Tensile

This study evaluated bamboo as a potential replacement for steel in concrete beams. The bamboo was splint into 19mm strips from the Bamboo culm. Each 19mm strip was counted as percentage reinforcement. The percentages of bamboo reinforcements used varied from 1% to 14%. One hundred and forty specimens for the flexural test were cast in 150mm x150mm x 600mm rectangular moulds and 150mm x 300mm cylindrical moulds were used for another one hundred and forty tensile test specimens. The surface of the bamboo splint was coated with bitumen and sandblasted. The concrete mix ratio was 1:2:4 with a water/cement ratio of 0.54. The bamboo-reinforced concrete beams were tested at intervals of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, and 30days for flexural and tensile strengths. It was observed that as the percentage of bamboo reinforcement increased, both flexural and tensile strengths increased. The maximum strength occurred at 9% at each interval of testing. In general, the test results indicated that the inclusion of Bamboo splints in concrete beams increased the load carrying capacity of the beams but not proportionately. It can therefore be recommended that Bamboo reinforcement can be used basically for light weight concrete structures as minimal/nominal reinforcement in a structure.

In the early 1960s, the Saudi Ministry of Defense and Aviation began planning for an air terminal that was urgently required to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of Hajj pilgrims that arrived yearly. Approximately five hundred thousand pilgrims were expected to arrive in 1975, and that number was certain to increase exponentially over the years. The creation of a suitable facility was thus an absolute necessity. This article investigates how designers successfully addressed the issue of creating such a mammoth terminal without adopting the International Style of architecture, then virtually ubiquitous. It begins by outlining the development of the International Style and mentions the concerns of its critics. It then examines how the developers of the Hajj Terminal addressed these concerns by adopting a neo-Vernacular approach to create a stunningly beautiful edifice which, while reflecting traditional vernacular precedents in its tent-shaped design, was also to become the world's most immense fabric structure enclosing the world's largest covered space. Today, the Hajj Terminal encompasses an area greater than the international airports of New York, Chicago and Paris combined. Approximately two million pilgrims pass through the terminal every year, making it the center of the biggest airlift in the world during the pilgrimage season.

In this study, natural fibre composite made of banana and coir has been selected as reinforcing material to study the mechanical properties. The natural fibre has excellent mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and less weight. The composite plate is prepared with epoxy resin (EP187). The composite plate is formed in 4 mm and 5mm thickness. The objective of the study is to compare and analyse the tensile and flexural properties of banana-coirreinforced composite material. It is found that the tensile and flexural strength increases with the decrease in the thickness.

Paracetamol and diclofenac sodium are common over-the-counter analgesics which are accessible to the general population. The aim of this work was to assay paracetamol and diclofenac sodium content in samples selected across the Maiduguri metropolis using UV spectrophotometric method. 15 samples each of paracetamol tablet, paracetamol syrup and diclofenac sodium tablet were randomly selected from three different sources; hospital pharmacy, community pharmacy and drug patent stores. Wavelength of 257 nm was adopted for paracetamol samples assay while 276 nm was adopted for diclofenac sodium samples. Percentage mg content for paracetamol tablets ranged from 37-73%, 18-104% for paracetamol syrups and 77-95% for diclofenac sodium tablets. According to the USP none of the paracetamol tablet samples passed, 12 out of 15 paracetamol syrup samples passed and 8 out of 15 diclofenac sodium tablet samples passed (USP acceptance range is 90-110%).Statistical significance was observed between class of drug and percentage mg content (p-value < 0.05) but no significance between source of drug and percentage mg content (p-value > 0.05) when the findings were subjected to ANOVA.

Experiments were conducted on jute fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites
to optimize the content of fiber in the composite. It was found to be 40wt%. In the present
study, effects of hybridizing glass fibers and carbon in the optimized jute fiber reinforced
PP composite have been studied. The properties such as tensile, flexural and impact with
respect to randomly oriented jute, glass and carbon fiber variations in the PP matrix are
considered. Jute, glass and carbon fibers reinforced PP matrix composites with different
fiber contents were prepared by injection molding. Matrix content is kept as 60wt%. The
hybridization of the fibers considered by weight fraction for jute and glass is 20:20, for
jute and carbon is 20:20 and jute, glass and carbon is 20:10:10. Results showed that
tensile, flexural and impact properties have been improved with glass fiber hybridization
and further improvement in these properties are observed with carbon fiber hybridization.
When glass and carbon fibers are added in 10:10 weight percentage the considered
mechanical properties have been found to be nearer to the composite with 20 wt% of
carbon.

In this study, natural fibre composite made of banana and coir has been selected as reinforcing material to study the mechanical properties. The natural fibre has excellent mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and less weight. The composite plate is prepared with epoxy resin (EP187). The composite plate is formed in 4 mm and 5mm thickness. The objective of the study is to compare and analyse the tensile and flexural properties of banana-coirrein forced composite material. It is found that the tensile and flexural strength increases with the decrease in the thickness.

A smooth enamel surface after the removal of a bracket from a tooth is essential for both esthetic demands and the prevention of plaque accumulation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate enamel damage caused by three standardized debracketing techniques. We established three standardized test devices based on the principles of the squeezing, shearing, and tensile testing methods, which were simulated using a How Plier (TASK 60-306), a Direct Bond Bracket Remover (TASK 60-335 T), and a Lift-Off Debracketing Instrument (3 M-Unitek 444-761), respectively. Thirty teeth in each group were evaluated after debracketing. An optical stereomicroscope and a CCD camera with a computerized image analysis system were used to ascertain the proportion of remnant adhesive area (RAE) on the enamel surface. Fractography was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The squeezing debracketing method exhibited the highest debonding force (54.3 ± 7.0 N) and the least damage to the enamel surface (RAE = 99.5% ± 2.4%). The tensile debracketing method preserved most of the adhesive on the enamel surface (RAE = 98.7% ± 3.3%) and required the least debonding force (6.8 ± 1.2 N). However, the shearing debracketing method exhibited a significantly higher debonding force (32.0 ± 8.2 N) and smaller RAE (77.3% ± 33.5%) compared to the tensile debracketing method (p &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). Three specimens appeared to have vertical fractures on their enamel prisms when using the shearing method. With the proposed method, we conclude that the squeezing and tensile methods are acceptable for clinical use when debracketing, whereas the Direct Bond Bracket Remover may cause shearing failure, leading to a risk for enamel damage.

The mechanical characterization of brain tissue at high loading velocities is vital for understanding and modeling Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). The most severe form of TBI is diffuse axonal injury (DAI) which involves damage to individual nerve cells (neurons). DAI in animals and humans occurs at strains &gt; 10% and strain rates &gt; 10/s. The mechanical properties of brain tissues at these strains and strain rates are of particular significance, as they can be used in finite element human head models to accurately predict brain injuries under different impact conditions. Existing conventional tensile testing machines can only achieve maximum loading velocities of 500 mm/min, whereas the Kolsky bar apparatus is more suitable for strain rates &gt; 100/s. In this study, a custom-designed high rate tension device is developed and calibrated to estimate the mechanical properties of brain tissue in tension at strain rates &lt; 90/s, while maintaining a uniform velocity. The range of st...

Cenosphere fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion processes of power plants. It is composed of hollow, hard shelled, minute spheres, which are made up of silica, iron, and alumina. In this study, cenosphere fly ash is incorporated into rigid PVC foam to improve thermal and mechanical properties of their composites. Microstructural, physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of rigid PVC foam extruded with different loadings of cenosphere fly ash (6, 12, 18phr) are characterized. The measured density of the extruded PVC foam composites increased with cenosphere content, indicating a hindrance to the foaming process. Tensile and flexural mechanical properties improved at higher cenosphere content, while the impact strength decreased at initial loading of 6 phr of cenosphere particles and remained steady at higher loadings. Thermal characterization of the extruded samples showed that glass transition temperature remained almost unaffected, while TGA analysis revealed no change in the initial degradation temperature and significant improvement in the final degradation temperature. Thermo-mechanical properties measured by DMA revealed a remarkable improvement in the viscoelastic properties of the composites reinforced with cenosphere particles. SEM analysis of the composites microstructure confirmed that the cenosphere particles were mechanically interlocked with good interfacial interaction in the PVC matrix.