Supply

In their contribution, the authors provide information about the level of natural gas quality metering at RWE Transgas Net's delivery stations on the Czech national borders and describe the laboratory arrangements for metering, which are based on analysers in operations. Quality measurements specifically include the dew point of hydrocarbons, oxygen, and sulphur compounds at the Lanžhot and Hora Sv. Kateřiny delivery stations; these substances are specified in agreements on gas supplies to, and gas transport across, the Czech Republic, and are based on the Common Business Practice (CPB) recommendations issued by the EASEE-gas association.

Safflower may have a certain production potential under German conditions, particularly in organic farming where the putatively low nutrient requirement is highly welcomed. However, current knowledge regarding the nutrient requirements of safflower as compared to similar oil crops is limited. It was thus the aim of this study to determine the growth and yield response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as compared to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) with respect to potassium (K) supply. Three safflower and two sunflower plants were cultivated in 5 L Mitscherlich pots. Both species responded strongly to increasing K supply with respect to plant growth and yield. Growth and yield of safflower increased up to 1 g K per pot, while the optimum for sunflower was 3.0 g K per pot. Safflower out-yielded sunflower at low K supply, while at high K level, the opposite was observed. Supply of K affected virtually all yield components in both species, though to different degree. The number of capitula in safflower was only slightly affected, and the number of achenes per capitulum was only reduced under severe K deficiency, while single-achene mass increased with increasing K supply. In sunflower, the number of achenes per capitulum strongly responded to the K supply, as did the single-achene mass. Oil yield in safflower was affected by K deficiency mainly due to reduced achene yield, not oil concentration. However, oil yield in sunflower was severely affected by low K supply due to both reduced achene yield and lowered oil concentration. Multiple-regression analyses indicate that in sunflower, the stem dry matter (DM) and the total amount of K accumulated in the aboveground biomass were most important, while in safflower the total amount of K and N accumulated had the highest impact. It is concluded that sunflower is more sensitive to inadequate K supply than safflower.

This paper aims to provide the most up-to-date survey of tourism economics research and to summarise the key trends in its recent development. Particular attention is paid to the research progress made over the last decade in respect of approaches, methodological innovations, emerging topics, research gaps, and directions for future research. Remarkable but unbalanced developments have been observed across different sub-research areas in tourism economics. While neoclassical economics has contributed the most to the development of tourism economics, alternative schools of thought in economics have also emerged in advancing our understanding of tourism from different perspectives. As tourism studies are multi-and inter-disciplinary, integrating economics with other social science disciplines will further contribute to knowledge creation in tourism studies.

الملخص
الأصل أن التسعير الجبري يحد من الحرية الاقتصادية التي كفلها الإسلام للأفراد في المجتمع؛ ذلك أن عقود المعاوضات مبنية على الرضا، ولا يكون التحجير على المكلف إلا استثناء حين التعارض بين مصلحتين: الفرد والمجتمع ـ فالواجب على الدولة أمام هذا التعارض التدخل لحماية مصالح العامة وحراستها من خلال الحد من حرية الأفراد إذا أضرت أو أساءت لبقية المجتمع.
فإذا كان الأفراد في المجتمع الإسلامي ملتزمون بقواعد الشريعة وأسسها لا يتعرضون لمصالح المجتمع بأدنى حيف وجور فلا يخول الإمام بالتدخل في شؤونهم فيترك للأفراد كامل الحرية كما يترك تحديد الأسعار لكل من العرض والطلب ، وللبائعين أن يبيعوا كما يشاءون ماداموا لم يخرجوا عن منهج العدالة التي رسمها الله لعباده. وفي هذا يقول ابن القيم في كتابه "الطرق الحكمية" : "فإذا كان الناس يبيعون سلعهم على الوجه المعروف من غير ظلم منهم وقد ارتفع السعر إما لقلة الشيء: العرض، وإما لكثرة الخلق: الطلب ، فهذا إلى الله ، فإلزام الناس أن يبيعوا بقيمة بعينها إكراه بغير حق"( ) أما إذا وقع الظلم وعم الجور واستغل الباعة هذه الحرية التي متعهم الله بها، ووقع  منهم ما وقع وتعسفوا في استعمال حقهم فعلى الإمام أن يسارع إلى حماية المجتمع من عبث هؤلاء والضرب على أيديهم بالتسعير لا  ليوقعهم في الظلم وإنما ليعيدهم إلى العدالة التي تكفل حقهم قبل حق المجتمع .

الكلمات الدالة: الفقه الاسلامي، التسعير، العرض، الطلب، تدخل الحاكم في الاقتصاد.
Özet
İnsanın  tasarrufunda  asıl olan özgürlüktür.  Satış kontratı ancak tarafların kabulü ile imzalanır.  Fiyatların yükselmesi arz ve talep yasasına göre, ticari malların azalması talebin yükselmesinin, kendiliğinden fiyatın yükselmesine neden olur.
Bu durumlarda yönetici müdahale etmez, ancak satıcılar haklarını kötüye kullandıkları takdirde,  kendi aralarında fiyatları yükseltmek için  hileli bir işbirliği yaparlar ise  bu  ticari malların fiyatlarının doğal olmayan  yapay bir  şekilde yükselmesine neden olur, bu durumda yöneticinin müdahalesi söz konusu olur. Fiyatlarda denge oluşturur, burada artan yapay  fiyatları düşürerek  doğal fiyatına dönüşüne  kadar.    Bunun da adına  semen-i misl denir.
        Yöneticinin ticari malların fiyatlandırmasına müdahalesi fakihler arasında tartışma konusudur. Bu konu ele alındığında karşılaştırmalı ffıkhi yöntemi uygulayarak  açık ve özet bir çözüm göstermek için bir araya gelinir. Bu da fakihlerin İslam ekonomisi konularında en belirgin rollerini gösterir.
Anahtar Kelimeler:  İslam fıkhı, fiyatlandırma, arz , talep, müdahale

Abstract
Human acts are based on freedom, therefore, a sale contract cannot be concluded without the contractors ‘approval. Following the supply and demand law, commodities prices may rise if a commodity is not available in the market and highly demanded. In such a situation, the state can’t intervene. Some vendors might abusively use their rights and increase the prices above the normal; in this case the state can intervene to assure balance in prices by reducing the artificial price to a natural price or what is literally called “equivalence price.”
Nevertheless, there is a divergence among scholars about the state intervention concerning the pricing of commodities. This has led researchers to deal with the issue within the framework of comparative jurisprudence to give it a clear and a concise perception, so as to highlight the role of scholars in Islamic Economics issues.
Key Words:  Islamic jurisprudence, pricing, supply, demand, intervention.