Supernova Cosmology

Aims: Demonstrate that the 0.22 increase in slope of high z SNe1a currently attributed to an increase of 10-15% distance believed to be caused by dark energy is actually caused by the time-dilated template subtraction of the factor 1/ (1+z) to create a rest-frame.
Methods: Simple addition and subtraction of the 1/ (1+z) factor to rest-frame data from Riess et al. (1998) and Perlmutter et al. (1999).  Because the 1/ (1+z) factor is non-linear, subtracting it  reduces the slope of the low SNe1a much more than it reduces the slope of the high SNe1a so that it appears that the slope of the high SNe1a has increased. Adding the factor reverses the slope change which is linearly cumulative for multiple additions.
Results: When we added back the 1/ (1+z) factor to the SNeIa data, it undid the error by recreating the observer-frame, so that the high z slope of 2.40 became 2.18 and the low z slope of 2.22 became 2.17. This addition made the two slopes essentially the same and thus eliminated the observation of an increase of 0.22 in the slope of the high z SNE1a which required the theory of dark energy.  We then subtracted multiples of the 1/ (1+z) factor. Each subtraction increased the SNeIa high z slope by the same 0.22 amount. We developed a factor-to-slope correlation (R2=0.9998) by comparing the number of 1/ (1+z) correction factors to the 0.22 increase in the resulting high z SNe1a slopes. THIS PAPER IS BASED ON ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION, NOT COSMOLOGY.

The problem of creation of Unitary Field theory, or the Theory of Everything, which the Einstein was so eager to solve by means of physics, remained unsolved since it is solvable only by means of the Word: because the Word, according to Bible — is the God and «the God has»: Universe, His Child. This particular solution is given by the linguistic work about the Existing, offered by me to you and based on the Pressing method, the founder of which is Dionysus (Bacchus) — the ancient's god of the Word, Moon and Wine. // Познать Мир, Божий Храм - есть познать Слово нам. Слово - это Луна.

A new cosmological model is suggested, a type of Big Bang cosmology but with a different redshift scale-factor relation and no cosmological constant.  There is discussion of why observations often seem to support the possibly faulty Concordance Cosmology.  In the new model there is an apparent matter density of about 0.3 but no coincidence problem as the real matter density is 1.0.  There is a solution to the Hubble tension.

There is a preponderance of evidence, both physical and scientific, that Space and Matter are two Phases of the same thermodynamic System with fluid-like properties within a universe structured in the model of spacetime. This conclusion is drawn by means of both physical evidence and abductive reasoning - a form of logical inference. Abduction is inference arriving at the best explanation. The basis of this theory rests mainly upon Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity and on one aspect of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity - Einstein;s Equivalence Principle.

Gravity is posed to be the radial convergence of compressible spatial flow - spaceflow - upon elemental matter.  Spaceflow is an endothermic process which serves several purposes. 1) It cools the universe and 2) it is responsible for the creation of heavier atoms within stellar nucleosynthesis, and 3)  it stabilizes baryonic matter by sustaining the nucleon-nucleon interaction - the residual strong force.

It is posed that, while gravity is known to be the weakest of all  fundamental interactions, its presence over cosmic spans of time is critical in that it supports the existence and stability of the residual strong force binding nucleons within the nucleus. Gravity is the dynamic energy source (flow) that, over time, sustains the potential energy reservoir (pool) responsible for the strong force.

Gravitational collapse - At such a time - when space ceases to flow into a system, all matter within the system will revert into another state. Supernova and new stars are born in this process; and whole universes die in a similar fashion. When the supply of spaceflow is insufficient to sustain all matter, all matter within the universe will revert to its primordial state of energy. When this occurs  it will do so in a  in another Big Bang event. This quasi-time independent (quantum) process is what suggests that the universe has a finite and cyclic  lifespan.

We derive several, detailed relationships in terms of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) generalization which describe the Universe during both the radiation and matter dominated epochs. We explicitly provide for the influence of radiation, rather than burying this term within the matter term. Several models allow the cosmological constant (CC) to vary with universe expansion in differing manners. We evaluate these and other popular models including the LCDM (standard model), quintessence as presented by Vishwakarma, Equation of State (EoS) and the Carmeli model with data from the 580 Union2.1 supernovae type Ia collection, using several minimization routines and find models built about the CC, the LCDM models, fare no better than those without.

We present optical and infrared photometry of the unusual Type Ia supernova 2000cx. With the data of Li et al. (2001) and Jha (2002), this comprises the largest dataset ever assembled for a Type Ia SN, more than 600 points in UBVRIJHK. We confirm the finding of Li et al. regarding the unusually blue B-V colors as SN 2000cx entered the nebular phase. Its I-band secondary hump was extremely weak given its B-band decline rate. The V minus near infrared colors likewise do not match loci based on other slowly declining Type Ia SNe, though V-K is the least ``abnormal''. In several ways SN 2000cx resembles other slow decliners, given its B-band decline rate (Delta m_15(B) = 0.93), the appearance of Fe III lines and weakness of Si II in its pre-maximum spectrum, the V-K colors and post-maximum V-H colors. If the distance modulus derived from Surface Brightness Fluctuations of the host galaxy is correct, we find that the rate of light increase prior to maximum, the characteristics of the bolometric light curve, and the implied absolute magnitude at maximum are all consistent with a sub-luminous object with Delta m_15(B) ~ 1.6-1.7 having a higher than normal kinetic energy.

We present a fully consistent catalog of the local and global properties of the host galaxies of 882 Type Ia supernovae (SNIa) spanning the redshift range 0.01 < z < 1 and corresponding to a preliminary version of the compilation sample including SNLS 5 years data, SDSS, and low redshift surveys. We measure low and moderate redshift host galaxy photometry in SDSS stacked and single-epoch images and use SED fitting techniques to derive host properties such as stellar mass and U − V rest-frame colors, the latter being an indicator of the luminosity weighted age of the stellar population in a galaxy. We combine these results with high redshift host photometry from the SNLS survey and thus obtain a consistent catalog of host stellar masses and colors across a wide redshift range. We also estimate the local observed fluxes at the supernova location within a proper distance radius of 3 kpc, and transpose them into local U − V rest-frame colors. This is the first time that local environments surrounding SNIa have been measured at redshifts spanning the entire Hubble diagram. We find that local U − V colors convey more information than the properties of the host galaxy as a whole (host stellar mass or global U − V rest-frame color). Once selection requirements are chosen, we perform cosmological fits using local color as a third standardization variable and find its significance at the level of 7σ, indicating that the remaining luminosity variations in SNIa samples can be reduced using a third variable in light-curve fitters taking the local environment into account. Moreover, Hubble diagram residuals are more correlated with local color than any other variable. We discuss the possible implications for cosmology and find that using the local color in place of the stellar mass results in a change in the measured value of the dark energy equation of state parameter of 0.6%. Standardization using local U − V color in addition to stretch and color reduces the total dispersion in the Hubble diagram from 0.15 to 0.14 mag. This will be of paramount importance for the forthcoming SNIa surveys, and in particular LSST for which w(z) will be accessible in bins of redshift with a constraining power several orders of magnitude greater than that of current surveys.

We present optical and infrared photometry of the unusual Type Ia supernova 2000cx. With the data of Li et al. (2001) and Jha (2002), this comprises the largest dataset ever assembled for a Type Ia SN, more than 600 points in UBVRIJHK. We confirm the finding of Li et al. regarding the unusually blue B-V colors as SN 2000cx entered the nebular phase. Its I-band secondary hump was extremely weak given its B-band decline rate. The V minus near infrared colors likewise do not match loci based on other slowly declining Type Ia SNe, though V-K is the least ``abnormal''. In several ways SN 2000cx resembles other slow decliners, given its B-band decline rate (Delta m_15(B) = 0.93), the appearance of Fe III lines and weakness of Si II in its pre-maximum spectrum, the V-K colors and post-maximum V-H colors. If the distance modulus derived from Surface Brightness Fluctuations of the host galaxy is correct, we find that the rate of light increase prior to maximum, the characteristics of the bolometric light curve, and the implied absolute magnitude at maximum are all consistent with a sub-luminous object with Delta m_15(B) ~ 1.6-1.7 having a higher than normal kinetic energy.

Detection of the late time integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect (ISW) is an active area of study related to Large Scale Structures (LSS).The ISW effect can be studied by observing the non- zero cross-correlation between cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies with tracers of mass field, such as galaxy survey data. We plan to study this effect by cross-correlating the CMB data and related cosmological parameters as delineated by the  Wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe(WMAP)with the upcoming  evolutionary map of the universe (EMU) survey planned for Australian square kilometer array Pathfinder(ASKAP).EMU-ASKAP is planned to conduct a deep radio continuum survey with rms10µJy/beam. The survey is planned to cover the entire southern sky, extending to North + 30degreedeclination.Toinferthe expected redshift distribution (dN/dz) and differential source count (S) of the survey that can be extracted from the EMU galaxies, we use data from S-cubed  simulation of extra galactic radio continuum(S3- SEX) for square kilometer array design studies (SKADS). We also calculate various parameters including galaxy survey shot noise, rms confusion uncertainty, and position uncertainty for the survey which can help in understanding the accuracy and analyzing the results of the data.  We also discuss Signal to noise ratios over range of maximum redshifts and maximum multipole values with some discussion on constraints over ΩΛ and Ωb.