Ohrid

Valuable artifacts have long been pillaged from Macedonian cities, churches, monasteries, and spread all over the world. Today we can find them in museums or private collections in NewYork, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, Belgrade, Athens, Thessaloniki, Sofia, Zagreb, and so on. But one of the worst episodes in this centennial robbery happened during the Bulgar occupation in 1916.

The modelling and visualisation of networks is based on the material in: M. Mullett, Theophylact of Ochrid. Reading the Letters of a Byzantine Archbishop. Birmingham 1997.

The first graph is a visualisation of the connections between letters in localities between which these letters were exchanged (" 2mode network").

The second graph is a visualisation of the weighted network of localities on the basis of Theophylact´s correspondence; two localities are connected if letters of Theophylact were exchanged between them. Links are scaled according to the number of letters within Theophylact´s collection documenting exchanges between them.

The third graph visualises these connections between localities on a map. Links are again scaled according to the number of letters within Theophylact´s collection documenting exchanges between them. The size of nodes is scaled according to their number of connections within the network ("degree").

The fourth graph is a "zoom" into these geographical visualisation of the network for the Western Balkans; links are again scaled according to the number of letters within Theophylact´s collection documenting exchanges between them.

For the localisation of sites within the historical region of Macedonia cf. also the upcoming volumes on Macedonia (Southern Part) by Peter Soustal and on Macedonia (Northern Part) by Mihailo Popovic within the series "Tabula Imperii Byzantini" (http://www.oeaw.ac.at/imafo/die-abteilungen/byzanzforschung/communities-landscapes/historische-geographie/)

For any further questions, please contact Johannes.Preiser-Kapeller@oeaw.ac.at.

Although seemingly monochrome in overall panoramic view of the city, where the prevailing white façade paint, light, played in an interesting way with light and shadow generated by the infringements of forms, full and empty fragments of windows and other decorative elements of the facilities which make the unique ambient picture of the old Ohrid architecture . The idea deeper to analyze the use and impact of color in traditional architecture in Ohrid, came to me from that astonishment.
Today, in the race for rapid economic development, largely suffers cultural heritage, which destroys the ambient of the old city core with inappropriate interventions with the use of color, measures and proportions of the new buildings that are being built in the context of existing old buildings.
With the measures laid down in the new "Law on Ohrid„ I hope they will prevent further destruction of the ambient of old city core, while there will be enough freedom of expression of the architect - designer. There is enough negative and positive examples that deserve deeper critical analysis and presentation of the general public and to raise awareness among the future builders and users of buildings in old urban core of the Ohrid city.

The seven holy Slavonic saints (Sts. Cyril, Methodius, Gorazd, Clement, Nahum, Angelar and Savva). The monograph examines the question of how this group came into being and how the common veneration of this group began. The book also deals with the biographies and work of individual saints from the group of seven Slavonic saints. It provides a synthetic survey of sources, basic biographical data and summarize our knowledge of the work and activity of the individual disciples of Sts. Cyril and Methodius. Attention is also paid to the questions of their veneration and the fate of their relics. A review of different sources briefly presents the origin of each source, gives information about the oldest available text, the number of preserved manuscripts and the most important printed editions. We considered it to be important to give a more detailed description of the liturgical situation in the 9th and 10th century, as a background of the spiritual and intellectual formation, work and activity of the holy seven Slavonic saints.

Svätí slovanskí sedmopočetníci. Bratislava: Slovenský komitét slavistov – Slavistický ústav Jána Stanislava SAV, 2010. 247 strán. (ISBN 978-80-89489-02-2.)

This paper analyses the complex and multiform thought and action of St. Clement. A Saint which has dedicated his name and his life not only to the hagiography of the Christian Orthodox Church (as well as of the Roman Catholic Church), or that may be appreciated only for the instinctive and even understandable connection with regard to the elaboration and the perfection of the Cyrillic alphabet.
Even though commonly and due to the adjectival use of the name, the introduction of this alphabet is attributed exclusively to Saint Cyril (and even to Methodius).
As mentioned above, in the largeness of the interests and intellectual speculations to which the thought of Saint Clement was dedicated for several decades, a particular consideration is to be reserved to the fact how the thought of the Saint, in the historical and social context of his life, did influence fundamental issues of good governance and his vision of justice not merely reduced within the limits of state community, but intended and projected in a general context, and therefore, has not missed to take under consideration and to influence even fundamental choices of principle of international law with regard, specifically, to that dimension of justice considered by the Saint of Ohrid (840-916 a. C.) with regard to the correct international relations between States.

Osmanlı-Türk siyasi tarihi açısından II. Meşrutiyet’in ilanına giden süreç,
yaşanan gelişmeler nedeniyle önem arz etmektedir. İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti ise
Osmanlı Devleti’nin tekrar anayasalı yönetime geçişini sağlayan ve sonraki dönemde
Türk siyasi hayatına damgasını vuran bir siyasal harekettir. Jön Türk olarak adlandırılan
aydın hareketinin önemli bir ismi olan İbrahim Temo, İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin
kurucusu ve cemiyetin İstanbul’da ve Balkanlarda örgütlenmesinde, taraftar
kazanmasında rol onayan bir isimdir. Eyüp Sabri, Meşrutiyet mücadelesinde İttihat ve
Terakki Cemiyeti’nin, II. Abdülhamit yönetimine karşı Ohri’de güç kazanması,
örgütlenmesi ve askeri direniş sağlaması açısından büyük çaba sarf eden ve bu açıdan
cemiyetin güvenini elde eden kişidir. İttihat ve Terakki hareketinin önemli isimlerinden
olan İbrahim Temo ve Eyüp Sabri’nin ortak yönlerinden biri de II. Meşrutiyet
mücadelesinin önemli merkezlerinden biri olan Makedonya-Ohri bölgesinden
olmalarıdır. Bu çalışmada, İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin kuruluş tarihinden
Meşrutiyet’in tekrar kabulüne kadar geçen sürede İbrahim Temo’nun İstanbul, Romanya
ve diğer bölgelerdeki faaliyetleri, düşünceleri incelenmiştir. Aynı zamanda bu çalışmada,
Eyüp Sabri’nin Ohri ve diğer bölgelerde İttihat ve Terakki’nin örgütlenmesi, güç
kazanması açısından oynadığı rol değerlendirilmiştir. Eyüp Sabri’nin, Resneli Niyazi ve
diğer İttihatçı fedailerle olan ilişkileri, Meşrutiyet mücadelesinin son anına kadar İttihat
ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin emirleri doğrultusunda aldığı görevler ve gayretleri anlatılmaya
çalışılmıştır.
Abstract
In terms of Ottoman-Turkish political history, the process leading to the
declaration of the Second Constitutional Monarchy is important because of encountered
developments. The Committee of Union and Progress is a political movement that
provides the transition of the Ottoman State to constitutional rule again and marks the
Turkish political life in the next period. İbrahim Temo, an important name of the
intellectual movement called Young Turks, is the founder of the Committee of Union and
Progress and has important role on the Commitee's organisation and finding supporters
in Istanbul and the Balkans. Eyüp Sabri is the person who has made great efforts in
Constitution struggle of the Commitee of Union and Progress to gain power in Ohrid,
organization and military resistance against the rule of Abdülhamit and gain the
confidence of the society in this respect. One of the common features between İbrahim
Temo, one of the most important names of the Union and Progress movement, and Eyüp
Sabri is that the Macedonia-Ohrid region, one of the most important centers of the
constitutional struggle, is the motherland of these two. In this study, İbrahim Temo's
activities in Istanbul, Romania and other regions during the period from the establishment date of the Committee of Union and Progress to the re-acceptance of Constitutionalism were examined. At the same time, in this study, Eyüp Sabri's role in organizing and powering the Union and Progress in Ohri and other regions was assessed. Eyüp Sabri's relations with Resneli Niyazi and other guerillas of the Unionists, his duties in the direction of the Committee of Union and Progress until the last moment of the
constitutional struggle and and their efforts were tried to explain.

The analytical overview of the choroi, lighting devices with liturgical function, which have been in use from the middle of the 14th to the beginning of the 20th century on the territory of present day Republic of Macedonia, discusses fourteen examples manufactured in bronze and wood. Five of these works of applied art are authentically attributed with monograms or inscriptions. The period in which the other examples have been produced, has been hypothetically assigned according to their characteristics and historical context.

Abstract:
In late Byzantine monumental painting, works are rarely signed by the artists and even when they are, it is very scarce for us to have more than one signed work by the same painter. Exceptions to this “rule” are two masters, Michael Astrapas and Eutychios (Astrapades), who left their signatures in five different churches. All of these churches are located in the historical region of Macedonia, which is today divided between the states of Greece, FYROM and Bulgaria. The Astrapades painted their signatures or monograms and even other undecipherable letters not in apparent places, but almost hidden among the garments of some saints, the weapons and the armory of holy warriors and upon some ceramic vessels that are decorating some scenes of the iconographical program. Their signatures in some cases are like cryptograms and some of them have only been recently discovered in the last fifty years. This paper suggests a new way of deciphering their inscriptions, based on the material of the objects bearing the signatures, letters or monograms. We argue that these outstanding masters of the Paleologean Renaissance, as great innovators of their time, intentionally “invented” a new ingenious way to declare their presence in the churches that they have decorated.

Location: Barcelona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona – Museu Episcopal de Vic

Publisher: Professor Manuel Castineiras.

Event Date: Nov 7, 2014

Organization: I Simposi Magistri Cataloniae. Artista anònim. Artista amb signatura. Identitat, estatus I rol de l'artista en l'art medieval

Publication Date: Nov 7, 2014

Publication Name: I Simposi Magistri Cataloniae. Artista anònim. Artista amb signatura. Identitat, estatus I rol de l'artista en l'art medieval.

Conference End Date: Nov 8, 2014

Conference Start Date: Nov 7, 2014

Slav dillerinde Ohrid, Osmanlıca ve Günümüz Türkçesi’nde ise Ohri olarak adlandırılan şehir, Ohri gölünün kuzeydoğu kıyısındadır. Balkan coğrafyasında son derece stratejik bir konuma sahip olan Ohri şehri, gölün kuzeydoğu kıyısında çıkıntı şeklinde uzanan burnun yamaçları üzerinde deniz seviye¬sinden 792 metre yüksekliktedir. Tarihi süreç içerisinde konumu itibariyle pek çok medeniyetin iktidar mücadelesine sahip olan Ohri şehri, XIV. yüzyıldan itibaren Osmanlıların yakın ilgisine mazhar olmuştur. Nitekim Sultan I. Murad zamanında başlayan Osmanlı hâkimiyeti, uzun yıllar varlığını sürdürmüştür.
Osmanlı yönetimi, hâkimiyetinin ilk yıllarından itibaren Balkan coğrafyasında göl yerleşimi özelliğine sahip nadir yerleşim birimleri arasında yer alan Ohri şehrinde siyasi, kültürel ve ekonomik açıdan birtakım icraatlar meydana getirmiştir. İmar ve iskân faaliyetleri, öncelikleri arasında yer almakla beraber iskân üzerinde sistematik bir şekilde durulmuştur. Terk edilmiş ya da harap hale gelen yerlerin, yeniden eski haline veya daha iyi bir görünüm kazanmasına gayret edilmiştir. Osmanlıların, hâkim oldukları süre içerisinde kalıcı bir yerleşmeyi amaçladıklarından planlı bir şekilde hareket ettikleri görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda Ohri, Osmanlı yönetiminin yaklaşım tarzı konusunda ilgi çekici bir örnektir. 1385 yılında Osmanlı idaresi ile tanışan Ohri, kısa zaman içerisinde tatbik edilen bayındırlık faaliyetleri sonucunda bölgenin sancak merkezi konumuna gelmiştir. Ohri’nin gelişiminde coğrafi konumu kadar gölün etkisi yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Osmanlı yönetimi iskân siyasetinin akabinde yürüttüğü faaliyetlerinde göl unsurunu da göz önüne almıştır.  Zira Avrupa’nın en büyük ve derin gölleri arasında zikredilen Ohri gölü, şehrin güvenliği, ulaşımı ve iktisadi yapılanmasında belirleyici amil olmuştur.

The aim of this paper is to show (un)appropriate usage of photography in studies dedicated to Late Byzantine architecture. Since Late Byzantine architecture most of all expressed its i n t e r m e d i a r y nature on the surfaces of the walls, on the example of west facade of church St. Sophia in Ohrid (Macedonia) it will be shown how the quality and framing of the photography determines what and how we see. Several preserved sepia filtered photos of the church St. Sophia in Ohrid photographed by Viennese photographer Joseph Szekely 1863th will be juxtaposed to modern photo DSLR formats. One of the focused problems is framing of visual discourses since brickwork variety of west facade of Ohrid cathedral yields to be seen and captured. Although frames are deciphered by recognizing who or what is actually depicted, framing is constrained by the fact that it was photographed only what photographers and researchers previously recognized as same or different.

II. Meşrutiyet mücadelesinde Makedonya’nın önemli merkezlerinden birisi de Ohri’dir.
Makedonya’nın çok uluslu karışık yapısı ve sorunları Ohri içinde geçerlidir. Ohri İbrahim Temo ve Eyüp Sabri’nin anavatanı olduğu gibi İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin en kuvvetli ve güvenilir merkezi olmuştur. Resneli Niyazi ve Eyüp Sabri Beyler dağa çıkarak eyleme geçtiklerinde en büyük desteği de yine Ohri halkı vermiştir. Çetelerin giyecek-yiyecek bütün ihtiyaçları karşılandığı gibi Şemsi Paşa’yı vuran Atıf Bey’de burada saklanmıştır. Meşrutiyet ilân edildiğinde Ohri mücadeleye verdiği destekle bunun haklı gururunu Manastır ile birlikte hatta daha fazla yaşamıştır.

ÖZET Osmanlı Devleti beş asırdan fazla hüküm sürdüğü Balkanlar'da bir kısmı günümüze ulaşabilen çok sayıda tarihi ve kültürel eserler bırakmıştır. Makedonya'nın güneybatısında yer alan Ohri Gölü ve yakın çevresi, doğal güzellikleri, zengin tarihi ve kültürel varlıkları ile balkanlarda turizm potansiyeli en fazla olan yerlerden biridir. Ohri ve Struga şehirleri, Osmanlı kültür ve medeniyetine ait birçok cami, türbe, tekke, mescit, medrese, han, hamam, çarşı ve bedesten gibi abidevi yapıyı bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Osmanlı-Türk sivil mimarisinin izlerini taşıyan meskenler de günümüzde varlığını sürdürmektedir. Ohri'de günümüze kadar ayakta kalabilen ve turistlerin sıklıkla ziyaret ettiği camiler arasında, Ali Paşa, Zeynelabidin Paşa, Emin Mahmud, Hacı Turgut, Hacı Hamza, Haydar Paşa ve Kuloğlu camileri yer almaktadır. Ayrıca Ohri şehir merkezinde birkaç kilise ve manastırda da Osmanlı'nın izlerini görmek mümkündür. Ayasofya Kilisesi ve Aziz Kliment Manastırı bir dönem Osmanlılar tarafından camiye dönüştürülmüş olan dini yapılardır. Sinan Çelebi Türbesi ve Mehmet Hayati Halveti Tekkesi de Ohri'de ziyaret edilen diğer İslami yapılar arasında bulunmaktadır. Ohri'ye birkaç kilometre uzaklıktaki Aziz Naum Manastırı'nın yanında ise Sarı Saltuk Türbesi'nin izleri mevcuttur. Osmanlı idaresi süresince Balkanlar'da tasavvuf erbabı mürşitler vasıtasıyla kurulan tekkeler, Müslüman tebaa arasında yaygın ilgi görmüştür. Bunlardan Struga'daki Halveti Hayati Hasan Baba Tekkesi,18. yüzyıla ait tipik bir Osmanlı mimari örneğini temsil etmektedir. ABSTRACT The Ottoman State, having ruled the Balkans more than five centuries, left behind a large number of historical and cultural monuments. Located in the southwest of Macedonia, the Ohrid Lake and its surroundings, with their natural beauty, as well as with their historical and cultural richness, constitute one of the sites with the highest touristic potential in the Balkans. The cities of

Until recently the Gospel manuscript from the Russian National Library
in St Petersburg, MS Q.п.І.3, now dated to the mid-14th century, was almost not known. It was found that its teratological headpiece on f. 85r is similar to a headpiece in the Four Gospels NBKM 1356 of about the same period. The compositions, though stemming from a common prototype, differ in their details.Being found in manuscripts of obviously different origin, they bring forth a number of issues such as the attribution of the two South Slavonic Tetraevangelia, their interdependence and relations with manuscripts and centres where the model patterns were used and copied in three 17th-century illuminated Gospels.

The paper gives a report of a recent project (2015): to create virtual 3D models of the two columns inside the church of the monastery Sveti Naum, Macedonia. The columms are known to feature various inscriptions, and the article presents one additional inscription which was found during the scanning of the columns. The project was made possible through a cooperation with the University of Bitola (UKLO).

Giakoumis K. (2015), “Glimpses from the Politics and Pragmatics of St. John-Vladimir's Veneration & Pilgrimage in the Longue Durée”, in Delikari A. (ed.) (2015), Διεθνές Επιστημονικό Συνέδριο “Κύριλλος και Μεθόδιος: Το Βυζάντιο και ο κόσμος των Σλάβων”, 28-30 Νοεμβρίου 2013, Thessaloniki: Municipality of Thessaloniki, pp. 133-144.

This paper investigates the processes of contest and re-signification of the veneration and pilgrimage of saint John-Vladimir and the Southern Slavic, Bulgarian, Albanian and Greek politics and pragmatics that drove them. A late-10th-early-11th-century Serb prince of Dioclea associated with the Bulgarian Tsar Samuel, saint John-Vladimir is highly venerated in Montenegro, Albania and western Macedonia. Pursuant his martyrdom in 1016, the saint’s relics were transferred initially to Dioclea and in ca. 1215 the army of the despot Michael I of Epiros transferred them to Durrës; at least from the 14th century his relics were once again transferred from Durrës to his monastery in Elbasan, where they remained until recently. After a destructive earthquake destroyed the monastery in 1380, in 1381 the Albanian prince Charles Thopia restored its catholicon as recorded in three commemorative inscriptions written in Greek, Latin and Slavonic.
The saint’s appeal has been recorded in historical sources (John Skylitzes, Kedrenos and Michael, bishop of Devol), which reciprocally enhanced this appeal. At the end of the 13th century Rüdiger compiled the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja (Dioclea) to serve the political ambitions of his patron, Subić, who wished to establish a Croatian Kingdom of Southern Slavs; the vita of St. John-Vladimir incorporated therein has been interpreted as a gesture of approach by Subić towards Bulgarians. The saint’s vita was further elaborated and his honour enhanced especially during the prelacy of Joasaph II, Archbishop of Ohrid (1719-1745).
The paper concludes that it was the political determination of Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian and Albanian royal or princely elites to preserve the memory and elevate the veneration of a significant saint to the wider Ohrid region that made St. John Vladimir and his monastery a point of pilgrimage reference at a spot contested by Serbian, Bulgarian and Albanian elites.

This chapter has been designed to comprise curent legal aspects of governance systems applied or under development in the catchment areas (not withstanding the specific legal status of the areas declared) of several natural freshwater lakes in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, shared by littoral states. These are Skadar/Shkodra (shared by Albania and Montenegro), Ohrid (shared by Albania and Macedonia), Macro and Micro Prespa (shared by Albania, Greece and Macedonia) and Dojran (shared by Macedonia and Greece) lakes. All these lakes, except the Dojran Lake, are parts of the the Drin River basin, which, besides these four lake sub-basins  comprises also the geografical areas (sub-basins) of the Black Drin River (Crn Drim/Drin i Zi),  the White Drin River (Beli Drim/Drin i Bardhë), the Drin River (Drim/Drini/Drin i madh) and the Bojana/Buna River.

Key words: The Möbius loop, Hinterwelt, Genius loci Scholae Provincialis Portensis, Nietzsche, Glagolitic, Cyrillic, the Petrinian reform, Lenin´s cultural revolution, the collapse of metaphysics in Slavonic writing

Both August Möbius (1790–1868) and Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) attended Pforta Abbey´s Landesschule. Whereas Möbius as a mathematician discovered a non-orientable two-dimensional surface, the so-called Möbius strip or loop, i.e. a surface with only one side and one boundary, Nietzsche tried to overcome the so-called Hinterwelt, the metaphysical realm beyond the physical one or the other side of being. Just as the Eleatic sphere symbolised the idea of the unity and the unchangeability of all being, just as the invisible hand reflected Scottish deism, just as dodecaphony underscored musically the Vienna Circle´s logical positvism, so the Nietzschean overcoming of the beyond along with the eternal recurrence of the same can be depicted by the Möbius loop.

In this context we might also regard the Moebius loop as a figure eventuating from the collapse of ontological systems. If the functioning of ontological and vital systems is characterised by a tension between two poles (the earthly and the other world, the life of this world and of the world to come, the above and the below, the masculine and the feminine principle, the temporal and the spiritual power, physics and metaphysics), it follows that, as a consequence of the annihilation of this vital tension and of the abolition of the difference between two opposing principles –  as a result of a short-circuit as it were –,  life is vanishing and death is occurring. Just such a process may be observed in the development of Slavonic writing.

This article attempts to illustrate the cultural and historical significance of the graphematic changes of the more than thousand-year-old Slavonic writing. Emphasis lies on its development from the Petrinian reform up to the Leninist cultural revolution. With its revolutionary aspects, the transformation of the Slavonic script conveys a profound philosophical connotation. It reflects a process of secularisation depriving the script of its metaphysical symbolism.

Slavonic writing historically departs from the glagolitsa developed by St. Cyril of Thessaloniki (ca. 826/27-869) in the 9th c. Into this alphabet designed for missionary purposes among the Slavs he introduced letters fraught with Christian religious symbolism: the Slavonic az (i. e. Cyril´s substitute for alpha) was depicted by the sign of a cross, the letters i (the first letter in the name “Isous” for Jesus) and slovo (i.e. word – “In the beginning was the Word”, invented as a substitute for sigma) were depicted by a combination of a circle, the symbol of eternity, and a triangle, the symbol of the Trinity.

In a further step, the cyrilitsa ascribed to St. Clement of Ohrid (ca. 840 – 916) contained the extended diacritic titlo ( ҃ ) symbol to mark the nomina sacra, e.g. the titlo crowning the word angel (’άгг҃лъ) served to distinguish the angel of the heavenly realm from the fallen angel (’άгглъ). The Cyrillic alphabet, a.k.a. azbuka, was made up of letters conveying the connection of literacy and the Gospel.

As part of Peter the Great´s efforts to modernise Russia by Europeanising his realm in all aspects of life the Cyrillic script was to resemble Latin alphabets current in Western Europe in the early 18th c. The new script introduced by decree in 1708 became known as the civil or Amsterdam script (grazhdansky shrift or amsterdamskaya azbuka). Aiming at Latin simplicity, the Petrinian reform stripped the cyrilitsa of its medieval calligraphic ornaments and its religious connotations. The Slavonic ideographic names were replaced by phonetic initials, i.e. the azbuka was transformed into the abevega. The titla were eliminated.

Right after the Bolshevik Revolution, Dec. 23, 1917 (Jan. 5, 1918) Anatoly Lunacharsky, the first People´s Commissar of Enlightenment, proclaimed the “Decree on the Introduction of a New Orthography”. The reform intended to promote rapid alphabetisation on the one hand and to break with pre-revolutionary culture, in particular with religious traditions, on the other. The elemination of the “superfluous” letters prefigurated the liquidation of the “parasitic” classes. The Bolshevik reform deprived the Tsarist alphabet of the remaining Greek letters (such as theta (ѳ)). By removing the Slavonic letters yat (ѣ), the final yer (ъ) and the decimal i (і desyaterichnoe) as well as distinctive female personal pronouns and adjective endings the reform deprived the Russian language of precision in expression. Simplification brought about a reduction of semantic clarity.

The most striking example of this reduction is found in the merger of world and peace in mir. In traditional eschatology the identity of world and peace was to be expected only at the end of times. In an chiliastic effort  Bolshevism intended to realise the kingdom to come in the revolutionary present. Not by chance the Leninist language reform reflects this turn from traditional metaphysics to secular religion. The Möbius loop had locked.

reziume

sakvanZo sityvebi: mobiusis maryuJi, nicSe, leninis kulturuli revolucia,
metafizikis kolafsi slavur mwerlobaSi.

orive august mobiusi (1790-1868) da fridrix nicSe (1844-1900) daeswro
„Pforta Abbey’s Landesschule“-s. maSin roca mobiusma, rogorc maTematikosma
aRmoaCina araorientirebuli organzomilebiani zedapiri, e.w. mobiusis
zolebi, magaliTad, zedapiri mxolod erT mxariT da erTi sazRvriT,
nicSe cdilobda daZleva e.w. Hinterwelt – metafizikuri sfero yofnis
erTi an meore fizikuri mxariss miRma. iseve, rogorc eleatikur (Eleatic)
sfero yvela arsebis erTianobisa da ucvlelobis ideas simbolo iyo.
am konteqstSi, Cven SeiZleba aseve miviCnioT mobiusis maryuJi, rogorc
figura, romelic warmoiqmneba ontologiuri sistemebis kolafsis
Sedegad. Tu ontologiuri da sasicocxlo sistemebis funqcionirebas
axasiaTebs daZabuloba or poluss Soris (am samyaros cxovreba da im
samyarosi, zemoT da qvemoT, mamakacuri da qaluri principi, droebiTi
da sulieri Zala, fizika da metafizika), aqedan gamomdinare, am vitaluri
daZabulobis ganadgurebis Sedegad da or sapirispiro princips Soris
arsebuli gansxvavebis gauqmebis Semdeg, sicocxle qreba da sikvdili
ibadeba. zustad amgvari procesi SeiZleba iyos dafiqsirebuli slavur
mwerlobaSi.
statia cdilobs asaxos kulturuli da istoriuli mniSvnelobis
grafematuli cvlilebebi aTasze meti wlis slavuri mwerlobisa. aqcenti
keTdeba mis ganviTarebis petrinianuli reformidan leninur kulturul
revoluciamde. revoluciuri aspeqtebiT slavuri damwerlobis
transformacia gadmoscems Rrma filosofiur konotacias. igi asaxavs
sekularizaciis process, romelic xelnawers metafizikur simbolizms
arTmevs.

http://sjani.ge/sjani-17/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9E%20%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98.pdf

The paper presents a new photograph, a new drawing and a new textual representation of the inscription on Sveti Kliment's tombstone in the church Sv. Perivlepta (Ohrid, Macedonia). The article is a summary with a full version forthcoming, but the extensive presentation shown at a conference in Bitola in Sept. 2016 is included (79 pp.).

The paper aims to examine the development and characteristics of the cult of the Holy Unmercenaries Saints Pantaleon, Cosmas and Damian in the present-day Republic of Macedonia, focusing on the relationship between religious sites, images and ritual practices. The analysis is focused on three churches, dedicated to these Saints, which have an important role in the current state of the cult – the “St. Pantaleon” Monastery in Gorno Nerezi village, near the Macedonian capital Skopje (built in the 12th century and famous for having the oldest preserved icon-painting of the life cycle of St. Pantaleon), and two churches in Ohrid, dedicated to Sts. Cosmas and Damian, known as “Mali Sveti Vrachi” (built in the 12th century and nonfunctioning as a liturgical place) and “Golemi Sveti Vrachi” (built in the 19th century and actively participating in the religious life of the local community).

The Frontier Studies is an international research project centred on the city of Ohrid and its environs, located on the northern shore of the homonymous lake at the present frontier of Albania and the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM). Since its establishment in 2017, the project has been undertaken as a cooperative effort between researchers from Charles University in Prague and the Archaeological Museum of Macedonia. The aim of the first season was an extensive, trial field survey to unlock the historical landscape and to evaluate the dynamics of the habitation patterns in the region diachronically.

The purpose of this paper is creating distinctive value proposition and recognizable destination brand through integration of different activities and actors in the segment of tourism by application of a business model tool. To illustrate the application of the " Business model canvas " tool, it was taken a case study of the city of Ohrid, which is one of the most beautiful tourist destination on the Balkan Peninsula, protected by UNESCO, but at the same time confronted with many problems in tourism, as many tourist destinations in the world. Besides, the application of the methodology of " business model canvas " , we carried out interviews and an empirical survey on " creators " and " consumers " of tourism in the city of Ohrid. The results of the overall research, the created tourist model of Ohrid, as well as the supported research instruments, interviews and empirical survey bring some interesting ideas and solutions for many contemporary...