Radiolarite

A lelőhely a Duna-völgy és a Gödöllői-dombság között húzódó Pesti hordalékkúp-síkság és a Kosdi-dombság határán, a Duna bal parti, ÉNy−DK-i irányú teraszán található. A terasz Ny-i irányban a Duna felé lankásan, míg K-i irányban a Cselőte-patak felé meredekebben lejt. Az alapkőzet kavics melyre lösz települt. A Duna bal partján az eddig ismert legdélebbi felső paleolitikus nyíltszíni vadásztábor. Stratégiai hely, ahonnan figyelemmel lehetett kísérni a téli-nyári legelőváltásuk során a gázlókhoz vonuló zsákmányállatokat. A lelőhely kiterjedése ÉNY-DK-i irányban mintegy 400 × 130 m. Kutatástörténet A tágabb értelemben vett terület, a Duna-kanyar a Dömösi szorostól Vác városáig jól kutatottnak számít a Duna mindkét partján egyaránt. A legelső őskőkorinak meghatározott leleteket Rómer Flóris írta le az 1860-as években Vác környékéről. Az 1920-as és 40-es évek között Horváth Adolf János végzett fontos megfigyeléseket és hitelesítéseket a területen. A Gábori házaspár az 1960-as években Dömösön kövekkel körülrakott sátoralapot, Szob−Ipoly-parton 3 ékszercsiga depót tárt fel nyíltszíni táborhelyen. Az 1980-as évektől T. Dobosi Viola végzett feltárásokat Pilismarót környékén. A 2000-es évek elején Markó András szakdolgozata kapcsán járt terepet Szob és Vác közt. Béres Sándor a 2000-es évektől végez felszíni gyűjtéseket a területen, itt bemutatandó lelőhelyünk lokalizálása is az Ő nevéhez fűződik. 2017-től már szisztematikus gyűjtések folynak a lelőhelyen, a leletek koordinátáit kézi GPS készülékkel rögzítjük.

Zusammenfassung
Die Rohstoffversorgung mit Silex und Bergkristall als idealer Werkstoff für
die Produktion von Steingeräten war für die Menschen der Steinzeit eine
wichtige Maßnahme. Es ging um die Erschließung von Ressourcen, Abbau,
Förderung und Distribution. Von Bedeutung waren Qualität und Quantität
des Materials. Zu den prospektierten Regionen gehören sowohl die nördlichen
und südlichen Kalkalpen als auch die kristalline Zone der Ostalpen.
Aktuelle montanarchäologische Untersuchungen in den letzten Jahren erbrachten
neue Forschungsergebnisse. War bis dato das Radiolaritbergwerk
von Mauer bei Wien der einzige Nachweis einer steinzeitlichen Abbaustelle
in Österreich, so konnten in den Jahren 2004 bis 2012 nicht weniger als
fünf weitere entsprechende Plätze in Vorarlberg, Tirol und der Steiermark
lokalisiert werden. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass die daraus gewonnenen
Rohmaterialien überwiegend der regionalen Versorgung dienten.

Summary
Stone Age humans were highly reliant on access to chert and quartz as
ideal raw materials for the production of stone tools. They had to fi nd,
mine and distribute these materials, with both quality and quantity being
of great importance. Prospecting was carried out in the northern and
southern Limestone Alps as well as in the crystalline zone of the Eastern
Alps. Archaeological research carried out in the past few years has given us
new insights into mining during this period. Until recently the radiolarite mining site in Mauer near Vienna was the only proof of Stone Age mining
in Austria. However, between 2004 and 2012 fi ve previously unknown
sites were found in Vorarlberg, the Tyrol and Styria. Further investigations
revealed that the raw material mined at these sites was primarily used to
supply the local region.

In this paper, we will briefly present data on raw material management of Mesolithic occupations south of the Picos de Europa, the highest peaks of the Cantabrian Mountains, located in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Our raw material management study will focus on the cave sites of La Uña and El Espertín. Several
raw material varieties present at these two sites have been identified. This has enabled us to determine the raw material sourcing networks along the Cantabrian coast for these sites and identify their links with other areas. Lastly, these raw materials have been linked to the technology of the retouched industry noted at the
two aforementioned sites.

A small mug, contained more than 100 pieces chipped stone tools as a depot-find was excavated in 2009 in a settlement pit of the Baden culture at the boundary of Hódmezővásárhely-Gorzsa. The raw materials of the lithics are Bakony-type radiolarites. This is an unique depot find from this epoch. Regarding the Bakony radiolarites as far-trade source in a settlement in a Great Hungarian Plain, it can be worthwhile to detail its real value, the technical aspects of the finds and the customs of storeaging from this age and culture. Kivonat A badeni kultúra települési gödrében, egy kiskorsóban több mint száz darabból álló pattintott kőeszköz raktárlelet került elő ásatás során 2009-ben, Hódmezővásárhely gorzsai határában. A kövek nyersanyaga bakonyi radiolarit-típusokból áll. A Baden-komplexum területén ez az első ismert pattintott kőeszköz-kincs. Mivel a nyersanyag az Alföld területére távolsági kereskedelemmel juthatott el, érdemes részletezni a korszak és a kultúra raktározási szokásait, a leletegyüttes a maga korában képviselt értékét, és a kőeszközök jellegét.

Innovations relevant to human evolution often involve subsistence technology, which can affect the success of individual groups, and Homo sapiens in general. However, Palaeolithic technologies include more than just hunting tools, and a proper understanding of hunter-gatherer ways of living requires knowledge of the organisation of diverse tasks and activities, including the manufacture and maintenance of tools and other equipment. One central aspect of technological evolution is the development of tool hafting [1, 2], which is not only restricted to hunting and gathering implements, but also affects so-called domestic tool categories.

We present the results of an on-going project that focuses on hafting and use of stone tools in the Upper Palaeolithic through detailed functional analysis of selected assemblages from European key sites (Hohle Fels, Abri Pataud, Maisières-Canal), which have yielded rich lithic and organic assemblages from secure chronological contexts. Here the focus is on classic Upper Palaeolithic tool categories, such as endscrapers and burins, from the Gravettian and Magdalenian levels of the cave site Hohle Fels (Germany) [3, 4]. We suggest that domestic tools can offer a valuable source material, since for most of them, hafting is not a necessity as it is for spear and arrow tips. An increase in hafting implies an increase in time investment, which has implications for task organisation and specialisation.

The Hohle Fels assemblage offers an interesting case study for temporal changes (or continuity) in the frequency and techniques of tool hafting. The projectile technology shows a clear shift from the Gravettian to the Magadalenian, marked by the introduction of a microlithic technology (backed bladelets). For other tool categories, the changes seem more subtle. Our goal is to characterise the tools used in manufacture and maintenance tasks, and to evaluate whether the Gravettian to Magdalenian transition witnesses changes in tool design and use that go beyond hunting equipment. The observed differences between tool classes and time periods are explained with a reference to details of tool use, such as the rate of edge wear development and stone tool exhaustion, as well as shifts in treatment of organic raw materials. The results suggest that domestic tools can aid in understanding long-term technological evolution, and create a baseline against which we can (re)assess the role of shifts observed in technologies that are more susceptible to morphological change, such as projectiles.

References: [1] Rots, V., 2013. Insights into early Middle Palaeolithic tool use and hafting in Western Europe: The functional analysis of level IIa of the early Middle Palaeolithic site of Biache-Saint-Vaast (France). J. Archaeol. Sci. 40, 497–506. [2] Barham, L., 2013. From Hand to Handle: The First Industrial Revolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford. [3] Conard, N. J., Bolus, M., 2003. Radiocarbon dating the appearance of modern humans and timing of cultural innovations in Europe: New results and new challenges. J. Hum. Evol. 44, 331–371. [4] Taller, A., Bolus, M., Conard, N. J., 2014. The Magdalenian of Hohle Fels Cave and the Resettlement of the Swabian Jura after the LGM. In: Otte, M., Le Brun-Ricalens, F. (Eds.), Modes de contacts et de déplacements au Paléolithique eurasiatique: Actes du Colloque international de la commission 8 (Paléolithique supérieur) de l'UISPP, Université de Liège, 28–31 mai 2012. Centre National de Recherche Archéologique, Luxembourg.

The Archaeological Museum in Kraków stores a small collection of the Baden culture artifacts from Trenčín in western Slovakia. The collection consists of fragments of clay pots and stone tools made of radiolarit.
The artifacts were placed in the Museum in 1930. Except for the place of origin of these findings, the information about the circumstances of their discovery and their archeological context are unknown. The materials can be assigned to the Late Classic Baden horizon. The sites which are dated as such are very scarce in western, and in particular, south-western Slovakia. In this area prevail the findings of the Boleráz group of
the oldest horizon of the Baden complex in Central Europe and the sites of the Post-Baden Bošáca culture.

In the course of research of the SFB HiMAT (History of Mining Activities in the Tyrol and adjacent areas) numerous surveys on prehistoric fl int mining were carried out by the project part 05 (Silex and Rock Crystal Mining in Alpine Prehistory) from 2007 to 2010 in Western Austria (North-Tyrol and Vorarlberg) and South-Tyrol (Italy). The intent was to fi nd deposits of high quality chert and radiolarian rock for further investigation on mining traces. Quality and quantity of the silica raw material found in the investigation area is suffi cient at several places but giving proof to mining traces is more diffi cult. Considering the state of the art it must be stated that north-alpine silex from Western Austria was only used on a regional scale. On the other hand rock crystal, due to it being rather rare, has a distribution area that spreads as far as the Lago di Garda in Northern Italy.

Radiolaria, unicellular organisms with siliceous skeletal elements. Radiolarians as a taxon have a long range, they are known since the Palaeozoic till recent times. In rock-forming quantities, however, they are typical of the Mesozoic period.
As raw material for chipped stone tools, radiolarite is frequently used. On the average, it is the most frequent
component of lithic inventories in Hungary and even more, in Transdanubia. There are macroscopically separable types among the radiolarites, mainly on the basis of colour and other physical properties. They are currently named after the most characteristic geological source locality. It remains a question though, how much the 'raw material types' represent really different sources; how variability within each source is reflected
in the archaeological lithic material and how much we can separate regional varieties, supported by objective methods of analysis. It is also imperative to know radiolarites from sources outside the present territory of Hungary that may have played a role in the raw material supply and 'fingerprint' the individual sources and regions.
One of the basic aims of the current TéT project was to get  more information on these issues. The paper presented will survey current state of art in respect of radiolarite sourcing studies in the Carpathian Basin as a result of the Croatian-Hungarian collaboration project. As a result, new analytical data and characteristic major element distributions of radiolarite raw materials from Gerecse, Bakony and Mecsek mountains are published. By the comparison with chemical data on archaeological radiolarite artefacts from sites in Hungary, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, preliminary suggestions for the provenance of archaeological radiolarites
are provided. Stone tools of sites in the Gerecse and at Nadap are possibly originated from the Gerecse source.
Radiolarite artefacts of site Vörs may be related to raw material of Bakony. Archaeological finds of Szálka site have similar chemical character to the Mecsek raw materials. Chert artefacts of Fajsz can not be directly connected neither to the Mecsek nor to the Gerecse source. Chipped stone tools from Croatia and Bosnia can not be compared chemically to the radiolarite types of Hungary. However, the carbonate-free Bosnian radiolarite seems to serve as a potential “new” raw material source.

4. Zpracovali jsme nový nálezový soubor moravsko-východorakouské skupiny (MOG) fáze Ia kultury mladoneolitické malované keramiky ze zemnice č. 97/08 a kultury Malice z hliníku 118/08 společně s nálezy mladší fáze kultury s vypíchanou keramikou (SBK) ze sídliště u Předměřic nad Labem nedaleko Hradce Králové, z polní trati „Polder u areálu Zemědělského družstva“. Keramický soubor ze zemnice 97/08 fáze MOG Ia doprovází nálezy saubfáze SBK IVa. Štípané nástroje, většinou čepele, byly zhotoveny z (částečně prosvítajícícho) rohovce krakovsko-čenstochovské jury a jedna čepel z radiolaritu Szentgál z Bakoňského lesa. Nálezy fáze MOG Ia jsou dalším dokladem pronikání MOG z jiřní Moravy (nebo z Dolního Rakouska, Weinviertel) přes Českomoravskou vysočinu do východních Čech osídlených SBK (fáze IVa). Poněkud mladší nálezy MOG a hrnce se zesíleným límcem na hrdle kultury Malice v doprovodu subfáze KVK IVb, štípané industrie a částí zrnotěrek (mlecích kamenů) se našly v hliníku 118/08. Přítomnost nálezů kultury Malice ve východních Čechách se spojuje s (etapovým) transportem jakostních silicitů z Malopolska. Přítomnost nálezů MOG a malické kultury ve východních Čechách byla patrně již způsobena postupným rozšiřováním oikumeny MOG a byla ovlivněna „polabskou gravitací“. S trochou nadsázky lze říci, že šlo o neolitické spojení „střední Dunaj – Labe – horní Visla (a Odra)“ se všemi kulturními projevy. Autoři zjistili, že na soutocích Labe se rovněž nacházely mladoneolitické rondely jako důležitá sociokultovní centra. / We analyse the new finds of the Moravian – East-Austrian Group  (or the Moravian Painted Pottery ), the Phase Ia, from the sunken floored hut No. 97/08 and from the clay pit No.118/08 of the Malice Culture, together with the finds of the young stages of the Stroked Pottery Culture (SBK) of the settlement Předměřice nad Labem near Hradec Králové. Ceramic collection from the sunken floored hut No. 97/08 of the early stage MOG Ia accompanies finds of the phase SBK IVa. Most of chipped artefacts (blades) were made of the Kraków-Częstochowa Jurassic silices (Poland) and one blade of the radiolarite Szentgál from Bakony (Hungary). MOG finds are probably further evidence of penetration of the Moravian - East-Austrian Group from southern Moravia (or Lower Austria, Weinviertel) across the Czech-Moravian Highlands in eastern Bohemia region populated of the SBK (phase IVa). Somewhat younger finds of the MOG and pots with a reinforced collar on the neck of the Malice Culture accompanied by the phase SBK IVb, chipped industry and millstones were found in the clay pit No. 118/08. Finds of the Malice Culture in eastern Bohemia is associated with (advancing) transport of silicites of high quality from the Lesser Poland. The presence findings of the MOG the late Neolithic Painteted Pottery Culture and of the Malice Culture in eastern Bohemia was thus caused by the expansion of settlements of MOG and was affected by the "attractive force" of the Elbe River. With a little exaggeration is possible to say that was a Neolithic connection "middle Danube –Elbe – upper Vistula and Oder" with all cultural manifestations. We found out that on confluences of the Elbe River were situated also rondels as important social and cultic centres from the late Neolithic.