Small Business Policy Development and Entrepreneurship Development

Anormal Psikoloji kitabı, ruhsal bozukluklar alanında çalışan tüm profesyoneller, psikiyatristler, klinik psikologlar, psikologlar, psikolojik danışmanlar, hekimler, sosyal hizmet uzmanları, psikiyatri hemşireleri ve bu alanlarda öğrenci yetiştiren akademisyenler ile eğitim alan öğrenciler için temel bir başvuru kitabıdır.
2013 yılının Mayısı ayında yayımlanan DSM-5 ölçütlerine göre ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili sunulan bilgilerin güncellemesinin de yapıldığı bu kitap, tüm dünyada pek çok üniversitenin psikiyatri ve psikoloji bölümlerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmaktadır.
Kitabın her bölümünde, ilk olarak ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili vakalar sunulmakta, daha sonra bozuklukların klinik tanıları yapılmakta ve DSM-IV-TR’den farklı olan DSM-5’te yapılan değişikliklere yer verilmektedir. Ayrıca, DSM-5’teki tanı ölçütleri, bozuklukların etiyolojisi ve epidemiyolojisi, bozukluklar üzerinde kalıtımın ve çevrenin etkileri, biyolojik ve sosyal ve kültürel etkiler, en güncel araştırmalardan elde edilen verilerle harmanlanarak sunulmaktadır. Ruhsal bozuklukların tedavisinde etkili olacak terapi yaklaşımları ve ilaçla yapılan tedaviler hakkında da bilgiler veren kitap, sahip olduğu zengin içeriği ile eşsiz bir kaynaktır.
Anormal Psikoloji kitabının; profesyoneller ve öğrenciler için önemli bir rehber olacağına, yardıma ihtiyaç duyan insanların sorunlarının çözümüne, ruhsal bozuklukların tanı ve tedavisinde önemli katkılar sağlayacağına inanıyoruz.

Entrepreneurship is a prime activity for the economic growth of any country. It goes hand in hand with manufacturing and service industry. In fact, it works as a pillar to the economic and social welfare of the country. It also helps in wealth creation in the nation. It is an opportunity to identify the market need and exploit the available resource in such a way that drives to gain long-term economic benefits. Though, this adventurous activity is full of enthusiasm and there are a lot of challenges affecting the entrepreneurship. It is also wonderful to note that in today's swiftly changing global economy, Indian economy has a major role to play. Looking at the importance of the topic, the present paper will be developed with the objective of analyzing the entrepreneurial opportunities and challenges in globalizing Indian economy.

Purpose – This article examined the effects of entrepreneur profile group differentials on small enterprise sales turnover among entrepreneurs in western Kenya. The study was empirical, based on primary data from respondents in the field in the study region.
Design/methodology/approach – The study design was a cross sectional survey. Data was collected from respondents in the study counties of Usain Gishu and Bungoma, which are located in the western part of Kenya. Data was collected using probability sampling strategies, data analysis was based on descriptive and non-parametric analysis. Four hypotheses were tested using Kruskal Wallis test. Findings – The results on the entrepreneurs‟ profile group differentials and sales turnover in western
Kenya were significant hence, the null hypotheses were not supported on all dimensions of the independent variable. The pairwise comparison results show Asymp. sig =.000. However, few variations were noted in a number of pairwise comparisons on the respondents‟ profile. Practical Implications – By focusing on the entrepreneurs‟ profile and sales turnover it is possible to identify key areas that can assist to increase sales turnover and consequently profitability of SMEs in Western Kenya. Originality/value – This article puts forward findings on the entrepreneurs‟ profile group differentials and sales turnover among SMEs.
KEY WORDS: Entrepreneur profile, performance, differentials, firm

The space within which the entrepreneurs exist is filled with risks, opportunities and other environmental resources. Scholars have argued that entrepreneurs are constantly discovering and identifying value potentials because significant values arise from the existence of positive externalities which can be captured and exploited. Positive externalities or opportunities can create substantial and desirable gains if they can be monetized, leveraged and exploited. These externalities refer to the natural environmental resources within the space where the entrepreneurs operate (Hoogendoorn et al., 2019). From the perspective of space, this paper will explore the emergence of opportunities or risks within the space through the theoretical lens of structuration and complex science and will specifically discuss the collision and the meeting of opportunities with the entrepreneurs at the nexus from the perspective of entrepreneurial energy excitation.
Entrepreneurship originates from a nexus of individuals and opportunities (Shane, 2003). The unique juncture in space or nexus in which the entrepreneurs and opportunities exist is central to the study of entrepreneurship because it is in this juncture or nexus that identification and evaluation of risks and opportunities take place. It is the subsequent human actions, driven by the level of entrepreneurial energy that will lead to the myriad of possible venture pathways. For risks, entrepreneurs perceive them and will subsequent work towards mitigation or avoidance through varied measures. The exploitation of opportunities is concerned with acquiring and employing resources in the space to gain certain advantages. Likewise, with risks, entrepreneurs perceive the risks and work towards the mitigation or avoidance of the perceived risk in the venture pathways.
In this paper, entrepreneurship is viewed through structuration and complexity science lens to present the entrepreneurial venture as the instantiated outcome of the entrepreneur–opportunity interaction through time and space (Sarason et al., 2006). Complexity science offers a theoretical lens for exploring the complex interdependencies of a complex, and adaptive pluralistic world with irreversibility and randomness being the rules- a dynamical systems in the natural and physical worlds. The key central concept of complexity is that interactivities between parts of open systems that creates unpredictable and seemingly random patterns. While the history of the open system is relevant in understanding its dynamics, the specific isolation of individual part of the system does not reveal the casual mechanisms in the system (Fuller & Moran, 2001).
The paper explores whether how entrepreneurial energy arise from the convergence/ collision of entrepreneurs with opportunities in a dynamical, unpredictable and random way in a nexus in space.

People who need checking accounts to operate Small and Big Businesses can get to Bank of America. Bank of America for small business is a blessing in disguise. Here is what you need to know. Bank of America has a beneficial program that is called a business advantage relationship rewards program.  Not only does it provide $13 monthly maintenance for the operation of small businesses, but it also offers a 29.95 monthly reward for large companies.

This paper examines and also gives credence to the potency of intrapreneurship as a launch-pad for organizational re-engineering that is considered as the vitally needed catalyst for economic growth and development. Intrapreneurship refers to employee initiatives in organizations to undertake something new, without being asked to do so. It is a process by which individuals-either on their own or inside organizations-pursue opportunities without regard to the resources they currently control. Major activities related to intrapreneurship include opportunity perception, idea generation, designing a new product or another recombination of resources, internal coalition building, persuading the management, resource acquisition, planning and organizing. Key behavioural aspects of intrapreneurship are personal initiative, active information search, out of the box thinking, voicing, championing, taking charge, finding a way, and some degree of risk taking. It discusses the similarities and differences between intrapreneurship and independent entrepreneurship. Organisations employing intrapreneurial strategies have a competitive edge, which also boosts economic development. Clear reward systems and strategies must be in place to ensure that the intrapreneur is adequately compensated for their innovation.

This report captures the main findings of an 18-month study on the growth of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Canada. The central question that this inquiry sought to answer was: what are the factors that drive SME growth? The study involved a large scale survey of SMEs and a set of in-depth interviews with the leaders of ‘High Impact SMEs’. High Impact SMEs are organizations that are achieving high growth (in revenue, profits and employment) and are disruptive, investing in a broader range of innovative activities, and being more diversified in the markets they serve. They exemplify organizations that many of us aspire to create. This report presents a new model – The Leaders Growth Mindset – to explain how leaders of High Impact SMEs operate. This model identifies a common set of practices leaders apply and that we can each develop in our everyday work.

The research work in this study is an attempt to systematically analyze the impact in status of MSMEs in India before and after the implementation of MSMED act 2006. Number of registered units of MSME and number of employment in persons which are presented in the annual reports from the period of 18 years from 1997-98 to 2014-15 of MSMEs are considered as the study variable for this study. It has made based on the result of the paired sample t-test.

Recognizing the need of articulating the startup ecosystem's initiatives, the study was based on qualitative interviews to different members of the startup community, including entrepreneurs, mentors, investors, incubators, event organizers and government officials.
The resulting report provided a comprehensive view of the state of entrepreneurship in Costa Rica including determinants such as culture, the startup community, the entrepreneur, the startup and funding.
The mapping provided local entrepreneurs with a consolidated guide of all supporting organizations in the startup ecosystem, their programs, target audience and contact information, as well as a series of best practices reported by more experienced members of the community.

The success of entrepreneurship education programs remains unanswered if it is associated with some students who have decided to launch and pursue a business venture. It is important to know the intentions of a nascententrepreneur to start up the business ventures persistently if experts and policy makers’ attentions are drawn on how to arouse interest in starting a business. Quantitative approached was used in this research to examine the influence of entrepreneurship education, social norms and self-efficacy on intentions to pursue business ventures by adopting Linan model of intention-behavior. The model was addressed to the students who participated in entrepreneurship education program during the mid of study in Bina Nusantara University. Last, the result is in line with Linan model.

The role of entrepreneurship in economic growth has received minimal attention in research compared to other factors mainly because of the challenges involved in measuring entrepreneurship to make it an appropriate variable. Despite the enhanced understanding of the multiple elements of economic growth, economics literature and models fall short of addressing the influence of entrepreneurs on economic growth. The amassing of factors such as knowledge, human, and physical capital do not comprehensively explain economic advancement. This report sought to assess the impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth in the UK by a building a regression model. It used the annual change in GDP per capita as a measure of economic development and the dependent variable of the model. The independent variables of the study were the unemployment rate, self-employment, and a number of start-ups. The analysis established that the rate of unemployment was the most significant variable of the research and it adversely affects the economic growth. The estimated model did not adequately impact the movement of the economy. Also, the self-employment coefficient was not significant for the study. Therefore, the study established that entrepreneurship does not significantly affect economic growth.

The links between culture and entrepreneurship are still not sufficiently well-established or explored. They started just a half of a century ago, even though the links between culture and capitalism are much older (more than 100 years old). Culture is one of the main determinants for the various entrepreneurial activities undertaken in different countries, nevertheless, it needs further exploring to yield a wider understanding of the role of the social aspects of entrepreneurship. This paper is rooted in the field of international entrepreneurship, a branch of which deals with the comparative perspective of entrepreneurship across countries and cultures. The main objective of the
paper is to explore the impact of cultural and social norms on entrepreneurship in the EU countries on the basis of the GEM data of the recent report of 2013. The results prove that the national entrepreneurial culture has a positive impact on entrepreneurship.

"Elinizdeki bu kitap, sosyal psikolojinin konularını en geniş kapsamıyla ele almakta, klasikleşmiş deneysel ve saha araştırmalarını en güncel bilimsel çalışmalarla harmanlamaktadır. Bu bakımdan, akademisyen ve öğrencilerin yararlanabileceği eşsiz bir kaynaktır. Kitapta, sosyal psikoloji konuları bölüm bölüm ele alınmıştır; ilgili kavram, terim, kuram ve araştırmalar aktarılırken her bölüm kendi içinde bir bütünlük arz edecek şekilde akıcı bir öyküsel kurguyla ve dille yazılmıştır ayrıca bu kitap; tarihsel olaylarla, edebî ve felsefi metaforlarla zenginleştirilmiştir.
Ayrıca bu kapsamlı çalışma, sadece bilimsel bir disiplinin temel konularını okuyucuya aktarmakla kalmamakta, aynı zamanda savaş, açlık, çevre gibi gerçek dünya sorunlarının sosyal psikolojik boyutlarıyla ilgili çözüm önerileri de getirmektedir. Bu bakımdan elinizdeki kitap yalnızca bir ders kitabı değil, aynı zamanda sosyal psikolojiye ilgi duyan herkesin merakla okuyabileceği bir kitaptır."

En este artículo se discuten los factores críticos que debe considerar una política pública de desarrollo productivo, industrial e innovador de las Mipymes en México. El autor plantea que una estrategia para alcanzar el desarrollo con igualdad exige corregir la alta heterogeneidad estructural de la economía mexicana considerada una de las causas de la aguda desigualdad social, en la medida en que las elevadas diferencias de productividad (entre sectores y entre empresas) reflejan y refuerzan brechas en capacidades, en incorporación de progreso técnico, en poder de negociación, en acceso a redes sociales y en opciones de movilidad ocupacional ascendente a lo largo de la vida laboral.

As identified in the COP 2015 Paris Agreement there is an urgent imperative for global efforts to tackle climate change and environmental damage from major industrial activities. This report supports this process in the European textiles, fashion and footwear sector, a major industry providing employment for nearly 1.7million people across the EU in approximately 176,000 businesses. These are mainly small businesses with less than 50 employees, representing 90% of the overall workforce. Small and micro businesses (with less than 10 employees) are recognized as key players in change-making for the industry, due to their agility and overall control of their operations. Here we focus on the potential for SMEs to adopt more sustainable business models and embrace the circular economy, and the key enabling factors.

This report maps many current initiatives and key organisations operating in sustainable fashion and textiles across Europe and provides an overview of the opportunities for and challenges hindering the adoption of environmentally and economically sustainable business models in the fashion sector. It also identifies key enablers that will assist in the transformation towards a circular economy. With a special focus on designers, start-ups and SMEs, the report provides 12 case studies drawn from 9 member states as exemplars of best practice, to encourage sustainability throughout all stages of the fashion value chain from design and production, to services and end-of-life solutions.
These include: new fibre development and materials recycling (Orange Fiber, Ecoalf, re:newcell); design and manufacture of fashion products and accessories using a range of sustainable, recycled and upcycled materials (Elvis & Kresse, VEJA, REDU, Rifò, MUD Jeans, Stanley/Stella); retail customer services including repair and take back (MUD Jeans, Elvis & Kresse), new clothes sharing and reselling business models (The Nu Wardrobe), software systems for on-demand fashion production (Unmade), plus a consumer and industry facing campaign for positive action and education for a more transparent and sustainable fashion system (Fashion Revolution). Within each case study comparator businesses have also been identified, working around particular business models, sub-sectors or practices that may use a different assortment of sustainable or circular activities.

The research has compiled a cross-Europe database of over 400 entries segmented into three main categories in relation to sustainable/circular practices: 1) Fashion Brands/Designers, 2) Materials, Technology and Recycling Organisations, 3) Supporting Organisations. The latter category 3) comprises a range of different types of players, providing a wide range of support for SMEs – these cover Fashion/textiles Networks, Sustainable Fashion Networks, Trade Associations, Business Support Organisations, NGOs/Campaigns, Consultancies and Education and/or Research Organisations. This data is presented as a table in Annex 7.2 and geographical visualisations in section 3.2.

İnovasyonun On Tipi kitabı ile inovasyon yapmak isteyenlere reçete veriliyor. Adım adım ve yalın bir şekilde inovasyonun nasıl geliştirilebileceği konusunda önemli sırlar ortaya koyuluyor. Bu kitap, özellikle teknoloji odaklı inovasyon yapmak isteyenlere yapılan hataları da göstererek uygulama ortamı oluşturuyor. Yenilik ilkelerini verirken startupların ve hatta büyük kuruluşların anlamlı ve sürdürülebilir büyüme konusundaki donanımını artırıyor. 2000'den fazla başarılı yeniliğin ortaya çıkışında önemli içgörüler sağlıyor.
Bu kitabın anlatım tarzında özel bir algoritma uygulanarak anlamlı gruplar belirlendi. İnovasyon fırsatlarını belirlemek için firmaların iç ve dış büyüme parametreleri ve performans değerleri, rakiplerini de devreye alarak şekillendirildi. İnovasyon odaklı performansın artırılabilmesi, önemli değerlendirmeler yapılabilmesi için özel ve hazır yol haritaları sunuldu. Endüstriler için de inovasyon modellerini teşhis edip yeni bir anlayış ve yöntem geliştirme imkânı sunuluyor.
Çevrimsel araştırmanın altyapısını vererek farklı ve anlamlı değişim ve dönüşümü düşündürüp kalıcı ve kullanışlı yollar uygulatarak kitabın ne kadar değerli olduğunu kanıtlıyor. Eğer kurumunuzda anlamlı ve sürdürülebilir büyümeyi inovasyon odaklı gerçekleştirmek isterseniz yenilik ilkelerinin detaylı olarak anlatıldığı İnovasyonun On Tipi kitabını okuyun.
Bu kitabın yazarlarından Larry Keeley'in tecrübelerinden yararlanmak büyük bir fırsat. Kendisi BusinessWeek tarafından inovasyon alanındaki dünya görüşünü ve paradigmaları değiştiren, yedi yenilik gurusundan biri olarak seçilmiş olup Doblin firmasının kurucusudur. Diğer yazarlar ile birlikte inovasyonun tasarlanması ve sürdürülebilir kılınması konusunda dünya çapında pek çok girişimciyi, yöneticiyi, şirketleri ve startupları etkilemiştir.

La transformation des idées en réalités est le domaine de prédilection de l’entrepreneur, surtout dans son engagement à créer une entreprise. Il est donc aisé de constater que le manager de projet et l’entrepreneur peuvent partager les mêmes approches et les mêmes compétences pour réussir la transformation de leurs idées en réalités, voire pour assurer la performance de leurs projets. Ces approches et compétences dont l’entrepreneur peut s’enrichir proviennent du domaine du « management de projet."

Hybrid entrepreneurship is when a person is in employment and simultaneously engaging in entrepreneurial activities. Hybrid entrepreneurship is referred to as 'side hustle' in Nigeria. Hybrid entrepreneurship may be an option in a situation where salaried workers are not sure of retaining their employment. The theoretical framework for the study is learning and real options theory. A quantitative research technique was used for the study. Questionnaires were administered to 150 respondents using a purposive sampling method. One hundred forty-five questionnaires were valid and analysed using a 5 Likert scale. It was observed that most of the hybrid business owners were employees in the public sector; the ages of the hybrid business owners were majorly between 31 and 50. Autonomy and the need for extra income are the main reasons employees run a business alongside their work.

PREAMBLE-The Role of business incubators in developing entrepreneurship and creating new business ventures it also aims at identifying and studying the business incubation. Business awareness fields suitable for business incubation, services provided by business incubators, in the entrepreneurial characteristics of university students in Tamilnadu. The present examination comprises of writing survey in subjects identified with business hatchery, gave administrations, achievement factors, confront hindrance and received polices, and the criteria of brooding. The survey of the writing on activity workings, Mentors and entrepreneurial uniqueness, entrepreneurial process, and Training Courses and Interview then Television, center gatherings with specialists and experts and by outlining a poll to test entrepreneurial attributes. It aims the college understudies toward enterprise and to test their business hatcheries even though statistic apparatus and individual profile of business people.

When entrepreneurs discovered an opportunity, they take the risk of exploiting it by sourcing resources and applying them to develop the product or service, offer the product to customers through the relevant market, gather the appropriate human resources, and satisfy all the stakeholders. It is therefore important to understand the factors that will influence both entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation. This article presented a literature review and findings from the reviewed literature as it relates to critical factors that influence opportunity recognition and opportunity exploitation. The finding might help entrepreneurs understand critical factors that will influence them to discover entrepreneurial opportunity quickly and efficiently, and exploit the opportunity to form a new venture. The information presented in the article might guide researchers to explore more factors that will influence entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and exploitation especially as it relates to specific industries.

COVID-19 has disrupted the economy of the world. The effect of the Pandemic has been devastating on the world's economy. This study examines the impact and survival strategies for Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria during the ongoing COVID-19 crises. The study adopted a quantitative research technique. Questionnaires were distributed to 360 SME owners in Lagos (60 each) in six commercial areas, namely Aspanda/Alaba, Surulere, Lagos Island, Ikeja, Ikoyi/Victoria Island and Yaba. 342 of the 360 questionnaires were viable. The respondents observed that the COVID-19 Pandemic's impact includes a reduction in revenue, reduced staff salaries, and government not doing enough to curtail the spread of the Pandemic. Significant problems faced by SMEs are the inability to repay loans, rent, and salaries. The respondents suggested that the government should lower interest rates, relax loan, and tax repayments.

The ultimate aim of  training and development programme is to add value and once a training and development program cannot add value, it should be reworked or cancelled. Without training, it will be very difficult to acquire skills and without skills organizations will not accomplish its objectives and goals through people. Some organizations see training and development programme as an expensive venture and may put embargo on training and utilize the money for other projects in the organization. Organizations must encourage learning through its serious approach to training and development. A leadership organization is one which continuously enhances the skills and competency of its entire workforce. Organizations should show in words and indeed to place high emphasis on training and development  by having a training programme, identifying training needs, training & development objectives, training administration and also evaluating training needs. It is discovered that organizations show poor attitude to training administration by not preparing and equipping their trainees before, during and after a training program. More importantly, research efforts should be devoted to identifying missing gap in the reviewed materials.

This study builds an aim to find the positive forces which inspires people in becoming entrepreneurs, implementing change management, technical know-how for leading and managing change in entrepreneurship, in microcosm the barriers related to development of entrepreneurship in Bangladesh such as personal, judicial, economic, and personal. This article is, in a way, covered by secondary data which is collected from cases, various published materials, research articles, monographs and experts reviews on this subject, the findings pointing out new scopes and existing advantages from sociocultural, government perspective. The study also come up with best using the advantages available, implementing changes in Organization overcoming those barriers for entrepreneurship development in Bangladesh, identifying top leadership actions an entrepreneur should implement.

Abstract
The domestic tourism is a critical part of tourism development in Rwanda (Government of Rwanda, Tourism strategy, 2006). However, most of the Government’s efforts have been concentrated on the development of international tourism. This focus has resulted in considerable growth in the country’s number one most significant contributor to the national economy. While such growth is considerable, Rwanda’s domestic tourism potential has not been given its needed place so as to re-build the overall tourism engine. This has meant for more than a decade a more direct focus on international tourism which generates foreign exchange earnings and increases the potential for more tourists from critical tourist-generating countries. While the impact of domestic tourism has been addressed in the latest developed Rwanda’s National Tourism Strategy, the initiatives set forward have had minimal effects. This paper aims in addition to international tourism focus, to address also the issue of an increased focus on domestic tourism contribution in developing the economy of Rwanda. The rationale for this paper supports a strong motivation for a more dedicated approach by Rwanda’s tourism stakeholders (public and private), to develop the country’s domestic tourism market alongside the international market with reference to the national parks of Rwanda. The study is conducted at the three National Parks: the Volcanoes National Park in the northwest, where gorillas can be viewed in their natural habitat, the Nyungwe Tropical Forest in the southwest, which offers good opportunities for hiking and bird watching, and the Akagera National Park in the north east. The research methodology was descriptive and analytical and used a qualitative approach. The research concluded that the use of modern information and communication strategies in symbiosis with public-private partnership that is gaining momentum in the tourism sector can give rise to a productive domestic tourism and contribute therefore to economic growth of Rwanda.
Key words: Rwanda, Tourism, Domestic tourism, Tourism industry, Tourism Development, Economic Growth.

This chapter offers a retrospective account of Baumol’s contribution in light of its influence on economics and entrepreneurship studies. The first section describes the core arguments of his original paper. The second section discusses its impact on the entrepreneurship discipline. Following this, the third section explores some criticisms of Baumol and explains how addressing these criticisms can provide a path forward for entrepreneurship research that simultaneously does justice to Baumol’s work while also integrating it into important emerging research. The fourth section then considers the policy implications of Baumol’s work. The final short section concludes.

Working capital management is the discipline of management which is inevitable in all walks of economic life whether in a household or in an enterprise, in the public domain or in private domain,profit oriented or not .The efficient working capital management is most crucial factor in maintaining survival,liquidity,solvency and profitability of any business organization. Moreover, an optimal working capital management positively contributes to the firm's value. Theprofitability and the efficiency of every sector in the nation have direct bearing on the prosperity of economy which can be primarily achieved through efficient working capital management practices. It helps in designing a framework to smoothen the financial constraints of business so as to make effective use of its resources.Keeping in mind the significance of working capital management an attempt has been made to examine its impact on the profitability of Indian automobile industry. The Indian automobile industry is...

Small business sector supports the Nigerian economy where it provides employment opportunity to most of its citizens. Despite its importance, most small businesses fail within the first five years notwithstanding the agencies established by Nigerian Government to support the sector. Most of the failure is due to numerous challenges facing the sector which borders of the success factors of small businesses. This paper identified the challenges based on the Lampadarious (2015) success factors framework to providing information for owners, managers, and researchers of small business success strategies. The paper identified fifteen critical challenges facing small businesses in Nigeria. The information will help owners and managers of small businesses to develop strategies to mitigate the challenges. Small business researchers will use the information to study challenges that are specific to the industry and investigate the strategies used by successful small businesses to mitigate the challenges. This paper might guide Nigerian government to develop policies that might reduce the external business environmental challenges of small businesses.

This paper serves to approximate the timing of radical economic transformation, espoused by the EFF as a perceptible target, pronounced by the ANC as a yet to be adopted policy, but operationalised by the State through resources available only to a ruling party. The above convergence is seen through the lens of credit downgrades, preferential procurement legislation and the leveraging of state resources to deliver small business development by appealing to the voting youth 1 bulge to wrestle the economy away from the stranglehold of " the emerging arrogance of white monopoly capital ". The four distinct postures of the Helmke-Levitsky Framework will be used to argue how the informal institution of racism can interact with formal empowerment laws. With the public sector (excluding local government) playing a huge role in the nation's overall economy, Government argues that small business developmental should benefit from the 131 state owned enterprises' government contracts. Theoretically, the role of government in a typical market economy is that of the regulator, and providing a social safety net for unintended casualties of market dynamics. In the absence of any unifying theory within the current body of literature, small business development is attainable through integrating multiple theoretical foundations. It is argued that if South Africa intends to keep the social welfare net, Government must grow the economy, create jobs, and generate more wealth. In the long run small business development has the potential to address the economic stratified inequality (class gap). This can only be achieved through a tangible plan for strengthening governance and regulation of its state owned enterprises, through a well-designed regulatory framework that needs to be articulated by government, implemented by its officials, and embraced by those entities to which they apply. Economists argue that countries saddled with junk status have managed to recover but had to implement austere economic and fiscal reforms to reduce external vulnerability and restructure or privatise state-owned entities. The fundamental question-can South Africa do the same and achieve its objective of radical economic transformation by prioritising state resources as a seed pipeline to small business development?

Cassava is a perennial woody shrub with an edible root, which grows in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Cassava originated from tropical America and was first introduced into Africa in the Congo basin by the Portuguese around 1558. Today, it is a dietary staple in much of tropical Africa.
It is rich in carbohydrates, calcium, vitamins B and C, and essential minerals. However, nutrient composition differs according to variety and age of the harvested crop, and soil conditions, climate, and other environmental factors during cultivation.

The goal of this exploration is to observationally test the connection between total quality management and SMEs' performance. Specifically, it looks at whether organizational culture (OC) has an interceding impact on the TQM-SMEs performance relationship. Established on the literature review of TQM, OC and SMEs performance, the theoretical model for this investigation was formed. A self-controlled survey was utilized to gather information from the SMEs owners-managers in the Southwestern region of Nigeria. In determining the relationship, SEM-PLS 3.0 was utilized. Measurable results add to the literature by showing a positive direct impact of TQM and OC on SMEs' performance, and a critical and positive aberrant impact of TQM on SMEs' performance through OC. The quantitative cross-sectional research configuration explored an example of assembling SMEs. Subjective methods or a contextual investigation approach for additional data examination could be utilized for subsequent research. The results of this exploration give awareness into SMEs' owners-managers in the present unique manufacturing setting, concentrating on TQM as an instrument for improving their performance. The outcomes can help SMEs by giving direction with regards to the OC, on account of its impact on the effective execution of TQM, in this way improving the dimension of performance. The examination expands the TQM literature with an extensive comprehension of TQM from the point of view of SMEs in Nigeria. It fills the void in observational examinations that research the joint impact of TQM and OC on SMEs' performance.

In South Africa much policy attention is focused on the potential of the small, medium and micro-enterprise (SMME) economy for job creation. Nevertheless, despite government support for the SMME economy, high mortality rates are experienced by start-up enterprises. In common with international experience South Africa has adopted business incubation as a strategic tool for assisting the survival as well as building the competitiveness of SMMEs. This article analyses the state of business incubation in South Africa drawing attention to marked differences between the groups of public sector business incubators as opposed to those business incubators which have been initiated by the private sector.

Keywords: small business development, SMMEs, South Africa, business incubators

A b s t r a c t his study investigated the relationship of entrepreneurship education and T training on business venturing among entrepreneurship undergraduate students in Lagos State University. The integrated theoretical perspective was based on human capital theory and economic theory of entrepreneurship. An empirical analysis was done by means of survey method to determine the perceptions of students' selected from 300 levels and 400 levels of three (3) departments offering entrepreneurship courses. The study adapted instrument developed by Nian et al and Almousa/Paorkodi with Cronbach Alpha of 0.780, meanwhile purposive sampling procedure was used in the study to select the required sample size. The data collected were analyzed descriptively; while the stated research hypotheses were investigated using Pearson product moment correlation technique at 0.01 level of significance. Findings show that entrepreneurship education and training has encouraged students to pursue business venturing (r = .619, p < 0.01). Similarly, the relationship between entrepreneurship education and training on innovations for commercialization among the student was also significant (r = .338, p < 0.01).There was also a significant relationship between the given entrepreneurship education and training as a hope for national development and competitiveness through strategic partnership (r = .520, p < 0.01). The study recommended that university management should improve on the courses and practical curricula of entrepreneurship education and training to foster innovation at the university. Secondly, the study recommended a strong strategic partnership with industry expert, professionals, mentors, and coaches and provides logistic support from the government and non-governmental bodies.

With the developing country of Zimbabwe chosen as the focus of this study due to the multiple socioeconomic challenges it faces, this dissertation seeks to establish whether the proliferation of entrepreneurs is the key to economic and social prosperity. In order to accomplish this, three research objectives are set and evaluated in turn through an extensive literary review. Findings from the review are augmented, validated and contrasted with findings from interviews held with six leading authorities within the Zimbabwean socioeconomic arena.

Entrepreneurship is a concept that has recently gained global and regional recognition especially that it creates a landscape on which development efforts have been conspicuously appreciated. In this regard, it is prudent for any credible regime to consider imparting entrepreneurship skills to its citizenry to enhance capabilities and realize potential for self-economic determination, income generation and ultimately poverty reduction. To this effect, this intensive course lays a podium on which such worthwhile skills can be inculcated in the students in the quest for self-employment and realization of idle development potential.

From past decade the business organizations are more concentrating on the human capital
because they are the most valued and most treasured assets. While recruiting the candidates
the organizations has to map carefully the available human resources because they create the
competitive advantage for the organizations. The word recruitment has become as a logistic
of human resource capital for the many organizations. Business organizations are advancing
modern recruiting and selection methods due to the entry of multinational companies. The
aim of the paper is to study the recruitment and selection process followed at Sai Global
Yarntex Private Limited. The best human capital availability in organizations makes them
competitive advantage and as well as they become the real life blood of the organizations.
This research studies the review of literature for recruitment and selection procedures
followed at organizations. The research was done using both primary and secondary data.
Primary data was collected from 40 employees using questionnaire method. The results were
obtained from percentage method. The research findings reveal that sai global yarntex private
limited follows best recruitment and selection process and they are satisfied with the
organizational climate and the organization follows ethical recruitment policy.