Probability distributions to model air pollutant data

The aim of this project is to implement the heart disease prediction application. Many people all over the world like nearly 60% of the world's population are now-a-days suffering from heart disease. Heart Disease Prediction system is an android application which helps the users for the easy prediction, prevention and curing of the disease. An android application gets the disease name as the output based on the data provided by the user or patient. Android application is also used to get the preventive measures like nearby doctor details, hospitals details and location for hospitals. Proposed system consists of an intelligent system which works on the machine learning algorithms like KNN. The data entered by the user is compared with some existing standard datasets to get probability. KNN used to find the probability.

In this study the effect of acid rain on the geo technical properties of the soil was investigated. acidic environment was created to prepare the samples infiltrated with different pH level of acid rains. industrial advance in agriculture, chemical industries has led to release of pollutants in to the environment contaminating the soil. The soil is being contaminated by anthropogenic source such as leakage from waste contaminates facilities, accidental spills and industrial operations. This paper reports the effect sulphuric acid, oxalic acid and nitric acid on the
compaction characteristics of the soil at varying percentages. The acid contamination of soil adversely effects the geotechnical properties of soil. the geotechnical properties of the soil get altered when an acid compaction gets mixed with soil. Atterberg’s limits, compaction
characteristics and unconfined compressive strength test have been carried out. Result are indicative that the compaction characteristics and unconfined compressive strength are altered due to acid contamination.

Apache Cassandra is a distributed storage system for managing very large amounts of structured data. Cassandra provides highly available service with no single point of failure. Cassandra aims to run on top of an infrastructure of hundreds of nodes possibly spread across different data centers with small and large components fail continuously. Cassandra manages the persistent state in the face of the failures which drives the reliability and scalability of the software systems. Cassandra does not support a full relational data model because it resembles a database and shares many design and implementation strategies. In this paper, discuss an implementation of Cassandra as Hotel Management System application. Cassandra system was designed to run on cheap commodity hardware. Cassandra provides high write throughput and read efficiency.

For a long time, one of my dreams was to describe the nature of uncertainty axiomatically, and it looks like I've finally done it in my co∼eventum mechanics! Now it remains for me to explain to everyone the co∼eventum mechanics in the most approachable way. This is what I'm trying to do in this work. The co∼eventum mechanics is another name for the co∼event theory, i.e., for the theory of experience and chance which I axiomatized in 2016 [1, 2]. In my opinion, this name best reflects the co∼event-based idea of the new dual theory of uncertainty, which combines the probability theory as a theory of chance, with its dual half, the believability theory as a theory of experience. In addition, I like this new name indicates a direct connection between the co∼event theory and quantum mechanics, which is intended for the physical explanation and description of the conict between quantum observers and quantum observations [4]. Since my theory of uncertainty satises the Kolmogorov axioms of probability theory, to explain this co∼eventum mechanics I will use a way analogous to the already tested one, which explains the theory of probability as a theory of chance describing the results of a random experiment. The simplest example of a random experiment in probability theory is the " tossing a coin ". Therefore, I decided to use this the simplest random experiment itself, as well as the two its analogies: the " "flipping a coin " and the " spinning a coin " to explain the co∼eventum mechanics, which describes the results of a combined experienced random experiment. I would like to resort to the usual for the probability theory " coin-based " analogy to explain (and first of all for myself) the logic of the co∼eventum mechanics as a logic of experience and chance. Of course, this analogy one may seem strange if not crazy. But I did not come up with a better way of tying the explanations of the logic of the co∼eventum mechanics to the coin-based explanations that are commonly used in probability theory to explain at least for myself the logic of the chance through a simple visual " coin-based " model that clarifies what occurs as a result of a combined experienced random experiment in which the experience of observer faces the chance of observation. I hope this analogy can be useful not only for me in understanding the co∼eventum mechanics.

In this paper, we present two unfamiliar novel estimation techniques (UNET) for the constrained regression coefficients in the framework of a standard multiple linear regression model. Estimation of a linear regression problem with constraints on the regression coefficients are firstly derived by minimising a formulated goal function that minimises the total sum of the squared errors, plus the sum of the linear constraints multiplied by a Lagrangian. We also show that the solution to the system of equations can be obtained without differentiating the goal function, rather expressed in terms of the known matrices. This is achieved by employing properties of a blocked linear system. The UNET is justified by a numerical simulated system of linear equations in 3-dimensions. The UNET yields estimates that are comparable to those generated by the Schur complement principle.

You yourself, or what is the same, your experience is such ``coin'' that, while you aren't questioned, it rotates all the time in ``free flight''. And only when you answer the question the ``coin'' falls on one of the sides: ``Yes'' or ``No'' with the believability that your experience tells you.

Estimation of extreme rainfall,
temperature and wind speed for a given return
period is an important parameter for planning,
design and management of the civil structures
at the project site. This can be achieved through
Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) by fitting of
probability distributions to the recorded data.
This paper details the procedures of Order
Statistics Approach (OSA) of Gumbel (EV1) and
Frechet (EV2) distributions adopted for
estimation of rainfall, temperature and wind
speed for Kanyakumari. Quantitative
assessment of probability distributions used in
EVA is made through Goodness-of-Fit (GoF)
and diagnostic tests. GoF tests viz.,
Anderson-Darling and Kolmogorov-Smirnov
are used for checking the adequacy of fitting of
the distributions. Diagnostic test viz., D-index is
used for the selection of a suitable distribution
for estimation of extreme events. In addition to
GoF and diagnostic tests, qualitative
assessment is also made because of indefinite
conclusive inference obtained from GoF and
diagnostic tests. Based on quantitative and
qualitative assessment, the study recommends
the EV1 (using OSA) is better suited distribution
for estimation of extreme rainfall, temperature
and wind speed.

The book about the eventology ~ a science about events and its applications to problems of management of sets of events ~ a new direction in philosophy, mathematics and event management (see English version of the book: https://www.academia.edu/38605343/).
This book outlines ideas that inspired me while I was trying to build a new event science, eventology. Not each of these ideas was developed, but all of them inspired me in the construction of eventology, and then in the discovery of a revolutionary theory of experience and chance, co~eventum mechanics. (see, for example, https://www.academia.edu/34357251,
https://www.academia.edu/34373279,
https://www.academia.edu/34390291,
https://www.academia.edu/38368776,
https://www.academia.edu/38154263 and so on).

Average case complexity, in order to be a useful and reliable measure, has to be robust. The probability distribution, generally uniform, over which expectation is taken should be realistic over the problem domain. But algorithm books do not certify that the uniform inputs are always realistic. Do the results hold even for non uniform inputs? In this context we observe that Binary Tree sort is more robust than the fast and popular Quick sort in the average case.

The logic of uncertainty is not the logic of experience and as well as it is not the logic of chance. It is the logic of experience and chance. Experience and chance are two inseparable poles. These are two dual reflections of one essence, which is called co∼event. The theory of experience and chance is the theory of co∼events. To study the co∼events, it is not enough to study the experience and to study the chance. For this, it is necessary to study the experience and chance as a single entire, a co∼event. In other words, it is necessary to study their interaction within a co∼event. The new co∼event axiomatics and the theory of co∼events following from it were created precisely for these purposes. In this work, I am going to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new theory of co∼events in a studying the logic of uncertainty. I will do this by the example of a co∼event splitting of the logic of the Bayesian scheme, which has a long history of fierce debates between Bayesionists and frequentists. I hope the logic of the theory of experience and chance will make its modest contribution to the application of these old dual debaters.

Keywords: Eventology, event, probability, probability theory, Kolmogorov’s axiomatics, experience, chance, cause, consequence, co∼event, set of co∼events, bra-event, set of bra-events, ket-event, set of ket-events, believability, certainty, believability theory, certainty theory, theory of co∼events, theory of experience and chance, co∼event dualism, co∼event axiomatics, logic of uncertainty, logic of experience and chance, logic of cause and consequence, logic of the past and the future, Bayesian scheme.

Practitioners and construction management researchers lack believable and practical methods to assess the value proposition of emerging methods such as Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) including understanding how different levels of implementation affect its benefits. Furthermore, current methods of understanding VDC implementation and benefits cannot be updated easily to incorporate new data. This paper presents a Bayesian framework to predict benefits from application of Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) given data about its implementation. We analyzed data from 40 projects that performed some formal modeling of the project scope and/or the construction process. The analysis suggests that more extensive or higher levels of VDC implementation lead to higher project benefits. We explain the use of a Bayesian framework as an alternative to the application of classical probability theory to construction management research, how we used it to interpret data about VDC practice and outcomes, our finding that benefits have strong positive contingent correlation with the level of VDC implemented on projects, and our suggestion to use the method to update conclusions about benefits given changing data about implementation and outcomes.

The principal requirement of a sampling system is to obtain a sample that is representative of the atmosphere at a particular place and time and that can be evaluated as a mass or volume concentration. The sampling system should not alter the chemical or physical characteristics of the sample in an undesirable manner. The major components of most sampling systems are an inlet manifold, an air mover, a collection medium, and a flow measurement device.
One example is sampling for SO2. Liquid sorbents for SO2 depend on the solubility of SO 2 in the liquid collection medium. Certain liquids at the correct pH are capable of removing ambient concentrations of SO2 with 100% efficiency until the characteristics of the solution are altered so that no more SO2 may be dissolved in the volume of liquid provided. Under these circumstances, sampling is 100% efficient for a limited total mass of SO2 transferred to the solution, and the technique is acceptable as long as sampling does not continue beyond the time that the sampling solution is saturated. A second example is the use of solid sorbents such as Tenax for volatile hydrocarbons by the physical adsorption of the individual hydrocarbon molecules on active sites of the sorbent. Collection efficiency drops drastically when the active sites become saturated.

In this article, we consider a three parameter extended Burr-III distribution and study some distributional, reliability properties and parameter estimation. Performance of estimation technique used for model parameters estimation is numerically investigated employing Monte Carlo simulation with different sample sizes and parameter values. Efficacy of this distribution in modeling from two real life data is evaluated in comparison to some existing extensions of Burr-III distribution employing well known goodness of fit tests and model selection criteria. Our findings show the proposed distribution as the best among the all the other extensions of Burr-III distribution considered in this study. ______________________________

Eventology of multivariate statistics
Eventology and mathematical eventology
Philosophical eventology and philosophy of probability
Practical eventology
Eventology of safety
Eventological economics and psychology
Mathematics in the humanities, socio-economic and natural sciences
Financial and actuarial mathematics
Multivariate statistical analysis
Multivariate complex analysis
Decision-making under risk and uncertainty
Risk measurement and risk models
Theory of fuzzy events and generalized theory of uncertainty
System analysis and events management

EEC'2016 ~ workshop on axiomatizing experience and chance, and Hilbert's sixth problem

With topics from quantum physics, probability and believability to economics, sociology and psychology, the workshop will be intended for an interdisciplinary discussion on mathematical theories of experience and chance. Topics of discussion include the results, thoughts and ideas on axiomatization of the eventological theory of experience and chance in the framework of the decision of Hilbert sixth problem.
Eventology of experience and chance
Beleivability theory and statistics of experience
Probability theory and statistics of chance
Axiomatizing experience and chance

A pneumonia-like disease of unknown origin caused a catastrophe in Wuhan city, China. This disease spread to 215 countries affecting a wide range of people. World health organization (WHO) called it a pandemic and it was officially named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS CoV-2), also known as Corona virus disease (COVID-19). This pandemic compelled countries to enforce a socioeconomic lockdown to prevent its widespread. This paper focuses on how the particulate matter pollution was reduced during the lockdown period (23 March to April 15, 2020) as compared to before lockdown. Both ground-based and satellite observations were used to identify the improvement in air quality of Pakistan with primary focus on four major cities of Lahore, Islamabad, Karachi and Peshawar. Both datasets have shown a substantial reduction in PM 2.5 pollution levels (ranging from 13% to 33% in case of satellite observations, while 23%-58% in ground-based observations) across Pakistan. Result shows a higher rate of COVID-19 spread in major cities of Pakistan with poor air quality conditions. Yet more research is needed in order to establish linkage between COVID-19 spread and air pollution. However, it can be partially attributed to both higher rate of population density and frequent exposure of population to enhanced levels of PM 2.5 concentrations before lockdown period.

Air pollution causes severe physical and psychological health complications. Considering China's continuously-deteriorating air quality, this study aimed to assess the self-reported effects of air pollution on the behavior and physical health of the students of 13 densely populated cities, and their awareness, practices, and perception of air pollution and its associated public health risks. A detailed, closed-ended questionnaire was administered to 2100 students from 54 universities and schools across China. The questionnaire, which had 24 questions, was categorized into four sections. The first two sections were focused on air pollution associated behavior and psychology, and physical effects; while the final two sections focused on the subjects' awareness and perceptions, and practices and concerns about air pollution. The respondents reported that long-term exposure to air pollution had significantly affected their psychology and behavior, as well as their physical health. The respondents were aware of the different adverse impacts of air pollution (respiratory infections, allergies, and cardiovascular problems), and hence had adopted different preventive measures, such as the use of respiratory masks and glasses or goggles, regularly drinking water, and consuming rich foods. It was concluded that air pollution and haze had negative physical and psychological effects on the respondents, which led to severe changes in behavior. Proper management, future planning, and implementing strict environmental laws are suggested before this problem worsens and becomes life-threatening.

Random numbers play a significant role while implementing the crypto architectures on reconfigurable hardware. Chaotic attractors are reliable sources of deterministic random number generation due to their large keyspace capability. Chaos exhibits random perturbations in floating-point units which is a challenge while replicating the system of equations on hardware. The conversion of floating-point numbers to binary representation will take many quantization possibilities which certainly affect the randomness and sensitivity to initial conditions. This work aims to implement the chaotic Rössler attractor based Pseudo Random Number Generation (PRNG) on FPGA through simulation and real time experimentation. This attractor has been realized on Altera Cyclone II EP2C20F484C7 FPGA using hardware primitives. It required 201 LUTs with a power dissipation of 78.48 mW and time duration of 4 µS to generate 32,768 random bits. The randomness of this attractor was evaluated through entropy, correlation, bit distribution and NIST SP 800-22 analyses.

A fixed company of players observes a person selected from a fixed queue. After each observation, players are asked to bet the dollar secret from others, either on the fact that person is bald, or on what is not. A denite formula of the gain is suggested, such that every time after bets the gain of each player from a given company are completely determined by this formula. However, before bets player's gain is an uncertain value. Is it possible for a given company of players and a given queue of people before bets to build a correct mathematical model of uncertaint gain of each player within the framework of Kolmogorov's probability theory? If not, what else do you need to add to the foundations of probability theory so that before bets to be able to use this model for decision making? The paper answers these questions within the framework of the new theory of experience and of chance (the certainty theory) [1] that consists of two dual halves: the believability theory and the probability theory, and that is intended for the mathematical description of experienced-random experiments, the uncertainty in outcomes of which is generated by the observer. A xed company of players observes a person selected from a xed queue. After each observation, players are asked to bet the dollar secret from others, either on the fact that the person is bald, or on what is not. If, as a result of the bets made, the player's choice is in the minority, the player loses the bet. If, on the other hand, in the majority, the player is returned his bet plus an equal share of the loser players' bets. With a draw, the equality of the number of betting on the bald and the number of betting on the not bald, all players remain at their own: they are returned their bets 1. Every time after the bets, the gain of each player from this company is fully certain. But before the bets, the gain is an uncertain value. Is it possible for a given company of players and a given queue of persons before bets to build a correct mathematical model of uncertain gain of each player within the framework of Kolmogorov's probability theory?
c ⃝ 2016 O.Yu.Vorobyev Oleg Vorobyev (ed.), Proc. XV FAMEMS'2016, Krasnoyarsk: SFU

The logic of uncertainty is not the logic of experience and as well as it is not the logic of chance. It is the logic of experience and chance. Experience and chance are two inseparable poles. These are two dual reections of one essence, which is called co∼event. The theory of experience and chance is the theory of co∼events. To study the co∼events, it is not enough to study the experience and to study the chance. For this, it is necessary to study the experience and chance as a single entire, a co∼event. In other words, it is necessary to study their interaction within a co∼event. The new co∼event axiomatics and the theory of co∼events following from it were created precisely for these purposes. In this work, I am going to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new theory of co∼events in a studying the logic of uncertainty. I will do this by the example of a co∼event splitting of the logic of the Bayesian scheme, which has a long history of erce debates between Bayesionists and frequentists. I hope the logic of the theory of experience and chance will make its modest contribution to the application of these old dual debaters., theory of experience and chance, co∼event dualism, co∼event axiomatics, logic of uncertainty, logic of experience and chance, logic of cause and consequence, logic of the past and the future, Bayesian scheme.

This is a further formation of the theory of experience and chance. My previous works are devoted to the elements of this new theory, which can also be called the theory of co∼events, or the certainty theory. The theory is a synthesis of two dual theories: Kolmogorov's theory of probability and the believability theory based on the axiomatics, which is a non-trivial extension of Kolmogorov's axiomatics. In my paper " Theory of dual co∼event-based means " (2016), the concepts of two dual co∼event-based means of one co∼event are introduced (the bra-mean and the ket-mean). Here I first suggest the definition of the unifying mean of one co∼event (the bra-ket-mean), and then I enter the general definition of the bra-ket-mean for a finite set of co∼events. The mean co∼event-based characteristics of co∼events play the same role in the theory of experience and chance as the mean numerical characteristics of random variables — in the probability theory, or the mean characteristics of events — in the eventological theory.

In my recent works, I propose a new theory of experience and chance, or the theory of certainties, which is a synthesis of two dual theories: Kolmogorov's theory of probabilities and a new theory of believabilities. The theory of experience and chance is based on axiomatics, adding to the Kolmogorov axiomatics of probability theory an axiom of co~event, a new concept defined as a pair of dual objects, one of which serves as a Kolmogorov event in probability space and the other - as an event in the dualistic believability space. One of my papers gives a theory of dual co~event-based means and examples of its use for processing
statistics of ``approving voting'' in elections and in forestry. In this paper, I will go into more detail in examples of processing the statistics
of ``approving voting'' in forestry, where a group of forestry experts is actually engaged in ``approving voting'' when they label the trees of the
forest, labelling those that according to their opinions must be felling. My goal is to show in these examples that the theory of experience and
chance is an effective tool for constructing co~evnts models of experts' behavior in different fields.

This paper investigates the adaptive chaos control and synchronization of Liu's four-wing chaotic system with cubic nonlinearity (Liu, 2009) and unknown parameters. First, we design adaptive control laws to stabilize the Liu's four-wing chaotic system with cubic nonlinearity to its unstable equilibrium at the origin based on the adaptive control theory and Lyapunov stability theory. Next, we derive adaptive control laws to achieve global chaos synchronization of identical Liu's four-wing chaotic systems with cubic nonlinearity and unknown parameters. Numerical simulations are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive chaos control and synchronization schemes.

Apache Cassandra is a distributed storage system for managing very large amounts of structured data. Cassandra provides highly available service with no single point of failure. Cassandra aims to run on top of an infrastructure of hundreds of nodes possibly spread across different data centers with small and large components fail continuously. Cassandra manages the persistent state in the face of the failures which drives the reliability and scalability of the software systems. Cassandra does not support a full relational data model because it resembles a database and shares many design and implementation strategies. In this paper, discuss an implementation of Cassandra as Hotel Management System application. Cassandra system was designed to run on cheap commodity hardware. Cassandra provides high write throughput and read efficiency.

Blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) resource is a fish export commodity located in Indonesia with high economic value. Therefore, accurate information is needed when catching fishes to obtain the appropriate size for sustainable use. It is also important to assess Information on P. pelagicus distribution and its fishing season for sustainable management of resources. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the distribution size distribution and fishing season for P. pelagicus in the waters of Tukak Sadai, South Bangka Regency, in Indonesia. The research was carried out from March to May 2019, with data collected through the survey method. The size distribution of the fish was analyzed using the frequency distribution analysis approach, while the fishing season was determined with a time series analysis technique towards the catch (kg) per trip. The results showed that fishing ground A of the male fish was distributed in the size of 70.80-155.00 mm and the female was 73.29-146.00 m...

The main theorem of the games theory of random coalitions is reformulated in the random set language which generalizes the classical maximin theorem but unlike it defines a coalition imputation also.

The theorem about maximin random coalitions has been introduced as a random set form of classical maximin theorem. This interpretation of the maximin theorem indicate the characteristic function of the game and its close connection with optimal random coalitions. So we can write the apparent natural formula of coalition imputation generalizing the strained formulas of imputation have been in the game theory till now. Those formulas of imputation we call the strained formulas because it is unknown from where the characteristic function of the game appears and because it is necessary to make additional suppositions about a type of distributions of random coalitions. The reformulated maximin theorem has both as its corollaries. The main outputs are two results of the games theory were united and the type of characteristic function of game defined by the game matrix was discovered.

Imagine that you are conducting an experiment, as a result of which the event occurs or does not occur. You must determine whether this event occurred or not. Your experience tells you that many times in the past you, being exactly in the same circumstances, only in half of the cases came to the conclusion this event happened. In this situation I would say your believability of this event happened is equaled to the half. But you can't answer in this way. You are required to answer only either ``Yes'' or ``No''. What would you do in this situation? You must not think such situations are big rare. Refresh your memory what are you doing every day under uncertainty? Every day you are doing only it and no more. The question arises how you do this action?
If I say you ``toss a coin in your mind, or in your thoughts'' I'll do the mistake. The point is every one of us has an ability to make the believabilistic choice. You yourself, or what is the same, your experience is such ``coin'' that, while you aren't questioned, it rotates all the time in ``free flight''. And only when you answer the question the ``coin'' falls on one of the sides: ``Yes'' or ``No'' with the believability that your experience tells you.
Therefore, to denote this action, I will choose the new expression ``tossing an experienced coin'' in an experienced experiment that becomes dual to the usual expression ``tossing a coin'' in a random experiment.

Very briefly on the new axiomatics of co∼events, it is intended for the rigorous mathematical description of an entanglement between observer and observation. Here we try to consider the new axiomatics in the normal human non-mathematical language, although it uses a new but quite natural terminology: ``a co∼event occurs (as an entanglement of observer and observation), a ket-event happens (as chance of observation), a bra-event is experienced (as an experience of observer) ''. And finally, it seems to me that the new theory in a not very rigorous mathematical language is most conveniently set out in the form of questions and answers that my students, graduate students, and colleagues often asked me during numerous internal and external discussions.

We introduce the set-theoretic language for the element-set labelling a Cartesian product by measurable binary relations intended for the
labelling, or for the naming of parts and details of the construction that we are going to propose in the theory of experience and of chance as a
mathematical model of an event as a dual pair.

An improved generalization of Feynman's paradox of negative probabilities [1, 2] for observing three events, which is directly related to the theory of quantum computing is considered. Imagine a triangular room with three windows (see Fig. 1), where there are three chairs, on each of which a person can seat [3]. In any of the windows, an observer can see only the corresponding pair of chairs. It is known that if the observer looks at a window (to make a pair observation), the picture will be in the probabilistic sense the same for all windows: only one chair from the observed pair is occupied with a probability of 1/2, and there are never busy or free both chairs at once. Paradoxically, existing theories based on Kolmogorov's probability theory do not answer the question that naturally arises after such pairs of observations of three events: "What is really happening in a triangular room, how many people are there and with what is the probability distribution they are sitting on three chairs?" See also a random variable approach in \cite[N.N.Vorob'ev, 1962]{VorobevNN1962}

In this paper, a room with four inlets located at the ceiling in the centre of the room with an exhaust installed at the bottom sidewall was modelled and investigated. The air is supplied through the individual room air inlets filtered by a high-efficiency particulate air filter, and the air is removed from the room via the exhaust located at the bottom sidewall. It leads to two possible inlet arrangements with four inlets: 1x4 array and 2x2 array. In the modelling, an obstacle is built to represent a workbench located underneath the inlets. Both the array designs are compared on their air flow and ability to remove gaseous contaminants. This study also suggests that the behaviour of the air jet impingement on the surface of the obstacle must also be considered in determining the design of the inlet array in a clean room.Practical application: This paper is intended to provide a practical guide to building service engineers on the design arrangement of inlets for a Class 7 clean room. By using the same concept, the design arrangement concept can be extended to the sizing of a workbench (i.e. the obstacle) when there is a fixed inlet design.

Link to full text journal :
http://bse.sagepub.com/content/36/3/357.full.pdf

This study was conducted to ascertain the level of pollution caused by industrial wastes in the New Calabar River, Rivers state and their effects on the benthic fauna of the river. Two stations were selected within the study area. Sediment samples were collected using hand trowel twice a month for the period of 3 months white water samples were aseptically taken from the two stations using sterile crew capped bottles, once a month for the 3 months in the early hours of morning at low tides. These samples were carefully analyzed in the laboratory.  Fourteen (14) taxa of benthic macro-invertebrates were identified from the New Calabar River. Gastropoda and Crustacea were the most dominant classes. Station 1 recorded a high number of these species (Tubifex species, Limnodrilus species, Hirudo medicinalis, Limnobella australis, Lymnea natalensis, Afrogyrus species, Bulinus foskali, Pila ovata) while station 2 had none but one of these species (Afrogyrus species.). There was an abundance of these species (Chironomus species, Anephine species, Renetra species, Desmocaris trispinosa, Baetis species, Ophigomphus species) in station 2 compared to station 1 that had very limited number of these species. Those species abundant in station 2 (control) are pollution intolerant while those abundant in station 1 are pollution tolerant and can be used as indicators of biological stress in aquatic environment.  Absence of some of the benthic organisms like Baetis sp. from station 1 could be as a result of some environmental stress (physical, chemical and biological) or high level of pollution. In this case, the pollution could be caused by industrial wastes discharged into that station which probably resulted in an unfavorable increase in Oxygen Demand as other organic compounds are discharged into the water body. The presence of these pollution intolerant species in station 2 is highlighting a station free from pollution. Hirudo medicinalis, Limnodrilus sp. and Tubifex sp. appeared to be the most abundant species in the polluted site (station 1); this is because these species have the ability to withstand high level of pollution. Analysis of the environmental variables revealed that temperature values recorded were within the range 24⁰C - 27⁰C. The DO ranged from 0.8 to 1.2mg/l having a mean value of 1.0, these values are quite low but not abnormal considering the relative increase in temperature observed. The level of DO should not be overlooked however as this influences the health of aquatic ecosystem. BOD in station 1 was high, ranging from 12.8 to 15.6 mg/l while COD ranged from 15.6 to 19.0 with 17.3 as mean value. The deterioration of this water body has caused adverse effect on the ecosystem; a constant supervision to companies within the study area is necessary to ensure their effective treatment of effluents and wastes before disposal.

A practical case study on the air distribution in an operating room (OR) at University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur is presented. The OR has a relatively large floor area since it is connected with the medical storage room and served by a total of 14 room air inlets and 3 exhausts. The room air inlets are located at the peripheral of the surgical site rather than just above the surgical site. From the measurement conducted, the average room inlet air velocity was 0.19m/s with a standard deviation of 0.03m/s for all inlets and 33.5 air change per hour. In line with its current design, the air distribution was simulated using the computational fluid dynamics software. Initial simulation with the room air inlet velocity of 0.2m/s showed an improper airflow at the surgical site. However, this condition was not significantly improved even by doubling the inlet velocity. The results have identified that with air inlets located at the peripheral of surgical site, the air inlet design was unable to provide a satisfactory airflow across the surgical site, and hence not appropriate for the purpose of its intended use.

Link to Full-Text Articles :
http://ibe.sagepub.com/content/24/3/355.full.pdf

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been the subject of an important development during the last years. Most of the applications deployed over WSNs require strong coverage requirements, especially those related to the detection and tracking of distributed events. In this paper, we use the Voronoi tessellation of the region of interest to formulate and solve an evolutionary optimisation problem modelling the activation of the deployed sensors. The major idea behind our approach is to adapt the spatial sensor distribution to the local probability of target presence. We show, through the results of our experiments, that our method allows a non-uniform deployment of the sensor nodes, which is better suitable for tracking applications.

http://inderscience.metapress.com/content/84373054271wk302/