Ptuj

Pred okvirno 70 leti je v drugi oziroma tretji številki Zgodovinskega časopisa potekala vroča diskusija, ki še danes ni razrešena. Gre za eno najbolj perečih vprašanj arheologije v Sloveniji, to je problem staroslovanskega svetišča na Ptuju. Avtor predstavi pester potek odkritja zloglasnega objekta v »podivjanih« povojnih letih v Jugoslaviji med velikimi arheološkimi izkopavanji na zahodnem platoju ptujskega gradu. Izkopavanja postavi v širši okvir povojne gradnje države in nacije (Jugoslovanov), ko so tudi arheologi in zgodovinarji pomagali postavljati novo državo na nove temelje.

Avtor se spopade z enim najbolj perečih problemov arheologije v Sloveniji, to je problem staroslovanskega svetišča na Ptuju. Predstavi pester potek odkritja zloglasnega objekta v pestrih povojnih letih v Jugoslaviji med velikimi arheološkimi izkopavanji na zahodnem platoju ptujskega gradu. V ospredje postavi ozadje debate med Josipom Korošcem in Franjem Bašem. Sledi argumentom ene in druge strani ter predstavi nova dognanja. Poglobi se v primerjavo z Arkono, ki je bila temelj Koroščeve teze. Nato se osredotoči na arhitektonske probleme objekta in morebitno rekonstrukcijo. Predstavi argumente za obravnavo objekta kot negativa srednjeveškega oziroma po zadnjih tezah morda celo poznoantičnega stolpa.

Avtor raziskuje začetke srednjeveškega Ptuja predvsem na podlagi objavljenih arheoloških, zgodovinskih in umetnostnozgodovinskih virov, ki jih primerja in skuša med njimi vzpostaviti zvezo. Na kratko se ustavi pri geografskih pogojih in vprašanjih kontinuitete poselitve na tem območju od antike do visokega srednjega veka. Predstavi zgodnjesrednjeveško poselitev ter nekropole na Ptuju in v neposredni okolici. Posebno pozornost nameni problemu staroslovanskega svetišča. Posveti se vplivu, ki ga je na Ptuj imela meja z Ogrsko. Predstavi večje gradbene podvige v 12. in 13. stoletju, in sicer grad, proštijsko cerkev sv. Jurija, cerkev sv. Ožbalta, dominikanski in minoritski samostan, mestno obzidje itd. Marsikatera arheološka izkopavanja bo potrebno ponovno ovrednotiti; večina arheoloških najdišč mlajših obdobij še sploh ni primerno ovrednotenih.

Today's town of Ptuj was in the early Middle Ages a short time owned by Pribina, prince who was expelled from Nitra by Prince Mojmir. At the Ptuj - castle hill cemetery some graves were found, most likely related to the Pribina escort, his son Kocl and his wife. The article presents analogies for the supposed Great Moravian artefacts, especially jewellery. It can be said that individual earrings have analogies in Moravia, Slovakia, and also Croatia. Jewellery of the Great Moravian type most likely arrived to Ptuj from Zalavar, where the cultural influences from the Moravian and Croatian environments were mixed together.

In 1980 Ljudmila Plesničar published a Roman grave, discovered to the south-east of the colony of Emona (modern Ljubljana) along the road leading towards the municipium Neviodunum (modern Drnovo near Krško).
The grave inventory included among other items a marble casket, two iron and four bone objects, explained by the author as an iron chopping-knife, a bone pin, a bone tube, an iron adze and two bone spatulae. The last three can be identified as a fragmented iron wax spatula, a bone strip terminating in a perforated tab, probably a ruler, and a bone knife resembling modern paper knives.
Roman bone or ivory knives, in form very close to iron-bladed pen-knives,
are extremely rare. Apart from the knife from Ljubljana, two others have been found in graves associated with writing and measuring instruments.

Tretji del trilogije Mnogo hrupa se odmika od samega problema staroslovanskega svetišča in se dotakne širšega konteksta Ptuja v času od pozne antike do visokega srednjega veka. Rdeča nit članka je kontinuiteta, specifično pa se posveti trem perečim problemom. Prvi je kontinuiteta med ljudstvi in kulturami na prehodu iz romanizirane antike v slovanski srednji vek. Drugi je kontinuiteta vere oziroma »trk« stare »poganske« vere z »novo« krščansko vero v zgodnjem srednjem veku. Tretji je družbenopolitična kontinuiteta oziroma uveljavitev fevdalnega reda pred madžarskimi vpadi in po njih. Pri raziskavi primerja različne vire, od arheoloških in zgodovinskih do filoloških in geografskih, pri čemer ponudi pri nekaterih virih novo branje in interpretacijo.

The representation shows excavations from 1911 at Panorama, Ptuj, that revealed at one location a building with hypocaust and at the other several rooms, some of them with religious caracter. The excavator interpreted theese rooms as the temple of Cabeiri, based on marble plaques with depicted goddess and two horseman trampelling two human figures beneath their feet. In order to reconstruct theese ritual rooms, an analysis of the cult, later known by the name of danubian horseman or lunar goddess, has been made. Unfortunately, the research did not give satisfactory resoults therefore a topography of ritual monuments and ritual architecture of Poetovio has been studied, but that also revealed unique situation considering architecture and combination of different depictions of several cults that was found inside the religious rooms at Panorama. The next step in attempt to reconstruct this situation was an analysis of the adjacent excavations at Panorama. They were performed in 1913 and revealed a building with an apse and another with peristyle. But unfortunatelly all theese locations, a building with a hypocaust, ritual rooms, a building with an apse and the one with a peristyle is not spatially associated, therefore several geophysical research has been made (author Branko Mušič), in 2007 and in 2012 (another one is in plan for the 2013) in order to reconstruct an urbanistic frame in which the ritual rooms were found.

Europski kartografski izvori tijekom cijelog 16. stoljeća kontinuirano su donose podatke o Ptuju te da gotovo i nema karte koja bi prikazivala područje Štajerske uz rijeku Dravu, a koja ne bi imala ucrtani Ptuj, a u pravilu i Maribor te Ormož. Ptuj (s okolnim gradovima) je najviše bilježen na kartama tiskanim u 13 gradova i to na njemačkom prostoru (Nürnberg, Ingolstadt, Köln, Augsburg, Frankfurt na Maini i Strassburg/Strasbourg), a također i na kartama tiskanim u Italiji (Rim, Venecija), Nizozemskoj (Amsterdam, Antwerpen), Švicarskoj (Basel, Zürich) i Austriji (Beč). Uz njih postoji i nekoliko rukopisnih karata koje se čuvaju u Beču, Karlsruheu i Dresdenu. Prema trenutnom stupnju istraženosti Ptuj se javlja na nešto više od 70 kartografskih izvora iz 16. stoljeća, s time da ovaj broj nije konačan. Nešto manje su na kartama prisutni Maribor, a još manje Ormož. Povremeno ima i drugih okolnih naselja. Obavijesti iz karata o Ptuju, Mariboru i Ormožu 16. stoljeća su vrlo ograničene zbog toga jer su na karte bilježeni tek osnovni podatci. Učestalost pojavljivanja Ptuja, Maribora i Ormoža na kartama tijekom 16. stoljeća po prilici je u skladu je s njihovim tadašnjim značenjem. U radu je autor vrlo ograničeno nastojao ispitati i mogućnosti utvrđivanja promjena u okolišu, posebno u odnosu grad-rijeka, npr. kroz izgradnju mostova i meandriranje rijeke Drave.

Drugi del trilogije Mnogo hrupa za nič sledi Heraklitovemu načelu: »Boj je oče vsega in vsemu kralj!« Problem staroslovanskega svetišča na ptujskem gradu je predstavljen s soočenjem argumentov glavnih akterjev, Josipa Korošca in Franja Baša. Avtor preuči temeljne trditve pro et contra interpretacije Objekta kot svetišča, s tem da doda rezultate novejših raziskav in relevantne sorodne primere iz bližnje ter širše okolice. Besedilo se pomika postopoma od razlage Objekta kot staroslovanskega svetišča do poznoantičnega oziroma srednjeveškega stolpa. Zaradi relativno pomanjkljivih podatkov in nezanesljivih rezultatov izkopavanj gre nujno samo za eno izmed možnih interpretacij.

Although Ptuj was an important town during the Early Christian
period, there is not much art-historical evidence to represent this,
in contrast to finds from the Roman era and late Middle Ages. Many
monuments are difficult to categorize unambiguously as pagan or
Christian, due to Early Christian art taking over many scenes and
decorative elements from Roman art and reinterpreting them into
Christian content by the means of interpretatio Christiana. One such
tableau is the depiction of a feast (convivium).
The sarcophagus bearing this scene (Ptuj-Ormož Regional
Museum, inv. no. RL 447), was not found in its place of origin but
rather at a secondary spot built into the church of St. Martin in
Hajdina. In the hitherto literature, it has so far been interpreted as
a scene from vita privata (private life) illustrating a representative
feast of the Roman upper class. The present article brings out the
fact that it could be a de facto depiction of a Christian feast as is
so often represented on sarcophagi and catacomb paintings. It is
almost impossible to determine whether the feast represented is
of pagan or Christian origin, especially on sarcophagi that are void
of archaeological context, epigraphic indications or accompanying
scenes. The Ptuj scene shows many similarities with the wall paintings
in the catacombs of Sts. Peter and Marcellinus in Rome, as almost all
of the figures (two women sitting along a table, two reclining men
and children next to them, servants), and other details (wicker flasks
for wine and water, bread and food on a platter), can be found there.
Moreover, the scene is set under a vine rich in grapes, which is one
of the most characteristic symbols of Christianity. Nevertheless, it is
important to draw attention to the male on the extreme right turning
away from the scene, who does not appear on any other depictions
of convivia. His posture resembles Old Testament patriarchs making
offerings to the Lord (e.g. Abel, Melchizedek).

The contribution analyses the Late Roman cemetery, which was discovered on the tournament ground of Ptuj Castle during rescue excavations in 1986-1988. Seven of the 13 excavated graves were accompanied by grave goods. This cemetery can be well classified to the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 5th Centuries, whilst certain elements indicate a barbarian presence.

THE TOTTINGS OF PTUJ AND MAJŠPERK: THE RISE AND DEMISE OF A BURGHER FAMILY IN EARLY MODERNITY

The Totting family from the Lower Styrian town of Ptuj and nearby Majšperk castle is not unknown to Slovene and Austrian historiography, yet knowledge of the family has until now been very fragmentary. Only known were the head of the family, Benedict Totting, a Protestant and wealthy Ptuj burgher, who in the late sixteenth century rose to lower nobility and acquired the Lordship of Majšperk, and his widow Anna Strusniger, who in the early seventeenth century ran a clandestine Protestant school for girls. Recent research on Medieval and early modern Ptuj burghers by Dejan Zadravec has expanded on this, introducing to us Benedict's position as Ptuj town judge, his father Hans and first wife Ursula Fintz, as well as some of Benedict's purchases and leases of various smaller estates: vineyards, fishing ponds, etc. Children were only speculated to have been born in either marriage. New research by the author of this paper not only fills many gaps of the Totting family history, which is generally only of interest to local historians, but also sheds more light on the survival strategies of early modern burgher families, both economic and social. While the Tottings' origins remain unknown, Benedict's social ascent may have started in 1556 at the latest, when the merchant was already married to the daughter of the burgher Blasius Fintz from the Upper Styrian market town of Eisenerz. The exact details of Benedict's early rise as a Ptuj burgher are obscure due to the lack of documents, yet when he emerges again in 1572, he does so as the town judge, i.e. holding the highest office of the autonomous town authorities in the Princely town. The social prestige required to be a part of and to rise within the burgher elite was generally predicated on one's ability to make profit. While Benedict had plenty of this, it was not enough; his family needed a stronger social safety net in order to make it through life's incertitude; he needed staunch allies. Ensuring the social (and physical) survival of any premodern family was best secured by diversifying income and by multiplying alliances, especially by wedlock. Benedict made sure that his and Ursula's daughters were married to rich and influential men: Anna in 1575 to the Ptuj burgher and merchant Hieronymus Zunggo, who later became town judge, grew very rich by leasing one of the largest European copper mines near the Croatian town of Samobor for two decades and consequently managed to rise to lower nobility; Margaretha in 1585 to the lawyer Magister Ulrich Holzer from a (presumably) Graz burgher family and (later) an official of the Styrian court for nobility or Landschrannengericht; and Katharina in 1588 to the affluent and influential Carinthian Toman Zipnikh, the chief toll collector in Croatia and Slavonia and well connected to the Styrian Land Estates. Aside from social and economic, Benedict's family alliances were also inter-confessional: Zunggo was a Catholic and Holzer a Protestant as was his father-in-law, at least by the time of Katharina's wedding. Following Ursula's death, Benedict wed Anna Strusniger, most likely from the Carinthian town of Wolfsberg and with relatives in the Carniolan capital Ljubljana and the town Novo mesto. If not before, Benedict certainly accepted the "Pure Gospel" from Anna. She bore him the sons Andreas and Adam, on whom Benedict began to focus his inheritance strategies; the lease of the valuable Lordship of (Upper) Majšperk and the request for a title of nobility to the Hungarian King Rudolph II (also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia), which he was granted in 1590 (but remained a burgher in the Empire), are to be regarded within this context. However, turning the focus to his sons, especially as he may have already had a grandson by Hieronymus and Anna Zunggo, appears to have led to intrafamilial conflict, which erupted following Anna Totting's death. Andreas and Adam were still minors when their father died on 24 June 1591. It seems that thereafter the Catholic Zunggo became the head of the family and, following his own rise to Hungarian lower nobility in 1599 (he remained a burgher in the Empire), helped Anna Totting secure Majšperk as a fief. Furthermore, it was certainly the inter-confessional familial as well as neighbourly solidarity that enabled Anna to run a not-so-secret Protestant school in Ptuj, even under the pressure and scrutiny of the Princely Counter-Reformation in the early seventeenth century. However, both Andreas, once a student at the University of Tübingen, and Adam died without heirs, although Adam, born in 1589, managed to get married before his death in 1614. Some rift must have erupted within the extended family following Hieronymus' death, sometime between 1612 and 1617, since in her will Anna left everything to her sister Maria Gritscher from Novo mesto and niece Susanna Grübner, leaving nothing to Benedict's grandsons, mostly Zunggos, when she died in 1617. Due to her sister's disinterest in Majšperk, in 1624 the castle and estate were sold to an old ally of the Tottings, Maximillian von Plösch, an erstwhile Ptuj burgher.

http://shs.zgodovinsko-drustvo-kovacic.si/

Errata:

P. 659, N. 33 & P. 691: Andrej Hozjan in Tone Ravnikar, "Deželni knez notranje Avstrije Karel II. Habsburžan na Ptuju poleti 1578", Acta Histriae 26, št. 1 (2018), str. 86–87.

P. 667: Ti imaſh tvojga blishniga lubiti, kakòr ſam ſebe (Mr 12,31).

P. 677, N. 127: /.../ vnd vest herr Benedic Thoting ƨg welic /.../ ewigen gedachtnvs ƨg.

In the autumn of 1654 a Fehde (feud) broke out in the Styrian town of Ptuj between the Moscon and Qualandro noble families. With the killing of one of Simon Moscon’s subjects, the Fehde acquired another twist, the threat of blood vengeance. The Qualandros, the perpetrator and his son fled the vengeance into monastic asylum and into the burgher estate respectively. The Ptuj town authorities assumed the role of the mediator, in accordance with legal customs, with almost no interference from the princely (state) authorities. With the town’s mediation, peace was made in the summer of 1655; also by monetary restitution (composition) to the killed subject’s family.

http://zdjp.si/en/

The subject of the dissertation Thesis is Roman golden jewellery in the area of Pannonia Superior. The main purpose of the scientific research was building of catalogue of known jewels, interpretation of its wider context and contribution to the better understanding of jewellery in the mentioned area.
This text is concerning the history of archaeological research, character of gold and other materials used for jewellery and used techniques. The main methodical progress was based on mutual comparison of the jewels and confrontation with chosen jewel typologies. More than 500 specimens are divided according to the way of wearing to head-, neck- and hand decoration, with extra consideration on pendants and needles/pins. Thesis does not handle with objects indentified purely as dress decorations . Final text includes general evaluation, specialists vocabulary, abbreviations. In part II of the Thesis is text of the catalogue and part III includes images of the jewels, maps, charts and other images.

Thesis was successfully completed in 2013

Na razstavi ob 100-letnici Oddelka za klasično filologijo Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani leta 2019 je bilo omenjeno, da je bil Anton Sovre, profesor na oddelku, med prvo svetovno vojno ranjen. To mi je dalo pobudo, da sem začel raziskovati njegovo vojaško službo, epizodo njegovega življenja, ki je bila znana le zelo površno. Med raziskovanjem je obseg zbranega biografskega gradiva tako narasel, da ga več ni bilo mogoče obdelati v enem članku. Med njim je bilo marsikaj zanimivega iz zgodnejših obdobij Sovretova življenja, čeprav ni bilo specifično povezano s prvo svetovno vojno oz. samim Antonom Sovretom; zato bo Sovretova vojaščina obdelana posebej, 1 pričujoči prispevek pa bo poskusil na podlagi ostalega gradiva podati zaokrožen prikaz njegove družine in izobraževanja. Posebno zahvalo za nasvete in gradivo dolgujem doc. dr. Mihu Šimacu s Teološke fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani in pa ge. Ani Černuta Deželak iz Knjižnice Antona Sovreta Hrastnik. Zahvaljujem se tudi zasl. prof. akad. dr. Kajetanu Gantarju, ki je Antona Sovreta še osebno poznal, da je z mano opravil intervju in mi tudi kasneje posredoval zanimive podatke. Zahvala velja tudi vsem drugim, ki so izkazali interes za moje raziskovanje, zlasti družini Sovre, družini Ivačič in Mitju Bartenjevu.

REFORMATION IN PTUJ. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF EARLY MODERN PROTESTANT COMMUNITIES IN THE SLOVENIAN DRAVA REGION. This article sheds light on the Reformation period and the early modern Protestant community in Ptuj (Pettau), although the insight it provides is rather cursory due to the highly fragmented archival sources. Nonetheless, even the scant sources attest to the fact that the Ptuj community of the Augsburg Confession was not insignificant, at least not during the final decades of the sixteenth century. The community also managed to withstand the Counter-Reformation well into the first decades of the seventeenth century, despite Ptuj being the first Styrian town targeted by it in 1587. Furthermore, several town councillors and other town officials, as well as a number of students enrolled at Protestant universities, came from the community’s ranks. Concurrently, the community’s spiritual needs were provided for by the Lords of Stubenberg from Vurberk (Wurmberg) or, rather, at least by their final preacher Georg Lautenschlager.