Polity

... Rather, people are prepared for events which are reasonably most likely to occur, and which need preparation far in ad-vance. As a citizen of a republic, Emile will be in the army, and should there be a war must possess the strength and endurance to partake in bat-tle. ...

... Nicholas Xenos is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the Univer-sity of Massachusetts-Amherst ... But just as Cesare Borgia, Machiavelli's singular example of a modern man of princely virtu, was ultimately a vic-tim of fortuna and just as the civic virtue of republics must give ...

Despite sustained theoretical and empirical criticism of ‘statism’, a recognisable model of political structure other of hierarchy and anarchy (the models that underpin the state system-model) has long been lacking. Even many proponents of radical transformation of the international system often remain ‘post-international’, describing world politics essentially in terms of complications to the international system. This article agrees that a new point of departure is needed but offers a different model of political structure by redefining the term ‘polity’ – a term which is increasingly used to capture non-territorial political entities neither constituted by hierarchy nor by the lack of it. With the new definition building on Waltz’s theory of theory as a ‘picture, mentally formed’ in order to simplify a domain, a polity is deemed to exist when a set of subjects are oriented towards a common ‘governance-object’. The new polity model is applied illustratively to the idea of a global polity and a new polity research agenda of international relations is suggested.

La justicia es la máxima valía de un pueblo. Los griegos de la Antigüedad, desde tiempos remotos hasta Aristóteles, se ocuparon por encontrar un sentido pleno a la cuestión de la justicia. Este escrito, tomado de la investigación terminada Las virtudes del gobernante según Aristóteles, presenta la evolución de la justicia en el marco de la sociedad y el
orden griego, pero especialmente, en el orden del marco de la sociedad griega antigua, con el fin de describir las líneas generales que deben orientar a un Estado o polis.

Down to Earth es el más reciente libro del reconocido antropólogo y filósofo de la ciencia Bruno Latour. Considerado uno de los pensadores más influyentes de nuestra época, el escritor francés realiza una nueva entrega en la que describe la catástrofe climática global a la luz del entramado político contemporáneo. Desde la óptica de la ecología política y a través de una prosa liviana y desenfadada, este texto profundiza en torno a la degradación ecológica de escala planetaria, rastreando sus efectos y en-trelazándolos con fenómenos como la globalización, la desigualdad social y la crisis migratoria.

Whereas most of the chapters go ‘down’ to the micro-practices of climate governance, this chapter aims to take a step ‘up’ to elucidate a clearer picture or model of what a global climate polity is in terms of its totality: how are the elements of a global polity structured and what makes a polity a polity? In this chapter, first the question of whether analysis of localized governmental techniques needs an accompanying consideration of a bigger picture or context is considered. Next the global climate polity is theorised beyond the models of hierarchy and anarchy using a generic theory of what constitutes a polity via an elaboration of Foucault’s ideas about how changing objects of governance become central to political entities. The third part looks back briefly asking when a global climate polity thus conceived could be said to have evolved. The final section peers forwards to consider differing visions of the demise of the global climate polity as we know it: will it be superseded by a more encompassing ‘Earth System polity’ centered on governing not only the climate but also other interrelated geophysical systems? Or could it splinter as it is recognized that the climate is too complex and feral to be a governable object?

Abstract In recent years, scholars have begun to explore the democratic valences of Michael Oakeshott's political thought. Commentators generally present him either as a skeptical and reluctant democrat or as an advocate of deliberative democracy. This article contends that ...

The paper presents a theory of participation in systems of learning that emerges from our evidence gathered through partnerships between schools and the academy. The theory identifies young people need to endorse common principles of participation to include and respect all. Educational leaders’ evidence informed intervention strategies can positively impact young people’s inclusive and respectful participation in the action-research. The theory of participation conceptualises young people’s need for opportunities to pursue their ambitions and interests. Leaders’ intervention strategies may develop young people’s participation in attaining target examination outcomes to achieve their ambitions. We then develop the theory of participation regarding young people pursuing independent interests and ambitions in association with the other, to enable them to be drivers of social change. To do this they need to understand their future identity as potential consumers, employees, employers, ...

The paper presents a theory of participation in systems of learning that emerges from our evidence gathered through partnerships between schools and the academy. The theory identifies young people need to endorse common principles of participation to include and respect all. Educational leaders’ evidence informed intervention strategies can positively impact young people’s inclusive and respectful participation in the action-research. The theory of participation conceptualises young people’s need for opportunities to pursue their ambitions and interests. Leaders’ intervention strategies may develop young people’s participation in attaining target examination outcomes to achieve their ambitions. We then develop the theory of participation regarding young people pursuing independent interests and ambitions in association with the other, to enable them to be drivers of social change. To do this they need to understand their future identity as potential consumers, employees, employers, ...

... 16 Richard R. John, “Theodore N. Vail and the Civic Origins of Universal Service,” Business and Economic History 28 (Winter ... 20 Christopher G. Tiedeman, “Government Ownership of Public Utilities: From the Standpoint of Constitutional Limitations,” Harvard Law Review 16 ...

The paper presents a theory of participation in systems of learning that emerges from our evidence gathered through partnerships between schools and the academy. The theory identifies young people need to endorse common principles of participation to include and respect all. Educational leaders’ evidence informed intervention strategies can positively impact young people’s inclusive and respectful participation in the action-research. The theory of participation conceptualises young people’s need for opportunities to pursue their ambitions and interests. Leaders’ intervention strategies may develop young people’s participation in attaining target examination outcomes to achieve their ambitions. We then develop the theory of participation regarding young people pursuing independent interests and ambitions in association with the other, to enable them to be drivers of social change. To do this they need to understand their future identity as potential consumers, employees, employers, ...

Methodists have always been ambivalent about the place and role of structure--institutions, policy-making, churchly "machinery"--in their understanding and practice of mission. They have insisted that mission and structure belong together, even as they have struggled to make a coherent theological case for it. This paper explores this ambivalence and argues that structure should be understood as a form of mission practice.

The article highlights key issues and trends for the performance of PES and allies in the 2014 European Elections. Hence a historical background analysis is provided to observe the evolving balance of representation in the EU Parliament across three decades. Moreover, the paper aims at identifying the key member states for an improved result for the S&D group in terms of seats. To this extent, major obstacles are found both in the declining electoral support for the Left at a national level and in the possible prevalence of a second order model boosting the hardeurosceptical populist protest against the current EU institutions. Particularly, the latter is the case in France, Italy and the United Kingdom. For this reason the Europeanisation of the EP election is taken as a crucial factor for the electoral campaigning, along with the nomination of the candidate for President of the European Commission as an aftermath of the Lisbon Treaty.

Assuming that the primary purpose of a loanword is to fill the lexical gap in the recipient
language, which entails that the nature of warranted lexical borrowing is invariably
functional, the author takes the English term polity as an example of morphologically
unadapted loanword both in Croatian and in Italian and focuses on its original meaning
(including its etymology) in the donor language in order to assess the adequacy of
the proposed equivalents by both English-Croatian and English-Italian bilingual
dictionaries. The author deduces that considerable diversification of Croatian and
Italian lexicographic renderings of the English term in question gives rise to the excessive
use of the morphologically unadapted English form in political theory texts written in
both recipient languages. Furthermore, the author confronts this phenomenon with the
rendering of the etymologically cognate terms politics and policy which have a unique
homonymous outcome in either recipient language, namely politika in Croatian and
politica in Italian. Unlike the underlying concepts of politics and policy, the concept
underlying polity cannot be lexicalised uniformly in all contexts in Croatian and in Italian.
Therefore, it can be presumed that Croatian and Italian speakers’ conceptualisation of
the meaning conveyed by this term is greatly hindered. With a view to obtaining a full
compatibility between the semantic and phonetic poles in the two recipient languages
which is supposed to be analogous to the one in the donor language, the author states
the case that the solution to the problem of cross- and within- language ambiguity
can be achieved through the method of coining morphologically cognate neologisms
both in Croatian and in Italian. The coining process proposed by the author consists
in employing the equivalents of the English suffix -ity: -(it)et and -(it)à, which are highly
productive in Croatian and Italian respectively, and attaching them to the etymon of
this pseudo-Greek, yet essentially English, lexeme as its stem, i.e., poli(t)- < polis. Due
to the fact that all elements in newly formed words are already existent in Croatian
and Italian, the novel word-formations are likely to reach a high level of integration in
the vocabularies of the recipient languages

This essay argues for a reconceptualization of ecological politics that is appro-priate for a postmodern era: a &quot;denaturalization&quot; of ecological politics that avoids both the overly romanticized view of nature that is present in some environmen-tal discourses, and the radical skepticism of ...

The debate over "bringing the state back in" to political analysis typically combines two distinct issues: state autonomy and state coherence. This article contends that pluralist and other mainstream political scientists are reluctant to speak of "the state," not, as their statist critics charge, because their explanations are society-centered, but rather because they doubt that governmental actors and institutions are coherent enough to warrant a locution that encourages us to treat the government as a unitary actor. Surveying the mainstream literature on American politics written during the 1960s, the author argues that these studies both assumed and demonstrated substantial autonomy on the part of governmental ac