Technology and Society

This short essay explores the meaning of crossing borders in contemporary times. Borders are proliferating at a rapid rate, and paradoxically they are also being eroded at a rapid rate. This essay claims that this 'making and unmaking of borders' has a profound social impact, and is a central concern in our personal lives and in wider societal and political realms. The making and unmaking of borders produces fear, anxiety, security, liberation and emancipation depending on where you are in relation to the border. Dr Western explores borders utilising a psycho-social lens, revealing how we constantly have to cross and navigate borders, in the 'real world', digital and virtual world, and in our emotional worlds.

This dissertation investigates the ways scientific and biotechnological advancement impact and change Jewish law and ethics. It analyzes the contemporary Jewish bioethical debate concerning the identification of maternity and paternity in four cases of assisted reproductive technologies (ART): in vitro fertilization, gestational surrogacy, cloning, and mitochondrial replacement therapy. Unprecedented modes of procreation engender new definitions of parenthood, challenging a longstanding Jewish framework of theology, law, and ethics. Part I develops a conceptual scaffolding for the discrete analyses of Part II, and considers the philosophical bases of parenthood, the gendered nature of Jewish legal bioethics, the relationship of law and ethics, and ways of relating religion and science. For each case of ART, Part II examines the biological science and technology in historical context, locates Jewish bioethical concerns within the larger bioethical discussion, and critically reviews the epistemological and axiological dimensions of the legally oriented analyses of a select group of leading Jewish bioethicists, chosen for their copious writings on ART and contextualizing oeuvres: Rabbi J. David Bleich, Rabbi Michael J. Broyde, Rabbi Elliot N. Dorff, and the collaborative writings of Dr. John D. Loike and Rabbi Moshe D. Tendler. Insights from Jewish feminist bioethical criticism and other notable Jewish bioethical works enhance the analyses. Through a focused study of the redefinition of parenthood in Jewish law and bioethics, I demonstrate four ways in which advances in science impact Jewish law and ethics. One, scientific awareness leads to greater sophistication and nuance of analysis. Two, Jewish bioethicists grapple with religion and science relations, and speak directly to these overarching considerations. Three, the epistemological and axiological influence of religion and science relations correlate with greater openness to new technologies, theoretical conceptualizations, and their practical applications. Four, advances in science change Jewish legal and bioethical analyses and outcomes through (at least) four possible methodological mechanisms – namely, theoretic holism, innovative interpretation, indeterminate gaps, and realist realignment. Jewish bioethics are thus shown to illumine the intricate interrelationship between religion and science and its impact on Jewish law and ethics.

Teaching the research paper has been considered a “present controversy” for over fifty years (Saalbach, 1963). Some scholars believe that it prepares students for “generalized academic writing” (Reiff and Bawarshi, 2011; Sutton, 1997; Schwegeler and Shamoon, 1982). However, others have referred to the research paper as a “fossilized,” “pseudo-academic,” “mutt genre” (Nowacek, 2011; Wardle, 2007; Carroll, 1999; Larsen, 1982). This chapter argues that radical openness and information overload--two major features of new media composing environments--compromise the relevance of the traditional research paper. First, the research paper has been praised and blamed for its (in)ability to help students learn the importance of writing from sources (Brent 2013, Rooney 2000). However, the parameters of most research assignments are incapable of matching the scale of data available at any given time. For instance, typical constraints like “use 5-7 sources” for a first-year college writing course seems ridiculous when it takes seconds to retrieve thousands, if not millions, of possible sources. Next, open-access publishing and collaborative authorship have transformed the way that research is conducted and recognized across disciplines. Although teaching students how to crowdsource research makes the most sense in a data deluge, the research paper privileges single authorship. Moreover, the problems of authorship and source attribution implicate the research paper in certain kinds of fraud. For instance, plagiarism and term paper mills are a “built-in” problem of research papers (Howell, 1977).  In sum, this chapter focuses on what the term "research" means in a context of too much information.  It concludes by offering a brief discussion of literature relevant to this topic.

Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), carrera de Educación y Gestión del Aprendizaje, curso de Antropología. En este mapa mental es sobre la lectura "La Sociedad del Cansancio". Trata sobre nuestra reflexión de la lectura y sobre como es el ser humano. Se ve la competencia de gestión e innovación

Autores:
- Orianna Orlandini
- Arianna Díaz

The rapid spread of electronic fingerprinting not only creates new regimes of surveillance but compels users to adopt novel ways of performing their bodies to suit the new technology. This ethnography uses two Indian case studies-of a welfare office and a workplace-to unpack the processes by which biometric devices become effective tools for determining identity. While in the popular imaginary biometric technology is often associated with providing disinterested and thus objective evaluation of identity, in practice "failures to enrol" and "false rejects" frequently cause crises of representation. People address these by tinkering with their bodies and changing the rules, and in the process craft biometric bodies. There are assembled bodies that link people and objects in ways considered advantageous for specific identity regimes. By using assemblage theory, the article proposes an alternative interpretation of new surveillance regimes as fluid practices that solidify through the agency of multiple actors who naturalise particular power/knowledge arrangements.

Professional training programs strive to prepare students for success in their respective fields. Despite sustained and concentrated efforts, however, a serious gap exists between training and practice, particularly in fields requiring complex decision-making. In the field of ...

Since the 1960’s, commercial surveillance in the form of bar code and RFID technologies have provoked distinctly different responses from businesses and consumers. A comparison of the history of bar codes to the current diffusion of RFIDs reveals that recent information and communication technology advances have dramatically shifted threats to consumer privacy from the point-of-sale into the realm of mobile surveillance and the dataveillance of networked databases. Businesses, driven by economic competition have aggressively embraced these technologies, while consumers have initially resisted them. Over time however, resistance fades as consumers either accept these technologies as tools of convenience or become accustomed to their pervasive presence. With the introduction and adoption of more advanced commercial surveillance technologies, user groups are confronted with the power of information analysis made possible by computer technology, databases, and the accessibility of data through networks, laying the philosophical foundation for the growth of data crimes.

Because technologies and morals co-evolve, modern societies have to become adept at techno-moral learning, or the art of 'reflective' co-evolution. Developing this skill requires a better understanding of the various ways technology and morality challenge each other. With ...

Industrial Activity: Kraftwerk's Radio-Activity as dystopian sonic template.
Radio-Activity (1975) deals with the most dystopian themes the pioneering German electronic group ever addressed. It was released shortly before the emergence in Britain of what became known as industrial music. The paper will argue that the more sonically radical and conceptually dystopian elements of the album were a strong precedent for industrial music and the way in which it used electronically-generated sound and noise. The minimalistic electronic percussion, oscillator and voltage sounds, shortwave radio recordings and collages of sampled voices deployed by Kraftwerk here can be directly compared to industrial's use of noise as a texture, within and against a pop format. The use of these sonic elements to explore dystopian and ambivalent subject matter is also relevant here. Geiger Counter manipulates the fears surrounding radiation and The Voice of Energy features an alienated, electronically processed vocal that gives voice to fears of technological domination. The use of simulated and actual radio sounds and news reports on News has parallels with the near-contemporary work of the British group Cabaret Voltaire and their use of similar materials and themes, for instance on the early track Baader Meinhof.  While Kraftwerk took this sample-based technique no further, it would become a key stylistic trope of industrial music. Uranium is a chilling soundscape that coldly dramatises the lethal potential of the element, and uses electronic sound to communicate a sense of ominousness. Another important parallel to be considered is the use of sonic and conceptual ambivalence. The album was the group's most controversial, with some seeing it as being uncritical of, or even consciously aestheticising nuclear power. This overlooked Kraftwerk's documentary ambition to present tone pictures of everyday technological life, as well as their sly irony. The presenation of extreme and disturbing subject matter in industrial has generated even more severe criticism, with many being disturbed by its sonic-conceptual ambivalence. With these questions in mind, Radio-Activity will be compared with examples from groups such as Cabaret Voltaire, Throbbing Gristle, Clock DVA and others, illustrating some of the related approaches that appeared in the wake of the album. Both Kraftwerk and these artist consciously used what were then the still-alienating potentials of electronic sound,  manipulating and ambivalently exploring technophobia and the darker side of late 20th Century ideas of (post)-industrial progress. Due to the controversy generated by its apparent “over-identification” with nuclear power, it has been relatively overlooked and is seen as less influential than those before and after it, yet it did exert a hidden influence as what Slavoj Žižek terms as a “vanishing mediator” between the approaches informing the elektronische musik of the Cologne School (which Kraftwerk members were fully aware of) and industrial. From there the still under-narrated industrial's effect on subsequent forms including Electronic Body Music (EBM), New Beat, Techno and certain strains of electronica can be traced, expanding our understanding of Kraftwerk's stylistic and conceptual influence further than previously.

This thesis contests the reified status of ‘scribe’ and its Egyptological construction as social category, and returns to the ancient Egyptian writing practices attested in the archaeological record. It aims to deconstruct the ‘scribe’ category and to suggest a new perspective that takes into account historiography and museum displays, particularly in the way that specific object types—i.e. pen and palette—have been used to fetishise the ‘scribe’ as a distinct class of people in ancient Egyptian society. As a first step, the thesis presents a complete dataset of those two object types so far recorded from documented excavations, to test the distribution and detailed context of each example. The research then further concentrates on archaeological methods to recontextualise writing implements, presenting a case study on the material culture from the ancient Egyptian site of Balat ‛Ayn Asīl in the western desert. There, a more diffuse material culture of writing practices provides a m...

In this article, I examine how nudging powered by Big Data relates to both negative and positive liberty. I focus in particular on how liberty is affected by appeals to irrational mechanisms. I conclude that it is problematic to use liberty as an argument for nudging. Such an argument would have to be based on the concept of positive liberty, empowerment and emancipation from irrationality, but I argue that even stronger arguments against nudging can be built on the same conception of liberty. I consider Big Data-powered nudging to have the potential to be both manipulative and coercive, and believe that we should be wary of the effects such efforts have on liberty. As I consider liberty to be part of what makes a good society, this becomes an effort to analyse one aspect of the effects of technology on society in general. While I do not accept arguments in favour of nudging based on liberty, it is easier to see that arguments based on utility could support nudging. I do not evaluate what the proper trade-off is between utility and liberty in this article, and it is obvious that, at times, utility trumps an absolute demand for liberty. However, I argue in favour of transparent traditional regulation and rational persuasion instead of nudging, when these approaches can serve the same purposes. Should we choose to nudge, we should not euphemise our efforts by claiming that we do so on behalf of freedom.

Diseño aprticipativo del plan prospectivo de Cinecia, tecnología e Innovación 2012-2032 para el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Este diseño contó con la cooperación de Colciencias, Observatorio del Caribe Colombiano (Ocaribe), Gonernación de Cordoba y Universidad de Cordoba

Il crescente sforzo di protezione normativa non ha eliminato il “peccato originale” del data sharing. La necessità di trasferire i dati sui sistemi di chi offre un servizio digitale, perdendone così il controllo, pone dei freni alla “pro-azione” dei dati.

C’è il rischio che individui ed aziende, per evitare di compromettere la privacy o gli asset aziendali basati sui dati, perdano molte delle opportunità della data-driven economy.

La soluzione a questo problema è un modello alternativo di data ownership basato su una piattaforma neutrale (“trusted middleware”) che coordina 3 strumenti:

1. OPen ALgorithms (Hardjono e Pentland 2017) : lo strumento tecnologico che abilita co-creazione di valore dai dati senza necessità di data sharing (protezione by design);

2. Contratto-Codice: lo strumento economico che specifica i parametri ed il processo
di elaborazione dei dati in modalità machine-readable;

3. Fiducia KPI: è lo strumento organizzativo che supera la policy e permette di gestire i dati e le elaborazioni in modo consapevole e personalizzato.

Grazie a questi strumenti, individui ed aziende possono esprimere domanda e offerta sotto forma di “elabo-relazioni” alimentate da dati protetti by design, all’interno di un ecosistema performante ad elevata intensità e frequenza.

Una rinnovata propensione a partecipare all’economia del dato è determinante per lo sviluppo di una moderna cittadinanza digitale, di cui fa parte anche il mondo del business.

La sfida è cambiare modello di interazione attraverso i dati, ma non è solo una sfida tecnologica, è soprattutto una sfida economico-organizzativa e di design. Policy makers e developers hanno, su livelli differenti, il ruolo chiave di abilitatori.

As technology reshapes the nature of the workplace, many employees find themselves working on some form of a virtual team. But many of these employees complain that their teams
are frustrating, time-consuming, and ineffective. To overcome these challenges, companies must evaluate the Virtual Distance in their organizations and identify how and where groups are struggling. With this information they can develop a solution roadmap that promotes more effective communication and creates targeted strategies for addressing physical, operational, and affinity distance.

The United States has experienced a decline in the number of well-paid manufacturing jobs requiring no more than a high school diploma, as well as of middle-income knowledge economy jobs. Globalization is, indeed, as many suggest, partly responsible for this problem. Other factors have, however, played an equally, if not more, significant role. Technological advancements, the decline of labor’s bargaining power, and the sharply increased financialization of the economy are among the factors which have contributed to the loss of manufacturing and service sector jobs, the creation of new types of tasks for which there are not enough qualified applicants, and a widening of income inequality. With the help of the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) system, we discuss each of these four factors taken individually and collectively (i.e. the Pressure), which result in the outcomes or States. The Responses discuss actions taken to address the negative effects of the P-S. We also propose responses...

... potential malware, and the number of such websites has increased by around 190,0000 since 2008 (see Google's Safe Browsing ... We used the Windows command Ipconfig/displaydns to display the contents of the DNS resolver cache after pinging the domain ... View Within Article. ...

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts.  It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) -  the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students  and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

ABSTRACT Innovation policies are usually expected to contribute to growth in economic performance, in productivity, or in employment. These ultimate objectives are formulated in the political arena; therefore, the examination of their adequacy is beyond the scope of innovation studies. However, these aims are increasingly questioned in other fields of economics. The present paper builds on one of the most influential criticisms of the dominating growth-centred traditions of economics: Amartya Sen's capability approach. We analyze the set of information that would be required for the design, implementation and evaluation of innovation policy if it relied on the capability approach, and how this informational basis would differ from that of the growth centred view. We conclude that switching to the capability approach would result in a sea-change, but the systems of innovation approach, as a framework for analysis, would still be of good use.

Copyright © by Renato Dagnino, 2010
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP)
(Câmara Brasileira do Livro, SP, Brasil)
Tecnologia social : ferramenta para construir outra sociedade / Renato
Dagnino , (org.). -- 2. ed. rev. e ampl. -- Campinas, SP : Komedi,
2010.
Vários autores.
ISBN 978-85-7582-564-8
1. Ciência - Aspectos sociais 2. Economia solidária 3. Inclusão
social 4. Inovações tecnológicas 5. Política social 6. Tecnologia -
Aspectos sociais 7. Tecnologia e civilização I. Dagnino, Renato.
10-06512 CDD-303.483
Índices para catálogo sistemático:
1. Desenvolvimento tecnológico : Sociologia 303.483
2. Tecnologia social : Mudanças sociais : Sociologia 303.483
Diretor: Sérgio Vale
Revisão 1a ed.: Laís Silveira Fraga, Márcia Maria Tait Lima e
Rogério Bezerra da Silva
Preparação 2a ed.: Márcia Maria Tait Lima
Grupo de Análise de Política de Inovação (GAPI)
Coordenador: Renato Dagnino
Equipe de pesquisadores: Carolina Bagattolli, Ednalva Felix das Neves,
Elaine Hipólito, Henrique Tahan Novaes, Laís Silveira
Fraga, Márcia Maria Tait Lima, Milena Pavan Serafi m,
Rafael de Brito Dias, Rodrigo Rodrigues da Fonseca,
Rogério Bezerra da Silva

SUMÁRIO
Apresentação ................................................................................................. 7
Renato Dagnino
La generación de tecnologías en las zonas rurales ......................................... 23
Amilcar O. Herrera
A Tecnologia Social e seus desafi os ............................................................... 53
Renato Dagnino
Sobre o marco analítico-conceitual da Tecnologia Social .............................. 71
Renato Dagnino, Flávio Cruvinel Brandão, Henrique Tahan Novaes
Construção do marco analítico-conceitual da Tecnologia Social ................. 113
Henrique Tahan Novaes, Rafael de Brito Dias
Contribuições da economia da inovação para a refl exão acerca da
Tecnologia Social ....................................................................................... 155
Rafael de Brito Dias, Henrique Tahan Novaes
Em direção a uma teoria crítica da tecnologia ............................................ 175
Renato Dagnino
En búsqueda de una metodología para investigar Tecnologías Sociales ....... 221
Hernán Thomas, Mariano Fressoli
A Tecnologia Social e seus arranjos institucionais ....................................... 249
Rodrigo Fonseca, Milena Serafim
Como transformar a Tecnologia Social em política pública? ....................... 265
Renato Dagnino, Carolina Bagattolli
Considerações fi nais .................................................................................. 293
Renato Dagnino
Sobre os autores ......................................................................................... 298

Critical Mass is an international, monthly event where bicyclists briefly take over city streets to celebrate bicycling, demonstrate their collective strength and send a clear message to the public: ‘We are not blocking traffic, we are traffic!’ In this essay, I explore how Critical Mass functions as both a performative critique of motorized space and a critical response to
automobility. Rather than offering an empirical account of Critical Mass, I discuss the politics of Critical Mass through the lens of the Situationist International, or situationists – a group of avant-garde artists and architects that developed a unique program of spatial politics in the 1950s. Using the situationists as a reference point, I also explain how Critical Mass impacts the progress of formal bicycle advocacy and I contextualize vélomobility within a paradigm of utopian urbanism.

So-called 'social bots' have garnered a lot of attention lately. Previous research showed that they attempted to influence political events such as the Brexit referendum and the US presidential elections. It remains, however, somewhat unclear what exactly can be understood by the term 'social bot'. This paper addresses the need to better understand the intentions of bots on social media and to develop a shared understanding of how 'social' bots differ from other types of bots. We thus describe a systematic review of publications that researched bot accounts on social media. Based on the results of this literature review, we propose a scheme for categorising bot accounts on social media sites. Our scheme groups bot accounts by two dimensions - Imitation of human behaviour and Intent.

In The Death Algorithm and Other Digital Dilemmas, Roberto Simanowski wonders if we are on the brink of a society that views social, political, and ethical challenges as technological problems that can be fixed with the right algorithm, the best data, or the fastest computer. For example, the “death algorithm ” is programmed into a driverless car to decide, in an emergency, whether to plow into a group of pedestrians, a mother and child, or a brick wall. Can such life-and-death decisions no longer be left to the individual human?

In these incisive essays, Simanowski asks us to consider what it means to be living in a time when the president of the United States declares the mainstream media to be an enemy of the people—while Facebook transforms the people into the enemy of mainstream media. Simanowski describes smartphone zombies (or “smombies”) who remove themselves from the physical world to the parallel universe of social media networks; calls on Adorno to help parse Trump's tweeting; considers transmedia cannibalism, as written text is transformed into a postliterate object; compares the economic and social effects of the sharing economy to a sixteen-wheeler running over a plastic bottle on the road; and explains why philosophy mat become the most important element in the automotive and technology industries.

This article examines five common misunderstandings about case-study research: (a) theoretical knowledge is more valuable than practical knowledge; (b) one cannot generalize from a single case, therefore, the single-case study cannot contribute to scientific development; (c) the case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building; (d) the case study contains a bias toward verification; and (e) it is often difficult to summarize specific case studies. This article explains and corrects these misunderstandings one by one and concludes with the Kuhnian insight that a scientific discipline without a large number of thoroughly executed case studies is a discipline without systematic production of exemplars, and a discipline without exemplars is an ineffective one. Social science may be strengthened by the execution of a greater number of good case studies.