Reservation

Heritage Preservation is an essential and fundamental topic in the context of issues of concern around the world. It is a clear indication of the progress of civilizations, the one from which subsequent generations derive their culture and their architectural identity. The distortion of the architectural style of heritage buildings due to inappropriate conservation process and other factors is a problematic reality in many countries, especially in recent decades. The paper not only focuses on studying and explaining the goals of conservation but mainly clarifies the mechanisms related to the concept of the conservation process and the way of its development and evaluation as well. This is in order to achieve appropriate treatments in preserving the style and characteristics of heritage buildings through the approach of analyzing of architectural principles. The paper evaluates the conservation process through an analytical approach to the old documents of restored heritage buildings, photographs, detailed indicators, and surveying of buildings with surrounding areas to contribute the prevention of further mishandling and deterioration of architectural style of historical buildings. Furthermore, the research leads to forming a table that includes the architectural principles and characteristics indicators to evaluate a conservation process and analyze how to preserve an architecture style. The selected heritage buildings to be analyzed are very well-known representative samples of restored architectural heritage and they were studied to create a clear image of the efficiency of the architectural conservation process. The paper achieves conclusions and specific recommendations in accordance with engineering and scientific methods so that it can help develop the process of conservation and increase the community's awareness regarding the importance of preserving and protecting the architectural style of heritage buildings.

Development process brings growth, progress and positive changes in the society. Indian government also takes a development policy or scheme for the Economically Weaker Section of general caste people by giving 10% reservation to them. In India, Economically Weaker Section (EWS) is a subcategory of people who belong to General Category and have an annual income less than Rs. 8 lakhs and do not belong to any other reserved category such as SC, ST, OBC. Indian government provides a 10% reservation to take admission and to get jobs. It is a very good step of government that gives a little relaxation to the general people who have been facing lots of problems because of the caste reservation system. But it is noteworthy that most of the people of Assam are not aware of it that it was introduced in January 2019. Another important point is that people are facing problems in getting this certificate. But this step of government will bring equality among the people. It will bring the real talent to the country. This scheme or decision can help the poor people to fulfill their dream. This paper will discuss the importance of the reservation for EWS and how this scheme will help general caste people to fulfill their dream and also the limitations or problems of this reservation scheme.

The concept of reservation, which was discussed in great detail during the Constituent Assembly debates, is much older than the drafting of the Constitution. The Members of the Assembly, along with many of the minority groups that they represented, were wary of the implications of reserving seats in the Legislative Assembly, claiming that it would serve to exacerbate differences that people felt with one another and increase separatist tendencies. They also identified that promoting reservations, ironically, came with a certain degree of exclusion.

Heritage Preservation is an essential and fundamental topic in the context of issues of concern around the world. It is a clear indication of the progress of civilizations, the one from which subsequent generations derive their culture and their architectural identity. The distortion of the architectural style of heritage buildings due to inappropriate conservation process and other factors is a problematic reality in many countries, especially in recent decades. The paper not only focuses on studying and explaining the goals of conservation but mainly clarifies the mechanisms related to the concept of the conservation process and the way of its development and evaluation as well. This is in order to achieve appropriate treatments in preserving the style and characteristics of heritage buildings through the approach of analyzing of architectural principles. The paper evaluates the conservation process through an analytical approach to the old documents of restored heritage buildings...

Development process brings growth, progress and positive changes in the society. Indian government also takes a development policy or scheme for the Economically Weaker Section of general caste people by giving 10% reservation to them. In India, Economically Weaker Section (EWS) is a subcategory of people who belong to General Category and have an annual income less than Rs. 8 lakhs and do not belong to any other reserved category such as SC, ST, OBC. Indian government provides a 10% reservation to take admission and to get jobs. It is a very good step of government that gives a little relaxation to the general people who have been facing lots of problems because of the caste reservation system. But it is noteworthy that most of the people of Assam are not aware of it that it was introduced in January 2019. Another important point is that people are facing problems in getting this certificate. But this step of government will bring equality among the people. It will bring the real talent to the country. This scheme or decision can help the poor people to fulfill their dream. This paper will discuss the importance of the reservation for EWS and how this scheme will help general caste people to fulfill their dream and also the limitations or problems of this reservation scheme.

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods of 11 April 1980 (CISG) incorporates the freedom of form principle, allowing the conclusion of international sales contracts as well as their later modification to be made without regard to any form. The Convention does provide, however, for the possibility of individual Contracting States declaring a reservation against this principle, the scope and effect of which are described in Articles 12 and 96 CISG. Eleven among the current Contracting States to the Convention have made such a declaration, making the reservation to the freedom of form principle the most popular among the reservations permitted under the CISG.

This article addresses a number of questions and difficulties in interpretation that have arisen under Articles 12 and 96 CISG, and proposes answers and solutions. It covers inter alia the reservation's drafting history, the current reservation states including recent signs for upcoming withdrawals of reservations, the prerequisites for making a declaration under Article 96 CISG and the consequences of such prerequisites lacking in certain reservation States. In its central part, it focusses on the effects of an Article 96 CISG reservation for the Convention's practical application, introducing the distinction between the reservation's 'negative' effect (i.e. the removal of Contracting States' public international law obligation to apply the freedom of form principle) and its disputed 'positive' effect (i.e. the question whether the reservation in itself leads to the applicability of the form requirements of the reservation State - a question that should be denied). It furthermore elaborates on the determination of the law governing the formal validity of CISG contracts in accordance with rules of private international law, and on the inadmissibility of the parties excluding the 'negative' effect through party agreement (Article 12 second sentence CISG).

Engaging in hotel room reservations has remained a hassle even though there are few applications which provide their own services. This study aims at building a voice chatbot device that can be used for hotel reservation using Amazon Lex Service with Facebook Messenger as the communication platform. The chatbot is built by leveraging on Amazon Web Services (AWS) in the form of a service called Amazon Lex for configuring the bot with utterances and responses and Lambda Functions to validate the responses while carrying out the operations by using Facebook Messenger service. The lambda function runs a script that collects input in the form of plain text or by using voice recognition using the microphone connected to it, which is sent to the Amazon Lex to be processed using various services provided by Amazon Web Services. Then the chatbot sends back a suitable response to the user through the speaker connected to the device or in the form of plain text. This bot is also integrated wit...

It is well known at the efficiency literature that emerging stock markets are inefficient, Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) is no exception, however; most of these studies are conducting using the weak form efficiency approach. This study used the semi-strong efficiency approach to measure ASE efficiency; it examined the effect of publically announced news on listed companies’ stock prices. According to the capital markets efficiency literature, it is expect that if ASE is efficient, the publically announced good news will increase share prices, while bad news will have a negative effect on share prices. During the year 2017, several auditing firms disclosed much reservation about the financial annual reports of some listed companies, the companies’ general controller at the Jordanian Ministry of Trade, in turn, sent to these companies’, enquiries asking for clarifications about the auditors’ reservations. ASE discloses, to the public, on the stock exchange website, the controller enquires which also include the auditor’s reservation, such an announcement is consider as bad news about the concerned companies and it is expected to have a negative effect on their stock prices. Therefore, the problem of the study is to examine ASE efficiency based on this bad publically announced news. The sample of the study includes all listed companies at the ASE regular markets and received enquiries from the company’s controller during the first half of 2017. Sixteen companies, all of them listed at the second market, are identifying to receive enquiries about their annual financial reports; all these companies analyzes at the study. The analytical descriptive approach and the Levine’s Test and Independent Sample T-Test are use to test whether or not ASE is an efficient market. The study analyses conclude that ASE is an efficient market based on the semi-strong form efficiency approach. As thus, stock prices of listed companies at ASE are affected by publically disclosed news, they decline because of publically announced bad news.

The absence of SCs and STs at higher levels of government shows that our decision-making process is neither inclusive nor democratic. The kind of social experience, vision, fresh perspective a Dalit or an Adivasi would bring to officialdom the table is something we need to explicitly recognise today.

The minorities especially Muslims are the prime target of exclusion in the present era, therefore, they are continuously going upside down. Though constitutional provision are meant to safeguard the religious minorities from the exploitation and suppression of majority group yet they are still subjugated. Article 29 and 30 allowed preserving the culture, script and language. These provisions should ensure minorities ’ equal share in resources thus they (minority group) are equal citizens of India only on paper and left to be treated as the second class citizens in reality. The government has promoted schemes and programmes for the development of less developed Muslim minorities and it is not showing the satisfactory result because of certain flaws at the part of planners, policy makers and at the levels of the people involved in its implementation as discussed in the paper in the light of constitutional provisions and the recommendations of Sachar committee report.

It is well known at the efficiency literature that emerging stock markets are inefficient, Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) is no exception, however; most of these studies are conducting using the weak form efficiency approach. This study used the semi-strong efficiency approach to measure ASE efficiency; it examined the effect of publically announced news on listed companies' stock prices. According to the capital markets efficiency literature, it is expect that if ASE is efficient, the publically announced good news will increase share prices, while bad news will have a negative effect on share prices. During the year 2017, several auditing firms disclosed much reservation about the financial annual reports of some listed companies, the companies' general controller at the Jordanian Ministry of Trade, in turn, sent to these companies', enquiries asking for clarifications about the auditors' reservations. ASE discloses, to the public, on the stock exchange website, the controller enquires which also include the auditor's reservation, such an announcement is consider as bad news about the concerned companies and it is expected to have a negative effect on their stock prices. Therefore, the problem of the study is to examine ASE efficiency based on this bad publically announced news. The sample of the study includes all listed companies at the ASE regular markets and received enquiries from the company's controller during the first half of 2017. Sixteen companies, all of them listed at the second market, are identifying to receive enquiries about their annual financial reports; all these companies analyzes at the study. The analytical descriptive approach and the Levine's Test and Independent Sample T-Test are use to test whether or not ASE is an efficient market. The study analyses conclude that ASE is an efficient market based on the semi-strong form efficiency approach. As thus, stock prices of listed companies at ASE are affected by publically disclosed news, they decline because of publically announced bad news.

Government of Nepal provides quotas and reservations for women, indigenous nationalities, Madhesi, untouchables, disables and people of backward areas. These statuses are not homogenous in economic sense. We proposed few other decision trees (rules) that can predict
household poverty in Nepal based on 14,907 household observations employing classification and regression tree (CART) approach. These decision rules were based on few practically answerable questions (for respondents) and can be cross checked easily by the enumerators. We
modeled 5 different scenarios that respondents were likely to answer the asked questions. These decision rules were 94% to in worst-case scenario 70% accurate in out-of-sample dataset. These proposed meaningful decision rules can be helpful on policy making and implementation that relate to positively discriminate (quota and reservation) for those who lie below poverty line.