Quarry

Studies of terrains affected by mining activity show that plant cover is restored over a long period of time, often lasting more than 25 years.
This report presents results from the analysis of climate and soil conditions in the area of an active quarry for mining of inert materials (sand and gravel). The waste product (sludge) is analyzed to determine the possibilities for its utilization for the purposes of biological reclamation.
Soil materials which are taken and depot reserved for the purposes of reclamation have favorable qualities and can be used successfully. Technological waste (sludge) has unfavorable properties concerning the content of organic substance, basic nutrients (total nitrogen and assimilable phosphorus) and pH.
The report gives recommendations for improving the conditions in the habitats and outlines the necessary ameliorative activities. Functional zoning is used to address the varying conditions by creating zones for active and passive recreation, as well as zones for different age groups. Plant species composition corresponds to the requirements of the functional zoning.

A methodology for assessing the processes of dust formation and transfer from the external dumps of overburden rocks, formed near the Alekseevsky quarry of building materials in the Republic of Mordovia, was proposed in the Article. The basic element of this assessment is in consideration the physical-geographical characteristics of the quarry area, including basic meteorological characteristics and coefficients determining the dispersion conditions of pollutants, combined with an analysis of the geometric characteristics of the dump and the properties of the dump rocks. The proposed method includes the use of sieve analysis of dusting material soaring in the air, as well as computer simulation using the “Ecolog” software package. It was established, investigated dusty material is largely composed of particles that are a subtype of microscopic dust, 0.4 mm in size. Spherical particles and irregular polyhedrons are the predominant. This form is primarily associated with the genesis and structure of overburden and host rocks of sedimentary origin. As a result of the sieve analysis, the spatial patterns of dusting material distribution, blown of from the dump, were established. When moving away from the overburden dump, large particles from the dust flow quickly precipitate. Already at a distance of 10 m, the number of particles larger than 1.6 mm decreases sharply, and at a distance of 50 m particles larger than 0.63 mm make about 5% in a dust flow. The bulk of dust particles have a size of less than 0.14 mm at a distance of more than 70 m. As a result of the application of the “Ecologist” software complex, a prognostic map of inorganic dust dispersion from overburden dumps in the summer was built, considering that another similar dump was being formed simultaneously with the existing dump, which has practically exhausted the possibility of overburden accumulation. As recommendations for reducing dust emission from existing and projected dumps, it was proposed to fix their surfaces with a biogenic or chemical protective layer.

Abstract (English version)
Increasingly, mine issues and water resources are being managed on a watershed basis, while addressing problems at the local mine scale. A good example of this developed when empirical and analytical modelling of the potential inflow to an open pit mine in the Durvuljin soum, a region in northwest Mongolia, indicated that inflow would be on the order of 0.3 to 10.5 L/s. In this study, the radius of influence due to open pit mining was estimated to be between 0.6 and 3 km. Based on simulated drawdown contours and transient pit inflow figures that captured the impact of mining and groundwater inflow rate variations over a period of time, it appeared that advanced dewatering will not be required at this mine, unless currently unknown major fractured structures are intercepted. In-pit basal sumps and pumps should be sufficient to remove water from the mine floor. However, an assessment of the final pit level is also crucial to planning the post-mining surface and groundwater quality/eco-system and mitigation requirements during recovery. Our post-mining water table recovery estimate indicated that inflow will exceed evaporation and that a shallow lake will likely form. While such solutions, which do not rely on complex numerical models nor excessive input data, are not appropriate for all hydrogeologic situations, they are relevant to the conditions encountered at most mine sites.

Keywords

Pit lake, Post-closure, Mine rebound, Mine water management

Zusammenfassung
Bergbau und Wasserressourcen werden zunehmend im Maßstab der Einzugsgebiete bewirtschaftet, während Probleme im lokalen Bergbaumaßstab geregelt werden. Ein derartiges Beispiel zeigte sich bei empririschem und analytischem Modellieren des möglichen Wasserzulaufs in einen Tagbau in dem Durvuljin soum, einer Region in der nordwestlichen Mongolei. Demnach würde der Zulauf zwischen 0.3 und 10.5 L/s liegen. Der Radius des Absenkungstrichters wurde in dieser Studie auf 0.6 bis 3 km geschätzt. Simulierte Konturen des Trichters und transiente Zulaufvolumina erfassten die Auswirkung des Bergbaues und wechselnder Zuflussraten über die Zeit. Daraus ergab sich, dass bei diesem Bergbau keine Vorausentwässerung notwendig sein würde, wenn nicht derzeit unbekannte Störungen angeschnitten werden. Sümpfe und Pumpen sollte ausreichen, um Wasser von der Tagbausohle zu entfernen. Auch eine Abschätzung der Endteufe des Tagebauloches ist erforderlich, um die Qualität, Ökosysteme und Schadensminderung der Bergbaufolgelandschaft und des Grundwassers während der Aufspiegelung zu planen. Der Zufluss wird die Verdunstung übertreffen und vermutlich wird sich ein seichter See bilden. Obwohl derartige Lösungen, welche nicht auf komplexen numerischen Modellen und grossen Datenmengen beruhen, nicht für alle hydrogeologischen Gegebenheiten geeignet sind, können sie für die meisten Bergbaue sachdienlich sein.

Resumen
En forma creciente las situaciones en las minas y las reservas hídricas están siendo manejadas sobre la base de las cuencas en lugar del abordaje local en la mina. Un buen ejemplo de esto se desarrolló modelando, en forma empírica y analítica, la potencial irrupción de agua en una mina de cielo abierto en Durvuljin, una región en el noroeste de Mongolia; los resultados indicaron que la entrada de agua debía ser del orden de 0.3 a 10.5 L/s. En este estudio se estimó el radio de influencia de la minería a cielo abierto entre 0.6 y 3 km. Sobre la base de los contornos simulados y las figuras de irrupción transientes generadas por el impacto de la minería y las variaciones del flujo de entrada de agua subterránea sobre un período de tiempo, se encontró que no se requerirán desagotes avanzados en esta mina salvo que se intercepten estructuras fracturadas no conocidas actualmente. Los sumideros basales dentro del hoyo y las bombas deberían ser suficientes para eliminar el agua del piso de la mina. Sin embargo, una evaluación del nivel final en el hoyo es crucial para la planificación de los requisitos de la superficie post minería, de la calidad y ecosistema de las aguas subterráneas y de los requerimientos de mitigación durante la recuperación. Nuestra tabla de estimación de recuperación post minería, indicó que la entrada superará la evaporación y que probablemente se formará un lago poco profundo. Estas soluciones que no se basan en modelos numéricos complejos ni en excesivos datos de entrada, no son apropiadas para todas las situaciones hidrogeológicas, pero son relevantes en las condiciones encontradas en la mayoría de los sitios mineros.

蒙古Zavkhan省Durvuljin soum露天矿涌水量与采后水位恢复预测
目前人们越来越重视在流域尺度进行采矿与水资源协调管理和在局部小尺度解决采矿问题。例如,经验模型和解析模型预测蒙古西北部Durviljin soum露天预测涌水量为0.3 ~ 10.5 L/s,露天矿影响半径为0.6 ~ 3km。同时,降深预测和非稳定流涌水量计算表明,除非采矿揭露未知大型断裂,开采期间将不需要进一步疏水。露天矿坑内水仓和水泵应该具有足够抽排矿坑水的能力。矿坑采后最终地下水位对采后地表水和地下水质恢复及生态恢复非常关键。采后水位恢复估算结果表明,矿坑涌水量将超过蒸发量并形成地表浅湖。虽然不依赖复杂数值模型和大量数据输入的经验与解析解并不一定适用于所有矿坑,但该解对绝大多数矿坑是可靠的。.

This paper reports the corrosivity and leaching behavior of CLSM made using two different industrial wastes i.e. bottom ash from an incineration facility and quarry dust. The leachate samples were derived from fresh and hardened CLSM mixtures, and studied for leaching and electrical resistivity. The release of various contaminants and the consequent environmental impact caused by the contaminants were studied by the measurement of contaminants in the bleed, in the leachate at 28 days, and on the leachate derived from crushed block and whole block leaching done over a period of 126 days. Results indicated that the CLSM mixtures are non corrosive; diffusion was the leaching mechanism; and the contaminants were found to be moderate to low mobility. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

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En la ciudad de Bogotá la minería de extrac­ción de materiales para la construcción se intensificó desde el siglo XIX hasta principios del siglo XX (Secretaría Distrital de Ambien­te, 2007) y durante ese periodo, el crecimiento acelerado de la población, las imprecisiones técnicas de las operaciones mineras y una legislación que no contemplaba conceptos de cuidado del medio ambiente generaron numerosos pasivos ambientales, constituidos por las instalaciones mineras abandonadas o inactivas, áreas expuestas a remociones en masa que en la actualidad generan impactos negativos severos que afectan a la población y los ecosistemas. El objetivo de este artículo es emplear la metodología de evaluación del impacto ambiental Gómez Orea para diag­nosticar y analizar los pasivos ambientales presentes en la cantera Villa Gloria ubicada en la localidad de Ciudad Bolívar, y así de­terminar las posibles obras de mitigación que permitan darle un nuevo uso a esta zona, como: zonas verdes y/o áreas de...

The article describes the assessment of the predicted water flows at the site of the projected rock dumps, which was carried out using geofiltration modeling. When developing the model, we used actual data on capacities, filtration coefficients and water capacity, roof and sole marks of the selected aquifers, precipitation infiltration, as well as the projected dumps are located on the slope surface. We schematized hydrogeological filtration conditions in relation to existing natural conditions, taking into account the planned construction and operation of dumps, and also determined the maximum water inflow of underground and surface water into the drainage system. Based on the obtained data, the most effective version of the drainage system for the removal of underground and surface water from the territory of dumps has been developed, which will allow to perform the maximum possible interception of the flow of underground water and flood water, to form depression surfaces in the near-slope mass of the body of dumps, to prevent filtration deformations of the ledges and to ensure the normative bearing capacity of rocks. The provided drainage devices will ensure the overall stability of the ledges of the dumps, both during their long standing and during their constant formation.

International and National databases confirm a global inequality in terms of financial, economic and social development of Countries, despite the World Globalization process of International integration by the interchange of worldviews, knowledges and cultures. Such mismatches are even more evident between the low-income countries and the “rich” ones, where techniques, technologies, geopolitical economies, and normative frameworks are strengthen. Unfortunately, these aspects somehow affect the working conditions in critical NACE sectors, where the occurrence of work related injuries is still impressive.  The mismanagement of OS\&H aspects is related to a lacking management of emissions toward the surrounding territory, contributing to determine important environmental impacts; this is more evident in high-risk activities such as Mining and Quarrying - M\&Q. The present work aims to provide some useful tools to manage OS\&H and Environmental issues in M\&Q, a sector where the involved techniques and technologies significantly depend on the economic and cultural context.

During surveys over the southern part of the Kuh-e Hossein range and east of Naqš-e Rostam, a group of three pairs of rock-cut niches (two unfinished) was found at the foot of high cliffs rising above the foothills in 2012. Next to the niches nine engraved inscriptions were discovered. A year later an epigraphic study was carried out in order to decipher the Middle Persian texts. These rock-cut niches are in line with previously documented inscribed funerary remains in the surroundings of the historical city of Estaḫr: the inscriptions depict them as daḫmag. Less than 1 m in size, they should most probably be interpreted as ossuaries or cavities cut in the rock to shelter mobile ossuaries. The style of script suggests dating these funerary remains back to a period no earlier than the 7th century AD, most probably during the early decades of Islamic domination. These new tombs enhance our knowledge of the rich funerary landscape along the southern Kuh-e Hossein foothills, where we ar...