Prevention Sports Injuries

Introduction: Traumatic atlanto-axial rotational subluxations (AARS) represent a serious condition that is associated with neurological complications, and should be considered among jūdō sports injuries involving the neck.
Case presentation: A 6-year-old Caucasian girl with approximately 1 year of recreational jūdō experience presented with neck and shoulder pain while holding her head in a “Cock-robin” sideways tilted position. During a children’s jūdō class while seated on “all fours” she had been subjected to an improperly executed turnover performed by a boy of similar age, body mass and experience. Because of increasing torticollis symptoms after class she was taken by her parents to a local hospital’s emergency department where X-rays showed a mid-clavicular fracture. It was not until 7 weeks post-accident that a CT scan was ordered and a type-III traumatic acute AARS causing her clinical symptoms was recognized.
Differential diagnosis: Congenital cervical spine anomalies, Grisel’s syndrome, Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Odontoid fracture without atlanto-axial dislocation.
Treatment: A halo crown traction brace connected to a cervical traction pulley with gradual increased weight (+0.5 kg every half day to a maximum of 6.5 kg) was used for reduction over a 17-day period, followed by 6 weeks of ambulant immobilization with a halo vest, and 8 weeks of wearing a stiff neck brace. The girl fully recovered but was advised not to return to practicing contact sports until achieving skeletal maturity.
Uniqueness of the study: AARS has not previously been described in association with jūdō practice in children.
Conclusion: Traumatic AARS should be considered as a potential diagnosis in jūdōka, especially those of very young age and of female gender, when presenting with torticollis following mechanical impact or severe pressure on the head if blocked in a tilted position. Prompt diagnosis is crucial, preferably by open-mouth X-rays and CT scan, to ensure proper management and prevent neurological complications.

En todos los deportes existen lesiones de todo tipo, en el basqetbol las lesiones mas comunes son las que se producen en la zona baja del cuerpo, como las pantorrillas, los muslos, las rodillas y los tobillos, los cuales son una de las mas frecuentes lesiones que se producen en este deporte. Estas lesiones se producen por pisar mal al caer de un salto o caer encima de el pie de otro jugador, también por el sobre esfuerxo al correr todo el partido, o saltar de forma explosiva se puede presentar este tipo de lesiones por desgaste. Las medidas para solucionarlas son con terapias para fortalecer el musculo después de cierto tiempo de inmovilidad, las prevenciones se pueden encontrar en vendajes previos al partido ya sean de tobillo, rodillas, muñecas, hombros etc. También existen tobilleras asi como también rodilleras y también están los kinesios que evitan que los musculos se vuelvan a lastimar asi mismo el calzado especial para practicar basquetbol te puede ayudar a que no sufras resbalones y te protege un poco mas los tobillos durante el partido

Handball is classified as a team sport, alternating aerobic-anaerobic, with a metabolic activity dependent mainly on the anaerobic-alactacid system. During a match the athlete makes numerous changes of direction and pace, vertical jump shots  or standing shots and shots while falling. We can see that: a) 73-75% of all shots in a match are made during a jump, b) 14-18% standing shooting while running (c) 6-9% penalty d) 2-4% shots while falling e) 0-1%  direct free shots (40). Recent studies have analyzed the gestural pattern of shots in handball teams, highlighting different expressive gestural techniques related to different ball velocity (41) Bayios and Boudolos (42) studied the differences in ball velocity and throwing accuracy among handball players in the Greek Elite Championship.  The author showed how a different ball velocity is also linked to specific gestures: a) shoot while running without jump (speed 26.3 ± 3.2 m • s-1) b) shot without run nor jump (speed 23.5 ± 2.2 m • s-1) c) jump shot (speed 22.7 ± 2 m • s-1). A complete kinematic analysis of the shot in a handball team (40, 41) showed that angular velocity of shoulder internal rotation to ball release, and maximum elbow extension are important contributors to ball velocity.  Contacts-contrasts occur with very high frequency in throwing. Hence it is clear that the risk of traumatic events affecting the osteomyoarticular system is high and unavoidable.  The aim of this work is to fathom the existing literature on handball injuries and give an overview of the most important international works, in order to identify the risk factors and the most frequent injuries during agonistic sport activity.

Background. Le patologie da overuse nel ciclista, così come quelle acute, da trauma accidentale da caduta, non sono rappresentate da un’ampia letteratura scientifica. Questa limitazione di studi, si correla, nella pratica, con insufficienti strategie clinico/terapeutiche basate sull’Evidenza. Obiettivo. Scopo del Case-Report è quello di osservare i cambiamenti riferiti alla Performance e al Neck Pain dopo Bilanciamento Calorico (BC) e Trattamento Manipolativo Osteopatico (OMT), in un ciclista. Introduzione. Il Neck Pain è descritto complessivamente nella letteratura  e nella problematica clinica, come un dolore alla regione del collo e della testa. Nel ciclismo è inquadrato come una patologia da overuse, ricollegabile a modulazioni posturali anomale da “posizione”, sulla Bike. Materiali e Metodi. È presentato il Case-Report di un ciclista con Chronic Neck-Pain. Dopo l’anamensi, viene effettuata una valutazione osteopatica, correlata da analisi di composizione corporea pluricompartimentale/relativo bilanciamento calorico, e somministrazione di scale di misura dedicate; l’Outcome composito primario è stato identificato nel Rate of Perceived Exertion (BORG/RPE) e nella Visuo Analogue Scale (VAS-Pain). Come Outcomes surrogati sono stati scelti la Hamilton Anxiety Rating (HAM-A) e la riduzione della Frequenza Cardiaca (FC) nel postgara. Risultati. Dopo la somministrazione di 4 sessioni di OMT test-dipendenti e riequilibrio dell’introito calorico giornaliero, follow-up di 60 gg, l’atleta oggetto di questo nostro studio non riferiva più nessuna algia nel segmento testa/collo. Gli stati di ansia e psicologici, annotati nell’anamnesi, risultavano nettamente migliorati. L’analisi finale della composizione corporea indicava un significativo decremento della massa grassa, con un ritorno ai normali livelli di performance agonistica. Conclusioni. Il presente Case-Report dimostra che, per ottenere costanti benefici, un approccio multifattoriale sia altamente indicato indipendentemente dal livello di attività agonistica. Si auspica che l’originalità di questo studio stimoli altri ricercatori ad orientare i propri studi sulla multidisciplinarietà di strategie di valutazione e di trattamento. Study Design. Case-Report. Authorship Credit. “Equal Contribution” (EC). Citation.  Massimo Armeni, Rosario D’Onofrio, Antonio Sicignano, Francesca Petraglia ;  Patologie da Overuse nel Ciclismo: il Chronic Neck Pain. Strategia di Intervento tramite Osteopatia e Bilanciamento Calorico (BC). Case-Report e Breve Revisione Epidemiologica Ita. J. Sports Reh. Po. 2021; 16;(8); 2;  1672 – 1693 ; DOI : 10.17385/ItaJSRP.21.16.080102; ISSN 2385-1988 [online] IBSN 007-11119 - 55; CGI J OAJI 0,101)].  Published online.

Cheerleaders have moved from spirit-leading in the bleachers to performing full routines packed with flips, jumps, and gravity-defying stunts. With this evolution has also come an increased risk of serious injuries- which include anything from head injuries to wrist injuries. However, one of the most common types of injuries is knee injuries. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is at the most risk given the repetitive jumping activity required for routines and stunts. Although there are preventative measures coaches can take to ensure the safety of the cheer team, the risk of injury still stands. Given how common these injuries are, professionals have developed a rehabilitation process for ACL injuries- but complications after rehabilitation may still arise.

This paper opens a few paths for reflection. Do
injury prevention efforts contribute more to performance
enhancement than injury reduction? Is there a
threshold level of injuries below which it is difficult to go
without losing the ‘learning effect’ of injuries? In a
performance-based, limit-seeking environment, is it
possible to stop people from exceeding their limits?
Considering the constantly evolving demands on sportspeople,
the importance of performance in sports and
society, and the intrinsic ‘limit-seeking’ nature of
the human being, it seems difficult to imagine that
performance will continue to evolve without any injury
risk.

Abstract
Purpose: Rowing injuries are common, with lower back injuries having the highest incidence. This study was to investigate the major rowing injuries seen at a single high performance rowing sports program over a 5 year training period and establish if any relationship exists between these injuries and the level of competition that the rower is partaking in.
Methods: All rowers at the South Australian Sports Institute (SASI) programs were designated as being either International or National level rowers. Injuries that caused greater than 5 days training loss during any one training year were recorded. The number of lower back injuries and rib
stress injuries causing training time loss were analysed to assess whether there was any association between the level of rower and the nature and type of injury causing training time loss.
Results: Forty-five National rowers (97 training years) had 15 lower back injuries compared to 12 International rowers 35 training years) with 1 lower back injury. Thus a National level rower was more likely to have a lower back injury compared to an International rower P=0.05. In contrast an international level was more likely to have a rib stress fracture compared to an National rower P=0.04. 21% of all injuries in this study were a consequence of cycling injuries.
Conclusion: Lower back injuries are a significant cause of training time lost in rowers. These injuries are much more likely to occur in National level rowers when compared to International level rowers. In contrast rib stress injuries are associated with International compared to National level rowers.

Objective: To explore the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in
elite able-bodied and wheelchair foil fencers.

Design: A 3-year prospective cohort study of sport injuries during 2006-2009.

Setting: A sample of elite able-bodied and wheelchair fencers
(WFs) from the Hong Kong National Squad.

Participants: A total of 14 wheelchair and 10 able-bodied elite
fencers completed the 3-year study.

Methods: Monthly interviews with fencers to collect data related to their injuries.

Main Outcome Measures: The incidence rate and relative risk
of injury were analyzed among able-bodied and WFs with different trunk control ability.

Results: Wheelchair fencers had higher overall injury incidence rate (3.9/1000 hours) than able-bodied fencers (AFs) (2.4/1000 hours). Wheelchair fencers with poor trunk control were more vulnerable to injuries (4.9/1000 hours) than those with good trunk control (3.0/1000 hours). Upper extremity injuries were predominant in WFs (73.8%), with elbow (32.6%) and shoulder strain (15.8%) being the most common injuries. Lower extremity injuries were predominant in AFs (69.4%), with muscle strain over knee and thigh region (22.6%), ankle sprain (14.5%), and knee sprain (11.3%) being the leading injuries.

Conclusions: Results of this pilot study highlighted the distinct
injury incidence between the 2 different fencer groups. Larg-scale epidemiologic and biomechanical studies are warranted to improve the understanding of fencing injuries to develop speci!c injury prevention/rehabilitation programs.

Background.The important biomechanical role played by the meniscus in the functionality and stability of the knee during sports performance is known in the literature. The combinations of torsional and axial load appear to be the cause of most meniscal injuries. Diagnosis of acute knee injuries has long been a topic of discussion throughout orthopedic literature. Many clinical tests and diagnostic studies have been developed to increase the clinician's ability to accurately diagnose these types of knee disorders.
Objective. The objective of our study is to verify through a review of the literature if Clinical tests in a closed kinetic chain to diagnose the meniscal knee lesions have a validity, if they are correlated with the classical tests in the open kinetic chain and then propose them as a screening tool in the their practical applicability on the pitch during a competition or training.
Materials and methods. In this systematic review of the literature we used the Search Equation of the Boolean Operators AND and OR within Search Equation. We have thus inserted specific Key words to the research topic: physical examination, meniscal tears, Physical Examination for Meniscus Tears, Clinical diagnosis of meniscal tears, tests for meniscal Injury specific to the research topic.
At the word "meniscus tear" we found, in December 2018, on PubMed 3814 abstracts and full-text articles. While on PubMed Central 4737 from which we have considered, it is our search only 841 for free Full-text articles.
To the keywords "Meniscal test" highlighted 1068 abstracts and Full-text articles on PubMed and 4986 abstracts and Full-text articles PubMed Central. We have tried to further refine our research by addressing it in the last 5 years with 417 articles published on PubMed. Of these we have selected, for our research, 166 free full text articles.
Results. For the preparation of this review have selected 57 scientific articles. Recently, from the international scientific movement, tests have been reported, in a closed kinetic chain, that reproduce technical-athletic gestures, for the diagnosis of meniscal lesion. Among these the Thessaly Test and the Ege's Test, have shown a high diagnostic accuracy, approaching, in fact, reference models such as joint line tenderness, McMurray's test and Apley's compression test. Among other things, these tests, in CKC, stimulating technical / athletic gestural moments, these tests can find, "going towards the lesion" an indication and prescription both in rehabilitation training and in physical ones aimed at prevention, given the extremely articular environment proprioceptive, knee ligament capsule injuries and, in particular, meniscal lesions. We did not find any work related to the practical applicability of these clinical tests used during competitions and training.
Conclusions. Meniscal tears are frequently found in sports. The diagnosis can be accurately performed in 75% of the knees on the basis of the clinical history alone, while the specific clinical tests that have been used for the detection of these lesions do not have high values of sensitivity and specificity if taken individually. In our study we have identified test clinic in closed kinetic chain that allow to operate a more incisive evaluation, correlating clinical expressivity with the specific gestures of the athlete.
Study Design. Systematic Review. Authorship Credit.  “Credit: “Equal Contribution” (EC). Citation. Rosario D’Onofrio, Mehul Padasala, Bojan Bjelica, Shamila Hussain, Jaymin H Bhatt;  The meniscal injuries in the soccer player:  clinical field tests in closed kinetic chain.  Validity and applicability  ;  Ita. J. Sports Reh. Po. 16;(8) 1651 – 1671 ; DOI : 10.17385/ItaJSRP.21.16.080101;  ISSN 2385-1988 [online] ; IBSN 007-111-19 - 55; CGI J OAJI 0,101)] Published online.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of taping and preventive bracing on functional
balance, jumping performance, multi-joint coordination and proprioception on comparison to
barefoot and each other.
Design: Controlled trial as an experiment with the independent variable testing in 3 trials: control (barefooted),
preventive bracing, and taping.
Setting: The sports physiotherapy research laboratory.
Participants: Twenty physically active male university students aged between 20 and 28 who had been
free from lower extremity pathology for 12 months and had no previous history of ankle sprain served
as participants.
Main outcome measures: Single leg balance (s), jumping performance (cm), coordination and proprioception
assessments by the Functional Squat System. The software automatically calculated the absolute
average error (cm) and the standard deviation (SD) of the average error. Average errors were independently
quantified as a function of the action mode (concentric versus eccentric) and of the lower limb
(dominant versus non-dominant).
Results: There was no significant difference among the groups for balance tests (p > 0.05). For vertical jump
performance of bilateral and the dominant leg there were significant differences that the barefoot group
had better results compared to the other groups (p = 0.059; 0.017). According to the coordination results
of Functional Squat System participants were better in brace and tape situations since the deviations
were less for all concentric and eccentric positions. Deviation results for the proprioception test were
different for first visual and non-visual deviations for dominant leg (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: In conclusion, bracing and taping may play an important role in preventing injury or rehabilitation
of the injured ankle by improving concentric and eccentric coordination, proprioception with
the ability of reproducing motion in closed kinetic chain while decreasing vertical jump performance. No
superiority of brace over tape or vice versa was found in this study.

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are some of the most common knee injuries that occur in the US, accounting for around 200,000 documented cases per year.
Varying levels of severity can determine whether surgery is required or if physical therapy will suffice. One of the most common complications for patients is that there is significant atrophy of the impacted limb. Yet, there has not been definitive proof explaining this mechanism.
Objective: The primary goal for this review was to examine some of the biochemical differences that tend to occur within and surrounding an ACL injury and the mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle atrophy and regenerative capabilities. Outcome: Multiple studies have found a
connection between time spent inactive from the injury and the percentage of retained muscle after exercising again. Among decreases in muscle mass and muscle volume changes, analyses
have also revealed alterations in alpha-2 macroglobulin, myostatin, heat shock protein-72, mechano GF-C24E, synovial fluid, and histochemical alterations in collagen and cartilaginous states which all seem to be primary factors in regulating effectiveness and speed of recovery
from ACL injury. Conclusion: the influx of various cytokines as a response to the initial injury in relation to inflammation change the chemical and physical environment of the knee, making recovery significantly more difficult and time-consuming. Timing of injury, surgery, and reinitiation of movement after surgery are very important factors that can minimize overall damage and reduce recovery time.

Objective To prospectively investigate the injury profile and the incidence rate per 1000 hours exposure during training and actual league matches in the Nigerian Women's Premier League (NWPL) and to develop an adequate information pool, using the UEFA injury study model in order to develop appropriate injury prevention strategies. Methods 241 women footballers from the eight football clubs that participated in the 2015/2016 Nigerian Women Premier league (NWPL) season were selected for the study and prospectively followed for a period of 6 months. The UEFA injury report forms and Competitive Aggressiveness and Anger Scale were sent to the various clubs, and the forms administered on them as at when due. The forms were analysed using descriptive statistics.

Beane (Lemire 2015) identified injury prevention as the next frontier in sports analytics. In this study, I demonstrate that statistics is essential by examining re-injury prevention, through testing whether NCAA coaches and players, facing the need to limit repetitions as key players recover from injury, allocate those repetitions in a manner that maximizes win probability. I calculate in-game win probabilities using the methodology of Stern (1991) and Winston (2009), NCAA historical point spread data from Covers.com, and NCAA expected points of each down-distance-position state from Knowlton (2015). As a test case, I consider Brigham Young University's use of dual-threat quarterback Taysom Hill in his 2016 return from a prior-year Lisfranc injury. I extract play-by-play data from BYUCougars.com using R's rvest package and regular expression functions. I determine the situations in which Hill's rushing, based on his yards per carry prior to the game on standard and passing downs, maximizes changes in win probability.

Background: Lack of the neuromuscular control during locomotion in the knee joint leads to an increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in children. Hence, we aimed to explore the effects of a repetitive, model-oriented, and self-organized approach on lower limb kinematics during gait in children. Methods: In randomized controlled trial, 36 children with 4 ± 0.79 years of age from the children gym were randomly (a lottery method) allocated into three groups, including (1) the model-oriented (n = 10), (2) Differential Learning (n = 11), and (3) control (n = 10) groups. Kinematic data of hip, knee, and ankle joints in the sagittal plane were recorded by a GoPro camera at the moments of heel-ground contact and toe-off the ground before and after a 6-week intervention (two sessions per week). Results: The results indicate a 35% post-intervention increase of ankle dorsiflexion (95% CI: − 5.63 _ − 0.96) in the moment of heel-ground contact in the model-oriented group; however, knee flexion (95% CI: − 1.05 _ 8.34) and hip flexion (95% CI: 3.01 _ 11.78) were respectively decreased by 20% and 20%. After the intervention, moreover, ankle plantar flexion (95% CI: − 9.18 _ − 2.81) and hip extension (95% CI: − 12.87 _ − 3.72) have respectively increased by 37% and 37%, while knee flexion (95% CI: 3.49 _ 11.30) showed a %16 decrease in the moment of toe off the ground. As for the Differential Learning group, ankle dorsiflexion (95% CI: − 5.19 _ − 1.52) increased by 33%, and knee (95% CI: 0.60 _ 5.76) and hip flexion (95% CI: 2.15 _ 7.85) respectively decreased by 17% and 17% at the moment of the heelground contact following the intervention. At toe lifting off the ground, the plantar flexion (95% CI: − 7.77 _ − 2.77) increased by 35%, knee flexion (95% CI: 2.17 _ 7.27) decreased to 14%, and hip extension (95% CI: − 9.98 _ − 4.20) increased by %35 following the intervention for the Differential Learning group subjects. Based on the results obtained from the one-way ANOVA, there was a significant difference between these groups and the control group in all kinematic gait variables (p ≤ 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were found between the two experimental groups. Conclusions: The results implied that the model-oriented repetitive and the self-organized Differential Learning approach were both appropriate to alter the kinematic gait pattern in the 3-5-year-old children. Previous research has almost exclusively recommended a model-oriented approach to change kinematic patterns and preventing noncontact motor injuries. However, the present study showed that the Differential Learning approach can help children to achieve the same goal by continuously changing environments and stimulating challenges.

Background. I criteri del ritorno allo sport (RtSp) dopo un infortunio presentano, nella realtà clinica, parametri non omogenei e
spesso strutturati su valutazioni soggettive. La mancanza di una chiara terminologia e comunicazione condivisa accentua il
disagio programmatico riabilitativo finalizzato al RtSp. Descrizione. Il recupero della gestualità tecnico-atletica è uno degli
obiettivi delle fasi finali del RtSp. La rielaborazione dei processi tecnici individuali e tattici, di squadra, completa il puzzle
valutativo prima del consensus per la ripresa atletica specifica. L’Interval Kicking Program (IKP) è un modello proposto come
una rimodulazione neuromotoria della gestualità e della tecnica di base dopo un infortunio. La progressione didattica è strutturata
in relazione alle diversificate tecniche di passaggio e di ricezione della palla. Il volume, l’intensità e gli step di avanzamento sono
regolati: i). Da status clinico (tipologia dell’infortunio, tipo di trattamento conservativo/chirurgico, tipo di sport), ii). Da status
della performance, iii). Dall’analisi valutativa oggettiva e dei follow-up periodici. L’IKP deve essere proposto quando si
raggiungono equilibri di simmetria side to side di forza e di movimento. Rimane giusto suggerire come partner di movimento
aberranti, durante il ritorno alla piena attività sportiva, sono predittivi del rischio di un secondo infortunio. Conclusione. La
rimodulazione dei fondamentali tecnici di base nel calciatore infortunato rientra tra gli obiettivi primari, finali, prima del ritorno
alla piena attività sportiva. L’IKP, proposto nella letteratura internazionale, è un modello didattico per riportare gradualmente un
giocatore infortunato all’allenamento con la palla. L’IKP e il kiching load deve variare secondo noi in base al quadro clinico, al
tipo di infortunio, al processo riabilitativo e allo status del livello di performance. La riprogrammazione tecnica è meglio
descritta utilizzando un approccio basato sulla velocità della palla.

Introduction: Although the effects of cold on joint position have been investigated in many studies, but
research that used the cold spray for this purpose have not found. The purpose of this study was to
examine the immediate effect of using a short-term protocol of topical cold spray on ankle joint position
sense (AJPS) in healthy individuals.
Materials and Methods: Thirty healthy male soccer players with a mean age of 23.2±1.29 years, height
177.11±5.92 cm, weight 69.5. ±6.73 kg, participated in this study. Simultaneously, inside and outside of
the ankle was cold by spray. The accuracy of the ankle position sense before and immediately after
applying cold was assessed by Electrogoniometer at angles of 10° and 20° dorsi and plantar flexion.
Results: The results showed that despite the reduction of AJPS accuracy after using a short-term protocol
of local cooling; there was no significant difference between the error of estimated angle before and after
cold therapy.
Conclusion: It appears that the use of cold spray for a short time only has an immediate effect on the skin
receptors. But the muscle spindles and joint receptors as deeper receptors, which have a key role in JPS,
are not affected.
Keywords: Joint position sense, Ankle joint, Cryotherapy.

Injury prevention is a priority in the field of sports medicine
and in physical activity promotion, in particular for youth.
Injuries can lead to long term handicaps and disengagement
from physical activity. The follow up of young sportsmen in
the canton of Geneva over the last 35 years has permitted to
get an idea of the prevalence of injuries in young sportsmen
and allows a comparison with the general population. It has
also permitted to get an idea of the influence prevention has
had on injuries. We found that injuries were not significantly
different in youth sportsmen (0.27 injuries/child/year) than in
the general age matched population, but that injury’s among
sporting youth occurred mainly during their sporting activities.
Traditional prevention did not decrease injury prevalence
but reduced the proportion of overuse injuries. Since performance
level and training time increased over the study period,
without a concomitant increase in injury’s, it can be hypothesized
that prevention contributed to performance
enhancement. The concept of a learning effect, or the preventive
influence, of an injury is evoked. The idea that injuries
are part of athletic development (performance) and might not
be reducible below a certain threshold is also discussed.

Background: Tai Chi is Chinese martial art strengthening the performance of individuals. Objectives: The purpose of present study is to determine the effect of a Tai Chi exercise period on static and dynamic balance of young girls. Methods: For the purpose of this research, 32 young girls were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into two groups: Tai Chi training group (21 subjects; mean ± SD; age 22.05±2.4 weight 53.67±6.3 kg, height 1.60±0.5 m) and control group (11 subjects; mean ± SD; age 23.37±0.9 weight 53.64±7.8 kg, height 1.62±0.4 m) players. Static and dynamic balance were measured using Biodex Balance System SD three days before and after a 12-session training period with similar conditions in terms of time and place (75 minutes each session). Results: Mixed repeated measure test showed a significant difference between pre and post-tests in open eye single-foot, closed eye single-foot, open eye two-foot, and closed eye two-foot stances (p=0.001). However, no significa...

Purpose: Rowing injuries are common, with lower back injuries having the highest incidence. This study was to investigate the major rowing injuries seen at a single high performance rowing sports program over a 5 year training period and establish if any relationship exists between these injuries and the level of competition that the rower is partaking in. Methods: All rowers at the South Australian Sports Institute (SASI) programs were designated as being either International or National level rowers. Injuries that caused greater than 5 days training loss during any one training year were recorded. The number of lower back injuries and rib stress injuries causing training time loss were analysed to assess whether there was any association between the level of rower and the nature and type of injury causing training time loss. Results: Forty-five National rowers (97 training years) had 15 lower back injuries compared to 12 International rowers 35 training years) with 1 lower back in...