Text Encoding Initiative

The article deals with the activities, within the BIA-net project, of the unit CNR, to whom the a. belongs. It aims to make accessible online the scientific Romanist heritage already digitized in the BIA but currently available only on CD-ROM, creating a digital library for historical and legal communities offering a variety of different services.
To make BIA-net an application that meets minimum requirements for interoperability, standard characters (the Unicode encoding system), data (declarative metalanguage XML) and related management programs (an open source, portable and web interface) have been adopted. To achieve this, the conversion was carried out on both the textual and bibliographic archive of BIA respectively in TEI / XML and in DC / XML, as also on the creation of a web interface prototype for data access.

SGML is an abbreviation for “Standard Generalized Markup Language”. This language, or rather metalanguage, was first defined by an International Standard in 1986. To complement the many detailed technical descriptions of SGML now available, this paper briefly describes the purpose and scope of the standard, aiming to persuade non-technically minded readers that it has something to offer them.

The TEI Guidelines represent today an essential standard in the world of textual encoding for digital editions. However, some problems concerning TEI encoding, both theoretical and practical, are far from being definitively resolved. In this context we firstly discuss a theoretical question: what is the nature of the encoding? Are we interested in the Text or in its documentary image? What is the difference between a descriptive encoding and an editorial one? Secondly, we analyse the specific case of the TEI Guidelines application to the Medieval textual and writing reality: indeed, this application risks being anything but automatic, as TEI tags were set in the context of contemporary printed books.

This article is divided into three sections: the first focuses on some analogies and historical parallels that shape digital technology, the hypertext and interactivity, such as the book and the printing press. My aim in the second section is to map the development of the creation of digital environments for archives, corpus, libraries and scholarly editions of medieval and Golden Age literary works by the Spanish-speaking academic community from 1986 to 2005. Of course my account cannot be comprehensive but, it aims to be representative, nevertheless. The last section traces the evolution of the relationship between the literary studies and information technology from 2006 until 2013 when the first official Digital Humanities conference took place in Spain.

Письменные источники - это документы, с которыми связана история как наука. Документы истории и история документов тесно переплетены. Автоматический контент-анализ и компьютерная обработка исторических текстов обрели свое собственное место в мире методов источниковедения и конкретно-исторического анализа.

Please contact me, if this article is not available in your library.

Ordinals, in latin called libri ordinarii or similar, are medieval codices containing the liturgical rules of sacral communities. In recent years they have been found to be very valuable sources for local church history as well as art, music and urban history. The article discusses the editorial techniques employed on such books, referring to numerous editions prepared all over Europe within the last decades. It argues that ordinals should be understood as « unstable texts » (H. Fromm). As a general strategy to reveal the fluidity of an ordinal’s wording the author formulates three editorial maxims and demonstrates their pertinence by means of a late medieval codex of the chapter Saints Simon and Jude in Goslar (Northern Germany), written in 1435 and revised at least until the second decade of the 16th century.

Im hohen und späten Mittelalter wurden die liturgischen Regeln sakraler Gemeinschaften in Codices fixiert, die man libri ordinarii oder ähnlich nannte. In den letzten Jahren sind solche Handschriften als wertvolle Quellen sowohl der lokalen Kirchengeschichte als auch der Kunst-, Musik- und Stadtgeschichte entdeckt worden. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert unter Bezug auf zahlreiche neuere Textausgaben die methodischen Herausforderungen, die mit der Edition eines liber ordinarius verbunden sind. Ausgehend von der These, dass mittelalterliche Ordinarien « unfeste Texte » (H. Fromm) waren, formuliert der Verfasser drei editorische Maximen, deren Umsetzung anhand eines Codex aus demKollegiatstift St. Simon und Judas in Goslar exemplifiziert wird, der 1435 niedergeschrieben und bis in die 1520er Jahre hinein überarbeitet wurde.

Les ordinaires (en latin libri ordinarii, ou d’autres expressions équivalentes), sont des manuscrits médiévaux contenant les règles de la célébration liturgique propres aux communautés qui les détiennent. Les travaux qui en ont traité dans les dernières années démontrent leur intérêt documentaire pour l’histoire des églises locales, et aussi pour l’histoire de l’art, l’histoire de la musique, l’histoire urbaine. L’article examine les techniques éditoriales appliquées à ces livres, à partir d’exemples d’éditions faites en Europe dans les dernières décennies. Il propose de voir dans ces manuscrits des « textes instables » (H. Fromm). Afin de mettre en évidence la fluidité de la rédaction d’un Ordinaire, l’auteur formule trois règles éditoriales et en démontre la pertinence en s’appuyant sur un manuscrit du chapitre Saint-Simon et Saint-Jude de Goslar (Allemagne du Nord) écrit en 1435 et révisé au moins jusque dans la deuxième décennie du xvie siècle.

The TEI schema has been used for editing verse on several projects. Different encoding modes have been chosen for each of these programs, within the set of tags offered by the TEI verse module. To this day, the effectiveness and applicability of the TEI schema have been tested on medieval, modern and contemporary poems, but rarely on a corpus of ancient epigraphic texts. Therefore, the project Musa epigraphica : new approaches for studying and publishing epigraphic poetry, which I'm leading and which is just at its early stage, opens up an almost uncharted testing area (for other electronic editions of epigraphic poetry see GVCyr, in progress, and the CLE Hispaniae project, completed).
Like any edition of texts written on a three-dimensional surface, the digital edition of verse inscriptions mostly raises issues related to the physical dimension of the medium itself. We discussed said issues, and tried to solve them, in a recent paper (Morlock-Santin 2014). But, while laying the groundwork to define a suitable encoding schema for a specific category of objects bearing text, the basic question that is to be raised is one of hermeneutic nature. How can we make a TEI edition a place for knowledge creation, as well as a research tool that would help researchers to better answer the scientific matters raised by the ancient "street poetry"?
The focus of this presentation is, on the one hand, to draw up a report regarding the current state of the TEI-EpiDoc subset in the matter of the verse inscriptions encoding, in order to identify any potential gaps, and to report potentially helpful additions for the encoders. On the other hand, as a specialist of a particular branch of epigraphic research and as a TEI user, my wish would be to determine, within the scientific literature, the major topics about the epigrammatic genre, and to transpose them into a searchable TEI edition. Due to limited speaking time, I have addressed the issues tied to the mark-up of the layout and text formatting, especially the graphic features adopted to display the literary nature of the epigraphic text and convey it to the reader/viewer, i.e. :
1. Line/verse connection
2. The link between rhythmic breaks (caesurae and diaeresis) and line breaks (Agosti 2010);
3. The layout of the text on its support: columnar layout; indented pentameter (Lougovaya 2012), indentation of other metric segments (clauses or hemistichs);
4. The acrostics
5. The phenomenon of multiple epigrams and companoin pieces
Each question is illustrated by one or more examples.
This presentation does not pretend to give conclusive answers, but rather to establish the terms of a debate and to suggest some possible solutions.

'In Publishing Scholarly Editions, Christopher Ohge cogently argues for approaching editing in pragmatic terms, explicitly invoking the ideas of William James and John Dewey. Such an approach emphasizes the complexities of writerly acts, publishing exigencies, and readerly interpretations and charts the networks of actions and practices that constitute literary experience. Through a lucid contribution to editorial theory and deftly articulated case studies, Ohge shows the opportunities that scholarly editing and especially digital editing provide for displaying these complexities and networks and opening up, rather than closing down, meaning.'

–– Professor Samuel Otter, Slusser Chair in English, University of California, Berkeley, and author of Melville’s Anatomies (1999).

'This is an EXCELLENT book! Useful and timely'.
–– Peter Robinson, Bateman Professor of English at the University of Saskatchewan and founder of Inkless Editions

Publishing Scholarly Editions offers new intellectual tools for publishing digital editions that bring readers closer to the experimental practices of literature, editing, and reading. After the Introduction (Section 1), Sections 2 and 3 frame intentionality and data analysis as intersubjective, interrelated, and illustrative of experience-as-experimentation. These ideas are demonstrated in two editorial exhibitions of nineteenth-century works: Herman Melville's Billy Budd, Sailor, and the anti-slavery anthology The Bow in the Cloud, edited by Mary Anne Rawson. Section 4 uses pragmatism to rethink editorial principles and data modelling, arguing for a broader conception of the edition rooted in data collections and multimedia experience. The Conclusion (Section 5) draws attention to the challenges of publishing digital editions, and why digital editions have failed to be supported by the publishing industry. If publications are conceived as pragmatic inventions based on reliable, open-access data collections, then editing can embrace the critical, aesthetic, and experimental affordances of editions of experience.

In this paper we present a hypertext dictionary of Japanese lexical units for Slovene students of Japanese at the Faculty of Arts of Ljubljana University. The dictionary is planned as a long-term project in which a simple dictionary is to be gradually enlarged and enhanced, taking into account the needs of the students. Initially, the dictionary was encoded in a tabular format, in a mixture of encodings, and subsequently rendered in HTML. The paper first discusses the conversion of the dictionary into XML, into an encoding that complies with the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Guidelines. The conversion into such an encoding validates, enriches, explicates and standardises the structure of the dictionary, thus making it more usable for further development and linguistically oriented research. We also present the current Web implementation of the dictionary, which offers full text search and a tool for practising inflected parts of speech. The paper gives an overview of related resear...

In this paper we present a hypertext dictionary of Japanese lexical units for Slovene students of Japanese at the Faculty of Arts of Ljubljana University. The dictionary is planned as a long-term project in which a simple dictionary is to be gradually enlarged and enhanced, taking into account the needs of the students. Initially, the dictionary was encoded in a tabular format, in a mixture of encodings, and subsequently rendered in HTML. The paper first discusses the conversion of the dictionary into XML, into an encoding that ...

We present a new, unique and freely available parallel corpus containing European Union (EU) documents of mostly legal nature. It is available in all 20 official EU languages, with additional documents being available in the languages of the EU candidate countries. The corpus consists of almost 8,000 documents per language, with an average size of nearly 9 million words per

Source editions are a basic tool for the scientific activity. They are time-consuming and need a huge workload. They testify also skills of an editor. Since more than 30 years scholars have been using a digital technology for editing. Since 20 years an e-editing has existed as the established branch of science. Preparing a set of uniform and precise instructions for the critical apparatus in e-editions remains still a main problem. Among many programmes Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) is the most comprehensive tool for preparing of editions. This paper presents some problems related to creating of critical apparatus under TEI.

Digital Philology 3.1 (2014): 75–100.
                                   
Reprinted in short form in Tablet Magazine (October 7, 2014), available at http://tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/books/183443/dagger-digital-age?all=1 

                     
Tablet version republished in Chinese at http://www.guancha.cn/Ryan-Szpiech/2014_11_04_282773_s.shtml 

Tablet version posted in Spanish at http://www.librosperuanos.com/traducciones/detalle/00000000037/Los-manuscritos-en-la-Era-Digital-esta-Google-destruyendo-el-acto-de-leer

En el presente trabajo intentaremos realizar un acercamiento a los distintos proyectos que han vinculado el metalenguaje de marcado XML con las Ciencias Historiográficas en lo relativo a la codificación textual. Revisaremos, posteriormente, tres de los estándares más empleados para la codificación de textos y valoraremos cuál es el más adecuado a nuestras disciplinas, poniendo especial énfasis en los aspectos que susciten una mayor problemática en orden a su adaptación. Para los casos en los que ello suceda, como en la información referida al análisis diplomático, trataremos de encontrar una posible solución. Por último, expondremos cuáles son algunos de los resultados que podemos esperar a partir de la transformación de los documentos XML, un paso que podría ayudar a convencer de los beneficios de la codificación respecto de ediciones que no incluyen este recurso.

In this paper, we will focus on several projects that linked the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) to Historiographical Sciences, particularly on the scope of text encoding. After this, we will review three of the most frequently used standards for text encoding and we will decide which method is the most accurate for our disciplines. To this end, it is important to bear in mind some issues related to the adaption of the encoding to Paleography and Diplomatics. In addition, when this happens, we will attempt to reach an acceptable solution, as is the case for information related to diplomatics analysis. Finally, we will examine what results can be expected from the transformation of the XML documents, a fact that can serve to convince of the benefits of the text encoding in opposition to other editions that lack this resource.

This paper proposes a new bus coding scheme for reducing the crosstalk in System on chip(soc). As circuit geometries become smaller, wire interconnections become closer together and taller, thus increasing the cross-coupling capacitance between nets. At the same time, parasitic capacitance to the substrate becomes less as interconnections become narrower, and cell delays are reduced as transistors become smaller. With circuit geometries at 0.25 micron and above, substrate capacitance is usually the dominant effect. However, with geometries at 0.18 micron and below, the coupling capacitance between nets becomes significant, making crosstalk analysis increasingly important for accurate timing analysis. We show experimentally that the proposed codes allow reducing crosstalk delay by at least 14% based on available data.

Abstract (ENG):
This essay will focus on a case study of good practices in the field of projection and circulation of digital contents for humanistic research, starting from handwritten sources: the <e-codices - Virtual Manuscript Library of Switzerland> project. As is stated in the <e-codices> website, “the goal of the <e-codices> project is to provide access to all medieval and selected early modern manuscripts of Switzerland via a virtual library”, virtually reunifying dispersed handwritten collections. This goal was made possible thanks to the TEI-P5 standard, which “enables the exchange of metadata with other digitization projects, meta-search engines, and portal sites”.

Abstract: We describe the first Slovenian electronic critical edition, “The Three Sermons on Language ” by Anton Martin Slomšek (1800-1862), Slovenian bishop, reformer and man of letters. The e-edition comprises digital facsimiles of the manuscripts, diplomatic transcription, critical transcription and apparatus. The e-edition is based on XML technology and all of the components are marked-up following the Text Encoding Initiative Guidelines, TEI P4. It was published as a result of cooperation between two Slovenian research institutions, the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy

"Die Carl-Maria-von-Weber-Gesamtausgabe ist ein von der Mainzer Akademie der Wissenschaften finanziertes Projekt (im Rahmen der Musiker-Gesamtausgaben), das in den 1990er Jahre ins Leben gerufen wurde. Ziel ist die wissenschaftlich-kritische Ausgabe sämtlicher Kompositionen, Briefe, Tagebücher und Schriften bis zum 200. Todestag Webers im Jahr 2026.
Schon früh zeigte sich in der Beschäftigung mit den Textteilen der Ausgabe, dass diese in extremer Weise inhaltlich verflochten sind und die Arbeit am Kommentar oftmals nur auf einer übergeordneten, kontextualisierenden Ebene möglich ist. Hierfür wurde (u.a.) eine übergreifende Personendatenbank eingerichtet, zunächst in askSam, später online und erweitert um Daten anderer Musikerausgaben als „fffi-Datenbank“.
Die Probleme der Online-Anzeige sowie des Umgangs mit den Fremddaten seien an dieser Stelle ausgeklammert und der Fokus auf die Erfassung der „WeGA“-Personen gelegt:
Grundsätzlich wird jede Person, die in Webers schriftlichen Äußerungen erwähnt wird, von uns erfasst, erweitert um Personen aus Drittbriefen oder Aufführungsbesprechungen. Die Erfassung neuer Personen geschieht direkt in TEI; die „alten“ Datensätze wurden automatisch transformiert und müssen jetzt manuell an die neue Auszeichnungstiefe angepasst werden. Dabei liegt das Bestreben weniger im Verfassen umfangreicher (prosaischer) Personenartikel als im formalisierten Abspeichern der Informationen zu Geburts- und Todesjahr, Wirkorten, Pseudonymen, Verbindungen zu Institutionen und Organisationen etc.
Zur Zeit erfährt die digitale Arbeit der WeGA allerdings eine grundlegende Überarbeitung mit dem Ziel, möglichst viele Informationen direkt in den Dokumenten (Briefe, Tagebücher) auszuzeichnen, so dass diese nicht redundant in den Personendatensätzen expliziert werden müssen. Als Beispiel seien die unterschiedlichen Namensschreibungen genannt: Jeder Personenname im Text wird mit einem persName-tag ausgezeichnet, das mit einem key-Attribut auf die entsprechende Person in unserer Datenbank verweist. Somit können im Umkehrschluss an der Person alle (in unseren Texten vorkommenden) Schreibweisen ausgegeben werden, ohne diese Informationen explizit an der Person zu speichern. Als nicht zu unterschätzender Nebeneffekt wird damit automatisch zu jeder Information auch gleich der Beleg geliefert; die Anforderung einer Belegstelle war bereits wesentliches Merkmal der ersten fffi-Datenbank, musste dort aber noch als bibliographische Angabe hinterlegt werden.

Jede Person wird (aus praktischen Gründen) als Einzeldatei gespeichert, ist aber Bestandteil einer einzigen, virtuellen TEI-personList. Innerhalb unseres Editionsprojekts erhält jede Person eine eindeutige XML-ID, diejenigen, die bereits von der DNB erfasst sind, erhalten zusätzlich ein corresp-Attribut mit der PND-ID.
Ein Problem der Integration von PND-Daten besteht eben darin, dass der Großteil der von uns zu erfassenden Personen in keinen bibliographischen Angabeie erscheint, also nicht zum originären  ,Beuteschema‘ der PND passt. Hier wäre eine Lösung erstrebenswert, die es uns ermöglichte, Datensätze an die PND anzubinden und gleich (vorläufige) IDs zu erhalten. Im Umkehrschluss würden diese Datensätze auch anderen wieder zur Verfügung stehen, die sich bloß ,anhängen‘ müssten, also auch wieder Arbeit sparen könnten. Hierfür wäre entsprechend eine Schnittstelle  zwischen den Bibliotheken und den Editionsinstituten bzw. -projekten zu schaffen."

Aracne
http://www.aracne.unina.it/
https://github.com/orazionelson/aracne
https://zenodo.org/record/2647506

Aracne is an XQuery framework for managing and publishing TEI-XML collections, it works within the application server for native XML databases: eXist-db.

The framework is designed to give a single working environment to the whole editorial process that leads to the online publication of a collection of documents:

- design of the model, i.e. the definition of a subset of markers to be used according to the TEI specifications;
- management of editors, registration and statistics of their activity;
entering documents with a dedicated XML editor;
- verification and validation of the contents entered;
approval of the contents;
- content processing in a working, out-of-the-box website, with interfaces for searching and browsing the collection.

Aracne, at version 1.0, works and is tested with eXist-db 2.2.

Aracne is released under LGPL License.

Abstract: We present a new, unique and freely available parallel corpus containing European Union (EU) documents of mostly legal nature. It is available in all 20 official EUanguages, with additional documents being available in the languages of the EU candidate countries. The corpus consists of almost 8,000 documents per language, with an average size of nearly 9 million words per language. Pair-wise paragraph alignment information produced by two different aligners (Vanilla and HunAlign) is available for all ...

This poster, presented at Digital Humanities in the Nordic countries conference (17th March, 2016), introduces a new tool and digital platform, “Sematia”. It enables preprocessing the digital texts available (in papyri.info) in TEI EpiDoc XML format to a format which can be uploaded to an outside service for linguistic annotation (for morphological and syntactic treebanking). An important aspect in this process is to take into account the original surviving writing vs. the standardization of language and supplements made by the editors. This is performed by creating two different layers of the same text. In Sematia, the user can also add new metadata concerning the text type, writer and handwriting of each act of writing. The platform is in its early development phase.

28 maggio 2020 - Settimo appuntamento del ciclo di Seminari di informatica umanistica "La tecnologia informatica applicata alle scienze filologiche e librarie" a cura di Gennaro Ferrante e Andrea Mazzucchi. Elena Pierazzo (Université de Tours) discute problemi metodologici e formali di filologia ed edizioni digitali con un intervento dal titolo "Edizioni digitali di documenti complessi: formati, metodi e pubblici".

RIASSUNTO In uno scenario di globalizzazione, l&#39;interprete di comunità diventa una figura sempre più necessaria. Altrettanto necessaria sembra l&#39;individuazione delle capacità coinvolte nel community interpreting, nonché l&#39;elaborazione di metodologie didattiche che promuovano lo sviluppo di tali capacità nello studente. Questo progetto si propone di rispondere, seppur in minima parte, a questa esigenza. Lo fa con l&#39;ambizione di coprire due lingue