Plant Taxonomy and Anatomy

Fibre dimensions are of great significance due to their strong relationship with the strength properties of wood and paper. The fibre characteristics of three selected plant species (Verbenaceae family Duranta erecta and Lantana camara, Lamiaceae familyVitex doniana ) were determined and their pulp and paper making potentials were compared with that of Gmelina arborea. The mean fibre lengths of the species were found to be short since they were less than 1.6mm. Gmelina arborea has the highest slenderness ratio with a mean value of 29.8241±1.0928 and the highest coefficient of flexibility (0.8584±0.0109). The Runkel ratio was highest in Duranta erecta recording an average of 0.6507±0.0638. However, the derived fibre values: slenderness ratio, coefficient flexibility and Runkel ratio of the species studied were considered to be good paper making potentials, therefore, making Duranta erecta, Lantana camara, and Vitex doniana a suitable substitute for Gmelina arborea in the papermaking ...

Micromorphological features of the leaves of eight common species of Sida in Uyo, Nigeria were examined, in order to determine the taxonomic relationship between them. Plant samples were randomly collected from four locations in Uyo metropolis for investigation. The leaves were hypoamphistomatic and the stomata anisocytic. Abaxial epidermal cells had undulating anticlinal walls except in S. stipulata. Abnormal stomata were found only in S. stipulata.. Druses, hydropoten cells and Trichomes occurred in all the species. Trichomes of S. stipulata were the shortest (30µm). Glandular trichomes occurred on the abaxial epidermis in all the species except Sida sp. where they were found on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The Stomatal Index (S.I.) was highest in S. scabrida (25%) and least in S. stipulata (18%). Unicellular trichome density was higher than other trichomes in all the species except in Sida sp. with a higher density of glandular and stellate trichomes. Striae were observed in all the species. S. stipulata differs from the other species probably due to environmental factors while Sida sp. is a possible new species or a hybrid whose parents can be determined by further investigations.

تناول البحث الحالي دراسة البيئة والتوزيع الجغرافي لأنواع واجناس العائلة الربيعية في العراق. واظهرت النتائج ان الانواع تتوزع في الجهة الشمالية والشمالية الشرقية والغربية منه. وان النوع Anagallis arvensis L. هو اكثر الانواع انتشاراً وتحملاً للظروف البيئية المختلفة، في حين تميّزت انواع الجنس Primula L. بانها اقل انتشاراً ومقتصرة على مقاطعة واحدة فقط. بالإضافة الى ان مقاطعتي راوندوز (MRO) والسليمانية (MSU) قد احتلت المرتبة الاولى في توزيع الانواع على المقاطعات الجغرافية وبنسبة (75%) ، في حين كانت مقاطعتي الصحراء الجنوبية (DSD) والبصرة (LBA) في المرتبة الاخيرة بنسبة (16.7%). كما رسمت خرائط التوزيع الجغرافي لجميع الانواع المدروسة.

The root anatomy of 12 Amaranthus taxa (Amaranthaceae) was studied. The internal structures were evaluated as an anatomical character to clarify the taxonomic complexity in the genus. Transactions of young roots of the studied species showed no variations. While the old roots examination revealed differences in the products of the secondary thickening and their distribution, also differences in the anomalous cambium products were detected. Twelve characters with 26 character stats were used to generate anatomical key using the DELTA key-generating programs. ª 2015 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Abstract: A study was conducted on the petiole anatomical characteristics of seven selected Malaysian mangrove species, which are representative of four genera in the Rhizophoraceae. These anatomical features can be very useful in revealing the relationship between the plant species and its environment, and the results showed that some anatomical adaptations had
occurred in response to extreme climate and exposed  environment. These adaptations such as the presence of aerenchyma cells, cutinized epidermal cells and variations in the presence of parenchyma cells which occurred
fairly uniformly among all the species studied. Variations in the presence or absence of parenchyma and aerenchyma cells can be a good indicator for a shift in species zonation, especially in species that have become well adapted to a dynamically active habitat, such as that of the coastal zone.

يتناول البحث الحالي دراسة النوع الوحيد للجنس Samolus L. وهوSamolus valerandi L. في العراق.  ووجد ان الصفات المظهرية للساق والأوراق والأزهار والقنابات وكذلك القنيبات بأنها ذات قيمة تصنيفية لعزل هذا النوع عن بقية أنواع العائلة الربيعية. كما اظهرت الدراسة التشريحية للساق والأوراق وسويقات الأوراق وحوامل النورات صفات مميزة للنوع . كما امتاز النوع  Samolus valerandi L. بامتلاكه حبوب اللقاح ثلاثية الثقوب والأخاديد في حين انفرد بتوزيعه الجغرافي على مقاطعتين جغرافيتين هما DWD و LSM.

Correct identification of medicinal plants and quantification of their bioactive constituents
are of utmost concern in the field of pharmacognosy and herbal medicine. The use of crude
morphology in identification of medicinal plants though being rampant and easier may not
be altogether scientific, hence are ineffective, especially where two or more plant species
share close resemblance. In this research, the epidermal features and phytochemical analysis
of leaves of Gmelina arborea (Roxb.) and Tectona grandis (Linn.) were studied in an attempt
to show their scientific distinctiveness for proper identification. For the epidermal studies,
several fresh leaves of the two plant species were collected separately, rinsed in clean water
and bleached in 3.5% sodium hypochlorite for about 18-24 h. They were then stained in dilute
glycerol for about 5-10 min and epidermal slides were made from them for microscopic
observation. Also, the air dried samples of the two plant species were subjected to
quantitative phytochemical analysis using standard methods. Results revealed that there were
significant differences in the epidermal features and phytochemical constituents of leaves of
Gmelina arborea and Tectona grandis. From this study it can be concluded that the
differences observed are of taxonomic significance for further distinguishing between these
two plants

The aim of the study was to investigate the detail epidermal characteristics of the leaf for six species of the genus Lepidium in Iraq. The species investigated include L. aucheri, L. latifoliaum, L. perfoliatum, L. persicum, L. ruderale and L. sativum. The qualitative parameters, such as straight or sinuous, thin or thick anticlinal cell walls, types of stomata apparatus and trichomes types were studied by using light microscopy (LM). Also quantitative traits such as stomtal index, length, width, epidermal length and width was described in details. The results show high covariance in the leaf attributes which can be of great taxonomic significance.

Leaves of nine species of Ludwigia were collected from Southwestern Nigeria and the crude proteins were extracted and analysed by electrophoretic fractionation. The results shows that Ludwigia octovalvis var linearis, Ludwigia octovalvis var brevisepala, Ludwigia hyssopifolia and Ludwigia abyssinica are more closely related based on the position of protein bands. Also, Ludwigia decurrens A and Ludwigia adscendens subsp. diffusa are more closely related based on the number of band and the position of band. The band at 2.1 is taxonomic for all the species of Ludwigia studied. Similarly, the band at 1.0 delimits L. leptocarpa from the other species. Protein abundance sequence of the samples is in the order L. hyssopifolia ˃ L. octovalvis var linearis ˃ L. abyssinica ˃ L. octovalvis var brevisepala ˃ L. erecta ˃ L. decurrens B ˃ L. leptocarpa ˃ L. decurrens A ˃ L. adscendens subsp. diffusa. The occurrence of a new band in Ludwigia decurrence B separates it from Ludwigia decurrence A, a new hypothetical name is suggested for the delimitation of the two species. The protein bands are taxonomically distinct as no two species have the same band distribution; diagnostic bands which could be employed for the identification of each species are also reported.

Fibre dimensions are of great significance due to their strong relationship with the strength properties of wood and paper. The fibre characteristics of three selected plant species (Verbenaceae family-Duranta erecta and Lantana camara, Lamiaceae family-Vitex doniana) were determined and their pulp and paper making potentials were compared with that of Gmelina arborea. The mean fibre lengths of the species were found to be short since they were less than 1.6mm. Gmelina arborea has the highest slenderness ratio with a mean value of 29.8241±1.0928 and the highest coefficient of flexibility (0.8584±0.0109). The Runkel ratio was highest in Duranta erecta recording an average of 0.6507±0.0638. However, the derived fibre values: slenderness ratio, coefficient flexibility and Runkel ratio of the species studied were considered to be good paper making potentials, therefore, making Duranta erecta, Lantana camara, and Vitex doniana a suitable substitute for Gmelina arborea in the papermaking industries.

Aeschynomene L. é um gênero Pantropical com aproximadamente 160 espécies, dentre as quais se destaca A. sensitiva Sw. por se distribuir nos neotrópicos exibindo interessantes padrões morfológicos, dispersos por três variedades: A. sensitiva var. amazonica Rudd, A. sensitiva var. hispidula Rudd e A. sensitiva var. sensitiva, amplamente distribuídas nas Américas, e diferenciadas e diagnosticadas, pelos ramos glabros, folhas, folíolos e frutos longos; ramos com indumento híspido ou densamente híspido-glandular, folíolos e estípulas ciliados ou não. Em viagens de campo realizadas entre os anos de 2013-2019 no Brasil, foram coletadas diversas populações de A. sensitiva, com morfologia variada e sobreposta. Considerando que a anatomia foliar mostra-se como uma ferramenta útil na delimitação de táxons em Leguminosae, buscou-se averiguar se tal ferramenta mostra-se útil para delimitação dos táxons da espécie supracitada. Para tanto, amostras da porção mediana do pecíolo, caule e raque de cinco indivíduos adultos de cada um dos táxons de A. sensitiva (L.L.C. Antunes 934, 1100 e 2108, UB) foram fixadas em FAA 70% por 24 horas (formaldeído 37%, ácido acético glacial, álcool etílico 70%; 1:1:1:8), e acondicionadas em etanol 70%. Posteriormente, tais amostras foram seccionadas à mão livre com o auxílio de lâmina de barbear, clarificadas em hipoclorito de sódio a 20%, coradas em solução aquosa de Azul de astra e Safranina (9:1 v/v), montadas entre lâmina e lamínula com solução aquosa de glicerina (1:1 v/v) e vedadas com esmalte incolor. As fibras libriformes foram constatadas por meio do macerado com Franklin e coradas com safranina, além de, em secção transversal, apresentarem lúmem amplo e desprovido de pectocelulose. Fotografias das lâminas foram feitas em microscópio óptico Leica DM500® com câmera acoplada Leica ICC50 HD®. As escalas foram informadas conforme o microscópio utilizado. Em A. sensitiva var. amazonica, A. sensitiva var. hispidula e A. sensitiva var. sensitiva o pecíolo e raque são cilíndricos em secção transversal, com epiderme unisseriada composta por células arredondadas e retangulares com paredes periclinais e anticlinais espessas e cutícula delgada, 4-6 feixes vasculares colaterais com fibras libriformes adjacentes ao floema e córtex com 3-5 camadas de células arredondadas de tamanhos variados. Tanto o caule quanto o pecíolo e a raque têm estômatos situados ao mesmo nível das demais células comuns da epiderme com câmara subestomática ampla, hipoderme unisseriada cujas células possuem paredes espessadas e são arredondadas e elípticas. O cilindro vascular é descontínuo, interrompido por grupos de fibras intercaladas com parênquima e a medula compreende células parenquimáticas arredondadas de variados tamanho, além, de compostos fenólicos, cristais  romboides e estiloides e idioblastos secretores. O caule é circular, com epiderme unisseriada, composta por células arredondadas e retangulares, cutícula delgada. Tricomas tectores e secretores multicelulares ocorrem esparsamente distribuídos no caule. O córtex é uniforme e compreende 4-6 camadas de células arredondadas com tamanhos variados. Diante do exposto as variedades de A. sensitiva apresentaram caracteres anatômicos sobrepostos e pouco variáveis, sendo importantes na constatação de que as variações morfológicas observadas em A. sensitiva são decorrentes de adaptações ao ambiente (e.g. hipoderme e presença de fibras que auxiliam na retenção de água nos tecidos internos e fornecem um suporte mecânico), apontando para uma futura sinonimização dos táxons da espécie.

The association between plant life is determined by the need of sun light, humidity and air temperature. This physic conditions shape the character canopy constituent species association between eaglewood with other plants in the community. This study aims to determine the diversity of plant species associated with eaglewood trees in western Lombok forest. The study population was seen in the forest areas of western Lombok image area of 46357.86 ha. Footage designed by the method of delineation where the existence of eaglewood. Analysis to determine the association of eaglewood with other plants used SPASSOC.BAS (software of GW-BASIC version 3.22 software). The results showed that the community of G. versteegii in the western Lombok forest portrayed on plants species associated with it. Species of plants that associated with G. versteegii influenced by the variety and rate of growth of G. versteegii.

Being a country located in the semi-temperate region, Bangladesh is precious land for fruit crop production due to its varied temperature all over the year along with its different soil types. The fruits produced in Bangladesh are being exported overseas with complementary reputation. It is necessary to acquire basic knowledge on Pomology especially the internal structure and physiology to boost up the applied research in developing high yielding varieties of fruits. To keep pace with the competitive world, Bangladesh has to develop more scientists with proper knowledge on the plant anatomy of fruit crops. There are few obstacles, but one of the most important is the deficiency of a scientifically accurate, readily available and regularly updated database of the knowledge-base of anatomy of fruit crops in Bangladesh. During the learning of fruit crop production and ways of improvement, a sustainable and ever updating database is a must to have tool to ensure proper learning. Considering this dire need, the concept of the development of a digital atlas of anatomy of fruit crops in Bangladesh has evolved. Atlas is a book or maps regarding any subject matter. Digital atlas conveys the sense of a database where all the information is digitally archived, which makes it possible to serve in fresh at any time of necessity. And with the development of technology, the knowledgebase can easily be disseminated among all the novices through easy-to-use computer software and into the widely spread internet. This database will serve detailed information regarding the anatomy of fruit crops with necessary video clip which will open up a window to the students, academicians, researcher as whole for increasing the anatomical knowledge of fruit crop plants.

The epidermal cells are the most numerous, largest, and least specialized as well as, are structurally and functionally variable, which includes several differentiated cell types. The present study aims to investigate the epidermal features of Phragmanthera austroarabica leaves and to evaluate its taxonomical significance. Fresh samples of P. austroarabica were collected from Heziaz, Sana'a Governorate, Yemen during the period May to September 2017. The epidermal properties of P. austroarabica (endemic species to south west of Arabian Peninsula) leaves were investigated; the epidermal cells density; ornamentation surface; stomata density; ratio and type of Phragmanthera austroarabica shows a high significant in taxonomical value for the separation between the Arabian Phragmanthera (P. austroarabica) and Nigerian Phragmanthera spp. (P. capitat; P. nigritana and P. talbotiorum).

The present research deals with the unique species in genus of Koelpinia Pallas which is Koelpinia linearis Pall In Iraq. The morphological characters of stems, leaves, flowers and bracts were found to be important value to separate this species from other genera of Asteraceae.  The anatomy of stem and leaves characters were found to be of diagnostic value for the genus. Koelpinia linearis has Tricolporate and without distinct lacunae pollen grains, and distributing in central and southern Iraq , and growing in sandy loam soil

Pollen morphology of ten woody plant species was carried out using light microscope. The study adopted Erdtman method of pollen analysis. Pollen characters studied are pollen shape, aperture type, surface pattern, pollen size, and grain arrangement. The result revealed that 50% of the species accounted for Tricolporate class, 30 % for triporate class, 10 % each for tricolpate and pantoporate classes. 50% of the species accounted for reticulate exine pattern, 20% for psilate, while 10% each accounted for baculate, granulate and echinate pattern. Result of pollen shape indicates that 50% of the species accounted for prolate-spheroidal, 20% for suboblate and 10% each for spheroidal, oblate and peroblate shapes. 40% of the species accounted for medium size pollen, 30% small size pollen, 20% large pollen and 10% for very large pollen. All the species were observed to possessed monad grain arrangement. Variations observed in the morphology of the studied species revealed pollen characters that can be reliably used to separate and delineate taxa.

Lasiocephalus Willd. ex Schltdl. (Asteraceae-Senecioneae) present an diversity
of growth forms, ranging from climbing to subcoriaceous subshrubs of narrow
leaves, which all have a close relationship with the type of environment and
habitat to which they belong. The subgeneric delimitation has historically been
dependent on the biotype, however, currently reproductive morphological and
molecular characters are proposed to define it. Anatomical characteristics of the
leaf blade compared between species representative species of these biotypes, to
define the infrageneric delimitation and so complement the new morphological
proposals. The study was performed taking into consideration Lasiocephalus
species present in Venezuela, L. cuencanus (Hieron.) Cuatrec., L. doryphyllus
(Cuatrec.) Cuatrec., L. longipenicillatus (Sch. Bip. ex Sandwith) Cuatrec., L.
otophorus (Wedd.) Cuatrec. (doubtful presence) and L. patens (Kunth) Cuatrec.
The plant material was obtained from specimens collected in the field or fragments
taken from herbarium exsiccatae, of which slides of cross sections and material
macerated from the middle portion of the blade were prepared, subsequently
observed, analyzed, and photographed. The taxonomic value for the subgeneric
delimitation with the location of the stomata (amphistomatic or hipostomatic
leaves) was verified. Interspecies relation is highlighted by trichome (number,
size and relative thickness of the cells, in addition the shape of the basal cell), and
the number of layers of palisade parenchyma and its relationship to the spongy
parenchyma tissue. An artificial key for species determination is presented.

Studies on the Orchidaceae family in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park revealed a new occurrence for the family to the flora of the Goiás state. Bulbophyllum adiamantinum, hitherto considered endemic to the state of Minas Gerais, is described here, illustrated, commented on its distribution, morphological relationships and period of flowering and fruiting. In addition, a map with distribution this species, its preliminary conservation status, images and notes on the anatomy of its vegetative system and its more morphologically, B. insectiferum, with which it can be confused, are provided. Anatomically, both species differ mainly by the presence or absence of silica bodies in the vegetative system and tracheoid idioblasts in the mesophyll, by the arrangement of the fibers and the appearance of the lumen of the cells of the exoderm, endoderm, pericycle and medulla in the roots. The characters that showed themselves to be variables were the number of vascular bundles, the shape o...

key words:
Paleocene - Eocene - Ellesmere Island - Stenkul fiord _ Axel Heiberg Island - Napartulik - Fossi Forest

Leaf - cuticle - stomata - micromorphology - 
Conifers: Metasequoia nathorstii Sveshn. - Glyptostrobus nordenskioldii (Heer) R.W. Brown - Taiwania microphylla Sveshn.-
Chamaecyparis eureka Kotyk - Larix altoborealis.

Mycrothyriaceae epiphyllous fungi

4 photoplates

The occurrence and distribution of secretory cavities and tanniniferous cells in the tissues of four species of Nigerian Clusiaceae were investigated by light microscopy (LM), with respect to their taxonomic values. These species were Harungana madagascariensis (Lam.) ex Poir., Garcinia kola Heckel., Allanblackia floribunda Oliv. and Pentadesma butyracea Sabine. Results showed significant variations in the location, distribution and density of these micro-anatomical features in these species. Tanned cells and secretory cavities were observed in the epidermis, collenchyma, parenchyma, phloem and pith tissues of all the species except for H. madagascariensis . Correlation analysis between these variables were very highly significant at (P > 0.01) and correlated positively (r = 0.97), (r = 0.73) and (r = 0.75) for G. kola, A. floribunda and P. butyracea, respectively. Similarly, simple linear regression analysis were very highly significant at (p < 0.001) and positive with (r² = 0.96), (r² = 0.86) and (r² = 0.97) for G. kola , A. floribunda and P. butyracea , respectively, while these were neither significant non-positive for H. madagascariensis at (p < 0.447) and (r² = 0.17), respectively. High level of tanned cells in epidermal and phloem tissues suggested its protective functions, potential source of dye for tanning industry and the presence of bioactive component for ethno medicinal potency. The taxonomic values of these features are discussed.  Keyword : Taxonomic values, Secretory cavities, Tanned cells, Nigerian Clusiaceae

The aim of the study was to investigate the detail epidermal characteristics of the leaf for six species of the genus Lepidium in Iraq. The species investigated include L. aucheri, L. latifoliaum, L. perfoliatum, L. persicum, L. ruderale and L. sativum. The qualitative parameters, such as straight or sinuous, thin or thick anticlinal cell walls, types of stomata apparatus and trichomes types were studied by using light microscopy (LM). Also quantitative traits such as stomtal index, length, width, epidermal length and width was described in details. The results show high covariance in the leaf attributes which can be of great taxonomic significance.