Private Company

This article is mainly focused, even by a comparative point of view, on the latest reforms regarding simplified Italian private company (s.r.l.s. - società a responsabilità limitata semplificata) and minimum legal capital maintenance regime for so called "ordinary" Italian private companies (s.r.l. - società a responsabilità limitata) with minimum legal capital under ten thousand euro.

The analysis begins by taking into consideration mandatory legal rules contained in Italian civil code and the model articles drawn up by Italian Ministry of Justice and leads to extremely adverse conclusive remarks regarding the actual usefulness of such a company model. After the mentioned reforms, it is even more ineffective both on normative and financial profiles. As for the first point, it is caused by a lack of coordination between the reforms and more in general by the absence of a consistent plan of development; for the second, by a substantial equality of cost to be born for the establishment of simplified s.r.l. instead of a normal one, with the additional disadvantage, in the first case, of unalterable (and very badly structured) model articles.

Suggested conclusions are thus directed in the sense of a quick and effective modification of model articles, with a strong reconsideration of the relationship between "ordinary" and simplified s.r.l. and of the advantages and benefits linked to the establishment of a simplified s.r.l.

Characteristics of Tripartite Contributions to new Private Company

Η διάκριση μεταξύ κεφαλαιακών, εξωκεφαλαιακών και εγγυητικών εισφορών των εταίρων αποτελεί
τη σημαντικότερη καινοτομία της νέας εταιρικής μορφής της Ι.Κ.Ε. Η μελέτη εστιάζει στα ειδοποιά
χαρακτηριστικά κάθε είδους εισφοράς, με έμφαση στην ιδιαιτερότητα του (προαιρετικού πλέον)
κεφαλαίου, στο αντικείμενο και καθεστώς των εξωκεφαλαιακών εισφορών, στα γνωρίσματα της
ευθύνης εταίρου με εγγυητικές εισφορές, καθώς και στις συνθήκες ανάλωσης και εξαγοράς των
εναλλακτικών ειδών εισφορών. Οι τελευταίες επηρεάζουν καθοριστικά τη φυσιογνωμία του νέου
εταιρικού τύπου, με κυριότερες συνέπειες την αποσύνδεση του αναλαμβανόμενου επιχειρηματικού
κινδύνου από την εταιρική κεφαλαιοδότηση, την αναβάθμιση της εγγυήσεως στις εξωτραπεζικές
εμπορικές συναλλαγές και την αναθεώρηση παραδοσιακών κριτηρίων αξιολόγησης και μέσων
προστασίας των εταιρικών πιστωτών. Σημαντική προϋπόθεση για την περαιτέρω επιτυχία της
Ι.Κ.Ε. κρίνεται η ρύθμιση των ενδοεταιρικών σχέσεων υπό καθεστώς ασφάλειας δικαίου, εξαιτίας
της σημαντικής ευελιξίας που παρέχει η καταστατική διαμόρφωση των νέων μορφών εισφορών, σε
συνδυασμό με τις εγγενείς δυσκολίες αντικειμενικά ορθής, και εντεύθεν δίκαιης, αποτίμησής τους.

В статті розглянуто сучасний стан українського ринку працевлаштування, проаналізовано тенденцію до виїзду за кордон працеспроможного населення та фахівців вищої кваліфікації за матеріальне стимулювання з боку іноземних працедавців. Визначено, що мотивація працівників усіх категорій є однією з найактуальніших проблем для кожного підприємства в країні незалежно від форми власності. В статті представлено дослідження та аналіз системи мотивації персоналу приватного підприємства. Наведено дані за результатами анкетування при встановленні факторів, що в даний час визначають роботу персоналу на підприємстві, що в даний час мотивують до роботи на підприємстві, що є бажаними для співробітників в якості мотивації. Проаналізовано співвідношення матеріальної та нематеріальної стимуляції персоналу, а також їхнє суб'єктивне сприйняття та значущість. Ключові слова: приватне підприємство, мотивація, матеріальне стимулювання, заохочення, персонал, керівництво.
System of staff motivation on the example of a private company Abstract. In the article analyzed the current state of Ukrainian market of employment. The management system in Ukraine has always had to pay attention to the motivational aspects of work with the staff, and modern management need it more so because now it is almost the main way to retain specialists in organizations. Unfortunately the tendency to work abroad will continue to grow. The state sector and private ones lose their experienced staff, and the potential of young candidates remains unpublished. The question is, how to retain the existing staff and encourage new employees to work. The motivation of the staff of all categories is one of the most urgent problems for every enterprise in the country regardless of the form of ownership. The article presents the research and analysis of the system of motivation of the staff of a private enterprise. To encourage employees of the organization, the management uses both material and non-material methods of encouragement. Data are presented based on the results of the questionnaire in determining the factors that currently determine the work of staff at the enterprise, which are currently motivating to work in the company, which are desirable for employees as motivation. It is analyzed the correlation between material and non-material stimulation of the staff, as well as their subjective perception and significance.
Keywords: private company, motivation, financial stimulation, encouragement, staff, management.

Si tratta dell'analisi della Proposta per una nuova direttiva in materia di società unipersonali a responsabilità limitata, presentata dalla Commissione UE il 9 aprile 2014 ed emendata dal Consiglio dell'UE in sede di orientamento generale il 29 maggio 2015. L'articolo fornisce un'analisi puntuale dei vari testi succedutisi, focalizzandosi sulle criticità emergenti in ciascuno di essi, ed immaginando possibili correttivi.

There is now a large literature arguing that shareholders are better protected against abuse by corporate insiders in common-law than in civil-law countries, especially those with legal systems modeled on the French code. There is also a growing literature critiquing this view, to which we have contributed. In this paper we continue that work of criticism by questioning the idea that common law countries followed broadly similar legal trajectories. In particular, we show that corporate law developed in a fundamentally different way in Britain than in the United States, so that founders of British corporations had much more contractual freedom than their counterparts in the U.S. Acknowledgments: We are grateful for the comments and suggestions of Brian Cheffins,

This article aims at giving a comparative overview regarding the reforms of private companies’ legal capital regime throughout the whole European Union implemented during last ten years.
This essentially results in the existence of two basic models of intervention; on the one hand, general “closed” company type was changed by requiring a lower minimum legal capital threshold; on the other hand, new private company sub-versions were developed in order to make the access to liability limitation easier and cheaper.

Both Italian and Portuguese company laws have been recently
experiencing meaningful reforms in the field of private companies. Main targets were, in both of the cases, minimum legal capital regime and the new means for a company’s simplified establishment. In this article Italian and Portuguese solutions are comparatively analyzed, and Portuguese SQ’s reforms result to be more pondered and effective, besides more daring from several points of view.

Resumen

El presente artículo explora críticamente desde un enfoque positivo, jurisprudencial y doctrinal algunas implicaciones de la paralización de los órganos sociales como causa legal de disolución recogida en el actual art. 363.1 d) de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital 2010, en el marco del contrato de la sociedad de capital. La ley ofrece el procedimiento de disolución (por acuerdo o por resolución judicial) como fase para desatascar una paralización de carácter definitivo no querida, ni por el ordenamiento jurídico, ni por el mercado, ni por los socios. A este respecto, a la ley societaria le resulta preferible terminar con la vida de la persona jurídica procediendo a la disolución y liquidación de la misma, una vez puesto de manifiesto que los socios no desean permanecer en una sociedad mercantil paralizada funcionalmente.
Palabras clave: bloqueo societario, sociedades de capital, derecho de sociedades, disolución.

Abstract

This article critically explores from a positive, jurisprudential and doctrinal approach some implications about the corporate deadlock as a legal ground for dissolution (article 365.1 d of the current Spanish Company Act 2010), under the framework of the main features of the limited liability company. The Corporate Law provides the dissolution process (by agreement or by court order) to resolve a corporation deadlock that does not want the legal system, neither the market not the shareholders. For this reason, the Corporate Law finds preferable to end the life of such legal entity in the process of dissolution and liquidation, once shareholders reveal that they do not want to be part of a corporation which is functionally paralyzed.

Keywords: Corporate Law, Limited Liability Company, Dissolution