Sine

This paper presents new, fast hardware for computing the exponential function, sine, and cosine. The main new idea is to use low-precision arithmetic components to approximate high precision computations, and then to correct very quickly the approximation error periodically so that the effect is to get high precision computation at near low-precision speed. The algorithm used in the paper is a nontrivial modification of the well-known CORDIC algorithm, and might be applicable to the computation of other functions than the ...

This study is focused on investigating errors made by students and the various causal factors in working on trigonometry problems by applying sine and cosine rules. Samples were taken randomly from high school students. Data were collected in two ways, namely a written test that was referred to Polya's strategy and interviews with students who made mistakes. Students' errors were analyzed with the Newman concept. The results show that all types of errors occurred with a distribution of 3.83, 19.15, 24.74, 24.89 and 27.39% for reading errors (RE), comprehension error (CE), transformation errors (TE), process skill errors (PSE), and encoding errors (EE), respectively. The RE, CE, TE, PSE, and EE are marked by errors in reading symbols or important information, misunderstanding information and not understanding what is known and questioned, cannot change problems into mathematical models and also incorrectly use signs in arithmetic operations, student inaccuracies in the process of answering and also their lack of understanding in fraction operations, and the inability to deduce answers, respectively. An anomaly occurs because it turns out students who have medium trigonometry achievements make more mistakes than students who have low achievement.

It was previously thought that epigenetic histone modifications of mammalian transposable elements (TEs) serve primarily to defend the genome against deleterious effects associated with their activity. However, we recently showed that, genome-wide, human TEs can also be epigenetically modified in a manner consistent with their ability to regulate host genes. Here, we explore the ability of TE sequences to epigenetically regulate individual human genes by focusing on the histone modifications of promoter sequences derived from TEs. We found 1520 human genes that initiate transcription from within TE-derived promoter sequences. We evaluated the distributions of eight histone modifications across these TE-promoters, within and between the GM12878 and K562 cell lines, and related their modification status with the cell-type specific expression patterns of the genes that they regulate. TE-derived promoters are significantly enriched for active histone modifications, and depleted for repressive modifications, relative to the genomic background. Active histone modifications of TE-promoters peak at transcription start sites and are positively correlated with increasing expression within cell lines. Furthermore, differential modification of TE-derived promoters between cell lines is significantly correlated with differential gene expression. LTR-retrotransposon derived promoters in particular play a prominent role in mediating cell-type specific gene regulation, and a number of these LTR-promoter genes are implicated in lineage-specific cellular functions. The regulation of human genes mediated by histone modifications targeted to TE-derived promoters is consistent with the ability of TEs to contribute to the epigenomic landscape in a way that provides functional utility to the host genome.

Internal oscillations of the 2pi-kink are treated within the harmonic approximation. The frequency and wave function dependences on the parameter of the equation are determined. I am indebted to Dr. Dvorák and to Dr. Janovec for useful discussions and critical remarks on the manuscript.

The seawater fishery in Dusun Sine has the higher potentials, due to its location near the coastal area of Sine Beach. In general, the people in Dusun Sine make a living as sea fishermen. However, the income of the marine fishing community has not maximized because the community still uses the conventional marine product processing production system, so that the marketing of processed marine fish products is also limited. As an effort to increase the selling value of processed marine fish, the International Community Service Group empowers fishermen's wives in Sine Hamlet by conducting several activity programs in the form of socializing the manufacture of modern marine processed products in the form of Sine Foodies, home industry food (PIRT), and the use of e-commerce. This activity was held to use a health protocol and through a presentation method on product marketing licensing in the form of PIRT socialization and marketing of processed marine fish products with e-commerce a...

Video classification has become one of the important research field as hundreds of videos are generated everyday which implies the need to build the classification system. To build faster and easy classification system, the visual content of video is used. Accuracy of classification depends upon the feature extraction which is one of the most important step in video classification. This paper proposes the use of orthogonal transform to generate the feature vector and to investigate effectiveness of different transforms (Cosine, Sine, and Walsh). Experimentation is carried on different sizes of feature vectors which are formed by taking fractional coefficients of row mean of column transformed video frames. Classification algorithm from different families such as Bayes

The chromosomal distribution of mobile genetic elements is scarcely known in Arvicolinae species, but could be of relevance to understand the origin and complex evolution of the sex chromosome heterochromatin. In this work we cloned two retrotransposon sequences, L1 and SINE-B1, from the genome of Chionomys nivalis and investigated their chromosomal distribution on several arvicoline species. Our results demonstrate first that both retroelements are the most abundant repeated DNA sequences in the genome of these species. L1 elements, in most species, are highly accumulated in the sex chromosomes compared to the autosomes. This favoured L1 insertion could have played an important role in the origin of the enlarged heterochromatic blocks existing in the sex chromosomes of some Microtus species. Also, we propose that L1 accumulation on the X heterochromatin could have been the consequence of different, independent and rapid amplification processes acting in each species. SINE elements, however, were completely lacking from the constitutive heterochromatin, either in autosomes or in the heterochromatic blocks of sex chromosomes. These data could indicate that some SINE elements are incompatible with the formation of heterochromatic complexes and hence are necessarily missing from the constitutive heterochromatin.

MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs that typically act as regulators of gene expression by base pairing with the 3' UTR of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and either repressing their translation or initiating degradation. As of this writing over 24,500 distinct miRs have been identified, but the functions of the vast majority of these remain undescribed. This paper represents a summary of our in depth analysis of the genomic origins of miR loci, detailing the formation of 1,213 of the 7,321 recently identified miRs and thereby bringing the total number of miR loci with defined molecular origin to 3,605. Interestingly, our analyses also identify evidence for a second, novel mechanism of miR locus generation through describing the formation of 273 miR loci from mutations to other forms of noncoding RNAs. Importantly, several independent investigations of the genomic origins of miR loci have now supported the hypothesis that miR hairpins are formed by the adjacent genomic insertion of...