The European

Transient-liquid-phase (TLP) joining and liquid-film-assisted joining (LFAJ) exploit thin metallic films that melt at relatively low temperatures as part of a multilayer, multimaterial interlayer to enable joining at reduced temperatures. These methods are attractive for assemblies that include temperature-sensitive components, however, unlike conventional low-temperature joining methods, they also offer the potential for service at temperatures approaching or even exceeding the original joining temperature. In successful TLP joining and LFAJ, the wetting behavior of the liquid plays a critical role. In TLP joining, the liquid ultimately disappears during joining due to interdiffusion and chemical homogenization. In contrast, in LFAJ the liquid persists at the joining temperature, provides a high-diffusivity transport path that accelerates joint formation, and ultimately undergoes a morphological transition that disrupts the initially continuous film. The resulting isolated liquid d...

... April Knill, in 'The value of entrepreneurial ethics around the world', examines the riskiness of investing in private equity and the resulting importance of trust among private firms that are subject to investor risk aversion. Using ...

To determine the color space and the coverage error of two manual shade guide systems in four age groups of a selected population. A total of 174 patients were divided into four age groups and the shade of their natural teeth was measured (2067 teeth) with a spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade). Color parameters in terms of L*, a*, b* values, chroma, and hue were recorded for each tooth. Color difference (ΔE*min) between each natural tooth and the closest match using two manual shade guide systems were calculated (3D Master shade guide standard and 3D Master shade guide with intermediate values). A Wilcoxon test was used to assess statistical differences between mean ΔE*min values for each system (α = 0.05). The recoded ΔE of the two tested manual systems was 6.19 for 3D Master shade guide (standard) and 6.02 for 3D Master shade guide (intermediate values). A statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) was found between the mean ΔE*min of the two systems. 47% of natural teeth ...

The aim of this follow-up study was to evaluate the effects of Pre-Orthodontic Trainer (POT) appliance on the anterior temporal, mental, orbicularis oris, and masseter muscles through electromyography (EMG) evaluations in subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion and incompetent lips. Twenty patients (mean age: 9.8±2.2 years) with a Class II division 1 malocclusion were treated with POT (Myofunctional Research Co., Queensland, Australia).

This paper reports the characterization of lithium tantalite (LiTaO{3}) thin films deposited by sol gel process. Thin films were deposited on (001) sapphire substrates by spin coating. In order to study the effect of annealing temperature on the structural and optical properties, the films were annealed at several heating temperatures, ranging from 600 to 750 °C. From X-ray diffraction measurements

This paper explores the politics of agency expressed through child participation in international development. Empirically it focuses on Bangladesh, highlighting in particular the experience of one children's organisation. It asks how dynamics have changed over time, and what participation has meant for the children and their families. It raises three major challenges for the current practice of child participation: the need to re-emphasise the priority of survival rights; the danger of 'projectisation', and the need to pay critical attention to the resources through which children's agency is built, and the very different models of development they reflect. Cet article s'intéresse à la politique portant sur le rôle des enfants en tant qu'acteurs du développement international. De façon empirique, il se base sur le cas du Bangladesh, en s'appuyant sur l'expérience d'une organisation pour la protection de l'enfance. Il considère l&#x2...

Abstract Economic theory suggests that inequality should influence crime positively. Yet, the evidence in favor of that hypothesis is weak. Pure cross-sectional analyses show significant positive effects but cannot control for fixed effects. Time series and panel data point to a variety of ...

... 2. Materials and experimental procedures. 2.1. Materials and samples preparation. Two commercial castables are considered. The first one is a low cement andalusite castable (And-LCC) made of andalusite aggregates, fumed silica, alumina and calcium aluminate cement. ...