Praziquantel

The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic interaction between ivermectin (0.4 mg/kg) and praziquantel (10 mg/kg) administered either alone or co‐administered to dogs after oral treatment. Twelve healthy cross‐bred dogs (weighing 18–21 kg, aged 1–3 years) were allocated randomly into two groups of six dogs (four females, two males) each. In first group, the tablet forms of praziquantel and ivermectin were administered using a crossover design with a 15‐day washout period, respectively. Second group received tablet form of ivermectin plus praziquantel. The plasma concentrations of ivermectin and praziquantel were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography using a fluorescence and ultraviolet detector, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters of ivermectin following oral alone‐administration were as follows: elimination half‐life (t1/2λz) 110 ± 11.06 hr, area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–∞) 7,805 ± 1,768 hr.ng/ml, maximum concentration (Cmax) 137 ± 48.09 ng/ml, and time to reach Cmax (Tmax) 14.0 ± 4.90 hr. The pharmacokinetic parameters of praziquantel following oral alone‐administration were as follows: t1/2λz 7.39 ± 3.86 hr, AUC0–∞ 4,301 ± 1,253 hr. ng/ml, Cmax 897 ± 245 ng/ml, and Tmax 5.33 ± 0.82 hr. The pharmacokinetics of ivermectin and praziquantel were not changed, except Tmax of praziquantel in the combined group. In conclusion, the combined formulation of ivermectin and praziquantel can be preferred in the treatment and prevention of diseases caused by susceptible parasites in dogs because no pharmacokinetic interaction was determined between them.

This paper describes a pilot initiative to incorporate lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination and urinary schistosomiasis (SH) control into a mature onchocerciasis control program based on community-directed ivermectin treatment in central Nigeria. In the same districts having onchocerciasis we found LF (as determined by blood antigen testing in adult males) in 90% of 149 villages with a mean prevalence of 22.4% (range 0-67%). Similarly, SH, as determined by dipstick reagent testing for blood in urine from school children, was found in 91% of 176 villages with a mean orevalence in school age children of 24.4% (range 0-87%). Health education and treatment interventions for SH resulted in 52,480 cumulative praziquantel treatments, and 159,555 combined onchocerciasis and LF treatments (with ivermectin and albendazole) as of the end of 2000. Treatments for onchocerciasis and LF were separated by at least 1 week from treatments for SH. There was no negative impact on the coverage of the o...

Schistosomiasis is a major public health problem in Gezira State, Sudan. The statewide prevalence survey among school children showed that the prevalence reached up to 82% in some districts and the reported mean intensity reached up to 223 eggs/gm of stool for S. mansoni and 28 eggs/10 ml of urine for S. haematobium. Based on this, a plan was established to control schistosomiasis. A teacher-centered distribution of praziquantel was organized in 22 districts targeting school pupils only. This short communication describes the intervention, the coverage and lessons learnt. With negligible cost and minimal efforts the target coverage of school pupils with praziquantel was reached by teachers in a demonstrable short time. In the successive two rounds the coverage exceeded 90% of the target school enrolled children. This approach can be extended to target all school and preschool children plus children not attending school in the state, as they represent a very important reservoir for schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthes.

Background Chemokines have been reported to play an important role in granulomatous inflammation during Schistosoma mansoni infection. However there is less information on their role in Schistosoma haematobium infection, or on the effect of concurrent HIV-1 infection, as a potential modifying influence. Methods To determine levels of MIP-1α/CCL3 chemokine in plasma of S. haematobium and HIV-1 co-infected and uninfected individuals in a rural black Zimbabwean community. A cohort was established of HIV-1 and schistosomiasis infection and co-infection comprising 379 participants. Outcome measures consisted of HIV-1 and schistosomiasis status and levels of MIP-1α/CCL3 in plasma at baseline and three months post treatment. An association was established between MIP-1α/CCL3 plasma levels with HIV-1 and S. haematobium infections. Results A total of 379 adults formed the established cohort comprising 76 (20%) men and 303 (80%) women. Mean age was 33.25, range 17 - 62 years. The median MIP-1α/CCL3 plasma concentration was significantly higher in S. haematobium infected compared with uninfected individuals (p = 0.029). In contrast, there was no difference in the median MIP-1α/CCL3 levels between HIV-1 positive and negative individuals (p = 0.631). MIP-1α/CCL3 concentration in plasma was significantly reduced at three months after treatment with praziquantel (p = 000). Conclusion The results of our study show that the MIP-1α/CCL3 levels were positively associated with S. haematobium egg counts at baseline but not with HIV-1 infection status. MIP-1α/CCL3 levels were significantly reduced at three months post treatment with praziquantel. We therefore conclude that MIP-1α/CCL3 is produced during infection with S haematobium. S. haematobium infection is associated with increased MIP-1α/CCL3 levels in an egg intensity-dependent manner and treatment of S. haematobium is associated with a reduction in MIP-1α/CCL3.