part of the intellectual elite educated at the University of Salamanca.

‘‘The Hispanic-Anglosphere: transnational networks, global communities (late 18th-20th centuries)’ is an international research network funded by the AHRC and the University of Winchester in partnership with the National Trust. Its aim is to challenge old assumptions of enmity and isolation to develop a new critical conceptual framework – the ‘Hispanic-Anglosphere’ - to study individuals, networks and communities that made of the British Isles a crucial hub for the global Hispanic world and a bridge between Spanish Europe, Africa, Asia and the Americas at a period that, perhaps not unlike today, was marked by natural disasters, the dislocation of global polities, nation-state building and the rise of nationalism.
Historians in the British Isles, continental Europe, the Americas and Russia in association with scholars from other disciplines and non-academic partners started implementing the project’s 18-month agenda in October 2017 through an interactive website (http://hispanic-anglosphere.com) and by holding on 3-5 November 2017 one of two planned three-day workshops.
During the first meeting, participants explored and tested ways of thinking about the British Isles’ vis-à-vis the global Hispanic world, offered relevant case studies for research and analysis and sought input from the general public for the formulation of short and longer-term research agendas. Academic and public debates were organized in partnership with the National Trust Tyntesfield, the stately home founded in 1843 by the Madrid-born merchant William Gibbs whose family built much of its fortune on the importation of Spanish wine and fruits, Peruvian guano and the export of Irish linen, Newfounland fish and British manufactures, among other commodities, to the global Hispanic world. 
In the months leading to the second workshop (22-24 June 2018), the network has initiated the systematic identification of Individuals, Networks and Communities.  We are very aware that this task highlights the open-ended character of the project since it will be impossible to fully achieve it within only 18 months. But the data gathered will be used for thematically mapping and studying the activities of relevant individuals and communities from an interdisciplinary, transnational and global perspective in order to throw light over little known processes and instances of entanglement.
A further key objective is to further develop the online presence by encouraging the interpretation of a wide range of archival, audio-visual and material evidence relating to the Hispanic-Anglosphere and by bringing them, and our academic discussions, to a wider audience; for example, through an online exhibition. So please feel free to follow our site! ( http://hispanic-anglosphere.com )

Author: Priscilla Lasmarias Kelso
Publisher: CBE International

The recurrent dream takes me back to my grandmother’s house in one of the central islands in the Philippines. There is feasting and much laughter. I am surrounded by my extended family—cousins and aunts and uncles. In the midst of this gathering, I suddenly realize that I have to leave for America. Then I am at the airport, anxious about having to say goodbye. Next to me are unsorted pieces of luggage and packages, scattered at my feet. I am perturbed by the absence of order and by the cacophony of my surroundings. Then my mother, gently touching my shoulder and pointing to the pile of mismatched luggage, says: “Priscilla, these are gifts for you.”

“ ‘National Pride’: The Production of narratives for Artistic Heroes in the Philippines” in Intellectuals, Moralities, and Modernities: Voices of Humanities in Southeast Asia, edited by Davisakd Puaksom, pp. 259–297. Bangkok: Siam Parithas Publishing. (written in Thai).