Pragamtics

Studi ini berjudul “Conversational Analysis in A Movie Entitled Life of Pi Written by David Magee: A Context Situation and Gricean Maxim’s Perspective.” Data dari studi ini diambil dari naskah film “Life of Pi” yang ditulis ulang oleh David Magee berdasarkan novel dengan judul yang sama karya dari Yann Martel. Film ini dipilih karena ia adalah film yang sangat menarik dan sukses sehingga menimbulkan banyak kritik dan pujian dari banyak pihak. Dan lagi film ini berhasil masuk nominasi untuk beberapa penghargaan film international sekaligus menang dalam beberapa kategori. Ruang lingkup pembahasan studi ini dibatasi dengan dua teori yang berbeda, yaitu teori “Context of Situation” yang dikemukakan oleh Halliday dan Hassan (1985), teori selanjutnya adalah teori “Gricean Maxim” yang dikemukakan oleh Grice (1989). Data yang telah diseleksi selanjutnya dianalisa dengan metode kualitatif. Beberapa elemen dari kedua teori terkait adalah “Field,” “Tenor,” “Mode,” “Maxim of Quantity,” “Maxim o...

Since the inception of the first private university in Nigeria in 1999, the activities of private universities have been of great interest to the mass media. Today there are a total of 59 private universities in Nigeria.
This research examines the linguistic structures of online news reports on private universities and their discursive functions. Data comprise sixty online news samples, made up of thirty e-newspaper stories and thirty blogs. The data are analysed within the framework of discourse-pragmatics.
The findings reveal that complex and compound words occurred frequently in the news; however simple words are used in the headlines. Also rhetorical devices such as metaphors, imagery, hyperbole and idioms are used in order to create positive or negative assumptions of the universities in question. Interrogative sentences are also used for pragmatic effect. The study of some specific headlines and blog topics shows that the writers of the stories and blogs highlight both explicit and implicit meanings, which reflect ideological positive and negative representations of private universities.
The study suggests further research on the representation of Nigerian universities in online contexts. Studies may focus on the differences between online news reports on private universities and public universities in Nigeria.

An ironic statement transmits the opposite meaning to its literal counterpart and is one of the most complex communicative acts. Thus, it has been proposed to be a good indicator of social communication ability. Prosody and facial expression are two crucial paralinguistic cues that can facilitate the understanding of ironic statements. The primary aim of this study was to create and evaluate a task of irony identification that could be used in neuroimaging studies. We independently evaluated three cues, contextual discrepancy, prosody and facial expression, and selected the best cue that would lead participants in fMRI studies to identify a stimulus as ironic in a reliable way. This process included the design, selection, and comparison of the three cues, all of which have been previously associated with irony detection. The secondary aim was to correlate irony comprehension with specific cognitive functions. Results showed that psycholinguistic properties could differentiate irony ...

Studi ini berjudul “Conversational Analysis in A Movie Entitled Life of Pi Written by David Magee: A Context Situation and Gricean Maxim’s Perspective.” Data dari studi ini diambil dari naskah film “Life of Pi” yang ditulis ulang oleh David Magee berdasarkan novel dengan judul yang sama karya dari Yann Martel. Film ini dipilih karena ia adalah film yang sangat menarik dan sukses sehingga menimbulkan banyak kritik dan pujian dari banyak pihak. Dan lagi film ini berhasil masuk nominasi untuk beberapa penghargaan film international sekaligus menang dalam beberapa kategori. Ruang lingkup pembahasan studi ini dibatasi dengan dua teori yang berbeda, yaitu teori “Context of Situation” yang dikemukakan oleh Halliday dan Hassan (1985), teori selanjutnya adalah teori “Gricean Maxim” yang dikemukakan oleh Grice (1989). Data yang telah diseleksi selanjutnya dianalisa dengan metode kualitatif. Beberapa elemen dari kedua teori terkait adalah “Field,” “Tenor,” “Mode,” “Maxim of Quantity,” “Maxim o...

Wittgenstein propiamente no se interesó por hacer grandes discusiones en torno a la política. Algunos autores, tales como Cressida Heyes en The grammar of politics: Wittgenstein and political philosophy resaltan el horror que posiblemente le hubiera producido a Wittgenstein saber que su trabajo fue incorporado en proyectos políticos o similares. Su escepticismo era radical hacia la teoría política. A pesar de ello, la influencia de su pensamiento en la obra de importantes
teóricos de la política, a saber: Apel, Habermas, Rorty, Alexis, Skinner, Laclau, Mouffe, entre otros, demuestra que esta ha sido de suma importancia y ha tenido un gigantesco alcance a la hora de pensar en los problemas de la filosofía de la acción o en filosofía política en general.

Recitation of poetry has unfortunately gone out of fashion nowadays. Poetry has become more and more a question of reading, seeing and grasping meanings. While text and speech are undoubtedly related, the actual sound of a poem constitutes an experience, for both reciter arid listener, not tobe equalled to that of the silent reader. Indeed interrelated phenomena like rhythm, sant/hl and intonation give a special flavour to the recitation; in the same way, a seore cannot offer the reader —with the possible exception of an expert composer and conductor -~-all the impressions, emotions and meanings that arise in the actual performance of a musical piece. We have already treated this subject for Spanish and Persian poetry (Sanchez and Puya 1996). Oiw purpose in this paper is to extend now tUs approach to English, with two Shakespeare sonnets, and, bearing in mmd these speech phenomena, to offer a precise and finer phonetic transcription than in our previous article. A metric recitation ...

A translation is a bridge of communication among nations that have unique cultures and language. In fact, cultural differences lead to different ways of delivering ideas or message. Even, similar utterance might have different meaning depend on its contextual setting and the speaker. Therefore, translation process is not a simple activity of replacing words from a language into another language. This paper aims at introducing cross cultural communication awareness that must be owned to be a professional translator. Besides, this paper also aims at showing the use of pragmatic analysis in understanding and solving the problem of translation related to cultural differences. Firstly, some sources of (unidentified) translation problems related to specific feature of languages are raised and ways to analyze and solve the problems are proposed. Key words: cross cultural, cultural awareness, pragmatic, translation.

A translation is a bridge of communication among nations that have unique cultures and language. In fact, cultural differences lead to different ways of delivering ideas or message. Even, similar utterance might have different meaning depend on its contextual setting and the speaker. Therefore, translation process is not a simple activity of replacing words from a language into another language. This paper aims at introducing cross cultural communication awareness that must be owned to be a professional translator. Besides, this paper also aims at showing the use of pragmatic analysis in understanding and solving the problem of translation related to cultural differences. Firstly, some sources of (unidentified) translation problems related to specific feature of languages are raised and ways to analyze and solve the problems are proposed. Key words: cross cultural, cultural awareness, pragmatic, translation.

The article presents two concepts of indexicality. The first, more standard and narrow, identifies indexicality with systematic (meaning controlled) context-sensitivity. The second, broader (derived from the work of Jerzy Pelc), conceives indexicality in terms of the potential variability of the general semiotic characteristics expressions (with respect to the context of use). The text introduces the concept of a pragmatic matrix that serves for a schematic representation of contextual variation. I also recapitulate briefly the views of Jerzy Pelc on the meaning (manner of use) and use of expressions, and briefly indicate its relationship approaches with contemporary debates around contextualism and status of non-sentential speech acts. Finally, the relationship between the broader notion of indexicality and the directival theory of meaning is analyzed.

Este  artículo  analiza  la  recepción  y  las  reacciones  en  el  debate  político  chileno  ante  la  llamada  “Primavera  de  Praga”,  especialmente  en  el  Congreso  Nacional,  en  agosto  de  1968.  Metodológicamente,  el  estudio  histórico  consulta  fuentes  primarias,  documentos  del Archivo  Histórico  del  Ministerio  de  Relaciones  Exteriores  chileno  y  prensa  de  la  época,  diarios  y  revistas.  Finalmente,  se  evidencian distintas  posiciones  de  los  actores  políticos  locales  ante  los  acontecimientos  de  la  Guerra  Fría  global,  tanto  de  justificación  de  los  hechos  como de crítica a la intervención armada.

Although experimental research has confirmed the capacity of the human cognitive system to process information that does not reach consciousness (unconscious perception), empirical evidence of the incidence of subliminal verbal messages included on audiotapes claiming to improve human resources and correct some behavioral problems is meager and inconsistent. Our study assesses the influence of “subliminal tapes” designed to increase self-esteem. Participants were randomly assigned to four experimental conditions. One group listened to a tape of music with supra- and subliminal messages; another listened to a tape of music with only subliminal messages; the third group's tape had only music, although the participants believed that it also included subliminal messages; a fourth (“waiting”) group heard no tapes, but filled in the same self-esteem scales. Participants in the first three groups filled in the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (Fitts, 1965) before and after listening to the...

Legislative discourse occurs within an argumentative context in the form of a debate. The participants in legislative discourse belong to different political parties with opposing views and ideologies. In spite of these difference, legislators are still able to arrive at a common decision which is expected to be benefit to those being represented. The study reveals that although the participants have varied opposing opinions yet their utterances are made in line with Grice's Cooperative Maxims. The crux of this paper is to identify and explain how Legislators despite their opposing views are able to move the debate forward thereby adhering to conversational maxims.

Autism is also believed to be one of the linguistics impairment causes. Not only having problems in the language acquisition in general, but pragmatic deficit has also become serious problem of the children with autism. The objective of this study is to demonstrate how children with autism obey the Grice’s cooperative principles. There are 5 children with autism that become subjects of this study. Those 5 children are specifically children with autism that is categorized as verbal autism children. The data are speech produced by the children with autism in the class. Data collection is done by recording and followed by transcribing. It is analyzed using Grice’s cooperative principles with 4 maxims to be obeyed. The results showed that most of the utterances produced by the children with autism obeying 2 maxims with the most frequent maxim to be obeyed was maxim of quantity.

This study tries to find the adoption of Grice’s Maxims in Soyinka's discourse in The Strong Breed (1962). In addition to, it seeks to find in which mutual conversations of all parts of drama the writer obeys Grice’s principles. Soyinka in this drama depicts how ritual and superstitious beliefs cover the social life.In Yoruba the village where the events occur; the villagers believe that before each New Year one strong and strange person should sacrify to purify the society for arriving in New Year.This idea conveys among the characters by reciprocal conversation. Since this play focuses on the real social issue,this paper attempts to concentrate on the conversations in order to find in which dialogues the writer adapted discourses of his characters by Grice’s Maxims (Quality, Quantity, Relation, Manner). Regarding theses principles,centre on discourses's principles this research tries to find the characteristics of these Maxims. As a matter of fact, Maxim of Quantity centre...

Introduction This article aims to study the place and method of teaching the vocabulary in teaching Persian to Chinese learners. In morphological classification, the structural differences in Persian and Chinese languages makes these learners more difficult to can face in learning vocabulary and understanding the Persian texts. This structural difference causes Chinese learners stop learning when they learn at any stage, if they do not understand the meaning of the words correctly. Theoretical framework Chinese language belongs to a group of analytic languages and the Persian language is a synthetic language. “In analytic languages, the grammatical relations of words in the sentence are expressed through independent syntactic elements, such as the prepositions. In the structure of such languages, words are often made of a morpheme. Therefore, in the construction of analytic languages, the words do not have any internal structure constructed. In this kind of language, syntax relation...

There is growing evidence that sleep plays a pivotal role on health, cognition and emotional regulation. However, the interplay between sleep and social cognition remains an uncharted research area. In particular, little is known about the impact of sleep deprivation on sarcasm detection, an ability which, once altered, may hamper everyday social interactions. The aim of this study is to determine whether sleep-deprived participants are as able as sleep-rested participants to adopt another perspective in gauging sarcastic statements. At 9am, after a whole night of sleep (n = 15) or a sleep deprivation night (n = 15), participants had to read the description of an event happening to a group of friends. An ambiguous voi-cemail message left by one of the friends on another's phone was then presented, and participants had to decide whether the recipient would perceive the message as sincere or as sarcastic. Messages were uttered with a neutral intonation and were either: (1) sarcast...

Through this contribution, I pick up on the notion of translation equivalence (Vinay and Darbelnet 1958, Nida 1964, Newmark 1981) and more specifically of pragmatic equivalence (Koller 1979, Baker 1992, House 1997) to coin the label “(im)politeness equivalence” obtained at the speech act level. Since audiovisual texts are the object of the investigation, “(im)politeness equivalence” refers to whether on-screen characters’ polite or impolite speech, when making requests, was distorted in the translation process or, on the contrary, it was successfully reproduced in the target text by dubbing translators. Linguistic politeness and impoliteness play a special role in shaping judgements towards the people we interact with in real life (Spencer-Oatey 2005) and, likewise, they contribute to the characterization of film characters (Culpeper 1998, 83; Mandala 2011, 211). Moving from this assumption, if we bring audiovisual translation into the scene, it becomes clear how maintaining, in the translated film version, the same degree of (im)politeness in characters’ speech is critical if the same type of characterization is to be preserved for target-language viewers. Notwithstanding, securing (im)politeness equivalence can be a daunting task for translators: grammatical and typological differences between language systems can require substantial departures from the original utterance, with the consequence that pragmatic shifts can ensue, especially in speech acts rich in (im)polite import. When it comes to linguistic manipulations of the source language text, translation for dubbing places itself at the forefront, with translators having to obey audiovisual constraints typifying audiovisual translation (Whitman 1992, Herbst 1997). To forestall contingent shifts in the illocutionary force, and consequently in the (im)polite load of a speech act, which are occasioned by linguistic manipulations and are likely to alter the characterization of the same character in the translated film version, translators should resort to compensatory pragmatic strategies. The study focuses on requests in English film dialogue and in dubbing translation into Italian and investigates how their pragmatic force and their (im)polite import, attained through direct/indirect realization strategies and through mitigation/intensification pragmatic modifiers, are successfully maintained in the target language notwithstanding linguistic changes.

Speech acts shape the core of pragmatic competence and their mastery is a prerequisite for successful discourse encounters in an L2. Cross-cultural comparisons, as claimed by Johnstone (2018), are very effective for knowing and acquiring the speech acts. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to compare a limited number of communicative routines in English and Persian within the framework of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) developed by Wierzbicka (1991) and to examine if the words uttered by speakers at the surface level (exterior) would match their thoughts (interior) especially in such routines as compliment, request, and invitation patterns. The participants comprised 21 MA students studying Eng-lish language teaching. The data was obtained by a validated researcher-made questionnaire containing both structured and unstructured items and 10 scenarios on the basis of which the study participants provided comments, appropriate expressions, and responses. For the English routines, the data was obtained from three English plays. The aforementioned communicative routines in Persian were described in terms of their NSM while the metalinguistic components for the English routines were adopted from Wierz-bicka (1991). The results indicated that the NSM provided rich insights into subliminal cross-cultural differences. Since this study makes use of simple cultural scripts (similar to circumlocution) to describe communicative routines in both English and Persian, learners can easily understand differences within the hidden cross-cultural bound interactions. Implications of the study suggest that both EFL teachers and learners can gain more profound insights about the cross-cultural sociopragmatic differences between English and Persian.

Users of social media sites, such as Facebook, tend to violate numerous language rules and use informal language to convey a message. This scenario can cause misunderstanding between sender and receiver in conversation. In order to address the aforementioned concern, Grice proposes the cooperative principle as a rule of conversation. Anchored on Gricean Maxims, this study explored how these maxims were violated in selected Facebook public comments. Results revealed that the maxims of Quality and Quantity were the most violated maxims. These maxims were violated through flouting a maxim (53.3%) by "Not directly addressing the question or comment", "Giving information without credible evidences" and "Using vulgar words." Additionally, Coping with a clash between maxims (46.7%) were done "Providing unverified information" and "Using vulgar words." Therefore, people shall be vigilant in spotting unverified information online. Since there are no rules governing the use of social media, individuals can easily claim something which in untrue.

This study is aimed at analysing Indonesian political language from cooperative principle perspective. The object of the study is Indonesian political language in the forms of utterances taken from Indonesian online newspapers: The Jakarta Post. The data was analysed using Grice's cooperative principle (1975). The study shows that politicians violated the maxims of cooperative principles regularly. They also violated the maxim of quantity in order to express strong commitment or to hide information. Moreover, giving incorrect information violated the maxim of quality to obey quantity maxim. Finally, the politicans also violated the maxim of relevance by saying things, which are not germane to the topic under discussion.

The current study addresses doublespeak in the political field. It
focuses on the language of politicians from pragmatic point of view,
how they use doublespeak in their speeches, their intentions behind
using it and non-adherence of Grice's cooperative principle
and maxims (quality, quantity, relevance, and manner).
The study discusses the origin and use of doublespeak that is extensively
employed to mislead people and distort the reality. Focus
is given to the context which is essential in eliciting what is covered
up by the politicians who manipulate the language to achieve their
cunning goals and speak about the unspeakable. The study shows
doublespeak as a violation case of Grice's maxims. It analyzes some
Obama’s speeches as far as doublespeak is concerned and shows
how his speech almost violates all Grice’s maxims and the purposes
behind using doublespeak such as to deform the reality, to make
the bad look good and vice versa. He sometimes uses doublespeak
in his speeches in an attempt to appear good, embellish his public
face, misrepresent the reality, and evade saying the truth.

The current study set out to examine how Iranian upper-intermediate and advanced EFL learners and English native speakers perceive politeness in refusals and how they respond to it. To that end, a refusal Written Discourse Completion Task (WDCT) comprising 5 situations was administered. The participants (80 EFL learners and 80 English native speakers) were asked to rate the degree of politeness of each refusal based on a Likert scale and then provide a response to each refusal. ANOVA was run to analyze the participants’ ratings and identify the differences in the participants’ perception of the degree of politeness. The results of ANOVA showed no significant difference in the participants’ perception of politeness level of the refusals. Further, content analysis of the responses produced by the participants demonstrated that English native speakers mainly favored the linguistic output strategies of ‘attending to H’s needs’, ‘making the other feel good’, ‘showing agreement’, and ‘giving gift to the interlocutor’. English native speakers also employed negative politeness strategies of ‘asking question’, ‘hedging’, ‘being conventionally indirect’, and ‘minimizing imposition’. The English speakers, in general, opted to either enhance their interlocutor’s positive face wants or minimize the imposition on their interlocutor’s freedom of action. The responses given, hence, involved the employment of positive or negative politeness strategies or a combination of both. However, a striking characteristic of the EFL learners’ responses was that a great deal of the respondents opted the sole deployment of positive politeness strategies which included ‘avoiding disagreement’, ‘making the interlocutor feel good’, ‘noticing the hearer’s needs’, ‘giving gift’ (i.e. understanding), ‘using in-group identity markers’, and ‘assuming agreement’. A majority of the EFL learners chose to combine positive and negative politeness strategies. ‘Avoiding disagreement’, ‘making the hearer feel good’, using appropriate ‘in-group identity markers’, and ‘including both the speaker and hearer in the activity’ were the positive politeness strategies which the EFL learner respondents used in tandem with the following negative politeness strategies: ‘ask question’, ‘be conventionally indirect’, ‘don’t impinge’, and ‘minimize the imposition’.

The current Bulgarian alternative music scene is divided internally and externally by various factors. After 1989, Bulgarian alternative bands intentionally moved astray from pro-Russian affiliation and Bulgarian musical idioms and quickly adopted the English language as a basic composing language. This situation was enhanced by the super image of Western bands and their unreachable international success and geographical distance. This created a kind of aura around foreign musicians and their music, a status of non-approachability where they are never to be criticized, their melodies never to be altered. This attitude is based on many psychological factors and led to the current state where the alternative scene in Bulgaria has morphed into a schizophrenic place which praises any foreign material while severely scrutinizing any Bulgarian songs and artists. The abyss created in this way lures bands into playing covers also due to the gradual and persistent club domination over the years and clubs' lack of responsibility towards forming a stable club audience and club community. All of these factors led to the alternative music's decline in Bulgaria and the identity emigration of the Bulgarian alternative music scene. Introduction The current Bulgarian alternative music scene is one divided internally and externally by various factors. Internally it suffers from lack of leaders and mentors to communicate change and new symbols between different rock alternative generations and build a stable rock community. The chaotic reinvention of what alternative music stands for through the years led to three separate generation emigration waves among musicians. These can be categorized as physical, virtual and identity emigration waves and they continue up to the current moment. Externally what divides the alternative music scene in Bulgaria is the prevailing mainstream music in the media and in the musical reality TV formats, concerts of big international stars combined with numerous musical festivals abroad with qualitative line-up. Despite the fact that according to Walker limited resources and scarcity can provoke creativity [1] in the recent years the alternative scene has shrunk rather than matured in Bulgaria. This resulted in an even greater state of imitation on the alternative scene rather than bands exploiting the situation to their benefit. This identity emigration led to a schizophrenic state which is the problem that the following article dwells upon. The article also poses the questions of how and when Bulgarian identity became unappealing to the local alternative scene, how music is used to create imaginary worlds and musical autobiography and finally how clubs in Bulgaria further facilitate this escapism by their playlist choice and club suggestion. The methods used are of complex nature and an interdisciplinary approach is applied. The current research is based upon a three-year doctoral anthropological terrain conducted in the period 2014-2016 which includes inclusive observation, attendance of more than 100 events and concerts on the alternative Bulgarian scene, case studies, in-depth interviews with more than 70 representatives of the alternative scene such as active and non-active musicians, event managers, PRs, journalists, club owners and audience. The article summarizes some of the final conclusions from the doctoral

In social life, human beings acting as individuals and social beings. As a social being, human need to interact with other people. In the interaction, humans use language in order to convey what they mean. The language can be used to convey ideas, desires, feelings, or experiences to others. Because the people who interact with backgrounds are different, they form social stratification in society.

There is growing evidence that sleep plays a pivotal role on health, cognition and emotional regulation. However, the interplay between sleep and social cognition remains an uncharted research area. In particular, little is known about the impact of sleep deprivation on sarcasm detection, an ability which, once altered, may hamper everyday social interactions. The aim of this study is to determine whether sleep-deprived participants are as able as sleep-rested participants to adopt another perspective in gauging sarcastic statements. At 9am, after a whole night of sleep (n = 15) or a sleep deprivation night (n = 15), participants had to read the description of an event happening to a group of friends. An ambiguous voi-cemail message left by one of the friends on another's phone was then presented, and participants had to decide whether the recipient would perceive the message as sincere or as sarcastic. Messages were uttered with a neutral intonation and were either: (1) sarcastic from both the participant's and the addressee's perspectives (i.e. both had access to the relevant background knowledge to gauge the message as sarcastic), (2) sarcastic from the participant's but not from the addressee's perspective (i.e. the addressee lacked context knowledge to detect sarcasm) or (3) sincere. A fourth category consisted in messages sarcastic from both the participant's and from the addressee's perspective, uttered with a sarcastic tone. Although sleep-deprived participants were as accurate as sleep-rested participants in interpreting the voice message, they were also slower. Blunted reaction time was not fully explained by generalized cognitive slowing after sleep deprivation; rather, it could reflect a compensatory mechanism supporting normative accuracy level in sarcasm understanding. Introducing prosodic cues compensated for increased processing difficulties in sarcasm detection after sleep deprivation. Our findings support the hypothesis that sleep deprivation might damage the flow of social interactions by slowing perspective-taking processes.