Parameter Extraction

The lumped-element electrical equivalent circuit of nichrome (NiCr) resistors is important for monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) design. This paper presents a methodology for the RF parameter extraction of thin-film NiCr resistors fabricated on GaAs substrate. An algorithm based on DUT S parameters has been developed to extract the electrical parameters of the equivalent circuit up to 18 GHz for a large number of resistors of varying geometries and geometry-scaleable curve-fitted equations for the model parameters have been obtained. The computed S parameters, based on the extracted model parameters, agree reasonably well with the measured S parameters. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 39: 409–412, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11233

The potential of Polarimetric SAR Interferometry (Pol-InSAR) lies in the 3-dimensional resolution of different scattering processes. This proves especially useful for the interpretation of volume scatterers - such as forests - and makes physical parameter extraction possible. Due to the complex structure of forests, the interpretation of Pol-InSAR data is not straight forward, but requires the consideration of a scattering

Energy from the sun is the best option for electricity generation as it is abundantly available everywhere and
sustainable source. Advance of Photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years has made solar energy one of the practical
alternative energy sources available in the energy market. In order to make the PV energy more affordable and cost
effective, major focus of the research community and industry is improvement on power efficiency of PV systems.
Parameter extraction of solar cell plays a crucial role in the simulation and design calculation of PV system. In this
paper, in order to fast and accurately extract the solar cell parameters, differential evolution (DE) is proposed. The
single diode and double diode model of solar cell is used as the basis for the extraction problem. The analysis carried
out using current-voltage (I-V) characteristics showed that the proposed DE outperforms other methods, namely the
genetic algorithm (GA) and partical swarm optimization (PSO).

The Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) is a joint response of German space industry, Earth observation research institutions and value-adding (VA) resellers. EnMAP fulfills the increasing demand on accurate, quantitative information about the ...

In the present study, we determine exact analytical expression of the current flow through a Schottky barrier diode as a function of the input voltage. The Schottky diode is modeled by an electronic circuit containing four physical parameters: a series resistance Rs, a shunt resistance Rsh, a Schottky diode reverse saturation current Is and a Schottky diode ideality factor ¿. Firstly, we solve the characteristic equation and determine the analytical expression of the input current I as a function of the input voltage of the Schottky diode V using the LambertW Function. Secondly, We present two different methods to extract the four physical parameters appearing in the electronic circuit. These methods are applied for two junctions: Iridium-Silicon Carbide Schottky barrier diode at 200 K and Gold-Gallium Arsenide at 300 K. Finally, we compare the results obtained via the two methods presented.

We present a method to derive a rational model from scattering data for electrical parameter extraction. Unlike other methods, the stability and the MacMillan degree of the rational approximation are guaranteed. In order to improve the usability of our method in computer-aided tuning , we also present an algorithm performing automatic reference plane adjustment. Results obtained on a 10 order dual mode IMUX filter are presented.

The solvent extraction (SE) of garlic essential oil (Allium sativum) was studied. A multivariate study based on a four-factor, three-level Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to evaluate the influence of four major variables affecting the performance of the SE of garlic essential oil. The yield and the composition of the essential oils from garlic obtained by SE were determined, and compared with those obtained by the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Statistical treatment of the results provided by the BBD revealed that the selected parameters, extraction time and extraction temperature, were significant. The essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Major essential oil components were 3-vinyl-4H-1,2-dithiin (31.89%), diallyl trisulfide (13.31%), diallyl sulfide (2.22%), dially disulfide (6.87%), propyl allyl disulfide (13.89%), and dimethyl disulfide (7.05%). Compared with SFE, the yield of essential oil obtained by SE was slightly lower, but major essential oil components were quantitatively similar. Moreover, residual solvent in garlic essential oil was very low (+/CD8+ in serum of gastric cancer rats was determined after administration of garlic essential oil. It can be concluded, that the SE method offers obvious advantages over SFE. Moreover, the results indicated that garlic essential oil may be useful for treatment of patients with inflammatory disease, e.g., gastric cancer.

Understanding the relationship between soil fertility and species richness in mesotrophic meadows is important for the conservation of species-rich grassland and particularly for habitat creation. This relationship was investigated in surveys of two heterogeneous created meadows. Redundancy analyses of species abundance data and related soil parameters (extractable phosphorus and extractable potassium, mineral nitrogen, pH, loss-on-ignition, texture and moisture) indicated that phosphorus and potassium concentrations separately accounted for most variation in species composition at the different meadows. Contrary to expectation, low potassium was associated with low diversity, although low phosphorus was associated with high diversity. The concentration ranges in the optimal stands most closely related to species richness are: <7 mg extractable P 100 g−1 (Truog's extraction) and 10–30 mg extractable K 100 g−1. These ranges are expected to be useful in evaluating soil nutrient...

Energy from the sun is the best option for electricity generation as it is abundantly available everywhere and
sustainable source. Advance of Photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years has made solar energy one of the practical
alternative energy sources available in the energy market. In order to make the PV energy more affordable and cost
effective, major focus of the research community and industry is improvement on power efficiency of PV systems.
Parameter extraction of solar cell plays a crucial role in the simulation and design calculation of PV system. The circuit
model of a solar cell is non-linear and transcendental. Different methods under the categories of analytic, iterative, and
evolutionary computational have been proposed to extract the parameters of solar cell in recent years. This paper
presents a survey on parameter extraction of solar cell model and its recent advances.

The author describes a set of procedures for maintaining and characterizing an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) standard cell library. A modular set of programs that generate timing parameters and associated documentation in a well-integrated design environment has been developed. Input to the system is ideally a layout description in GDSII format; its outputs are direct interfaces to the logic simulator and a data sheet for documentation purposes which is further processed by TROFF. The advantage of the proposed approach compared to other systems is the separation of the stimuli databases from the process of parameter extraction. Another advantage is the flexibility of the approach

In this paper, we present a FinFET compact model and its associated parameter extraction methodology. This explicit model accounts for all major small geometry effects and allows accurate simulations of both n- and p-type FinFETs. The model core is physics-based (long-channel model) and some semiempirical corrections are introduced in order to accurately simulate the behavior of ultrashort (L = 25 nm) and ultrathin (WSi = 3 nm) FinFETs. The parameter extraction relies on a software suite allowing an automatic parameter extraction. In this work, the development of our parameter extraction procedure is based on 3-D simulation results. The optimization of parameters related to quantum effects, short-channel effects and channel length modulation illustrates the methodology of parameter extraction. Finally, we compare the FinFET characteristics (drain current and small signal parameters) obtained by our explicit compact model with 3-D numerical simulations for different Fin widths and ch...

Advanced measurement methods using microelectronic test chips are described. These chips are intended to be used in acquiring the data needed to qualify Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC's) for space use. Efforts were focused on developing the technology for obtaining custom IC's from CMOS/bulk silicon foundries. A series of test chips were developed: a parametric test strip, a fault chip,

Application of a quasi-optical apparatus in the determination of the constituent parameters of materials is presented in this paper. Correction terms are introduced to remove the errors due to the misplacement of the sample and the calibration procedure. Good agreement was observed between manufacturer specifications and measurements after application of the correction terms.

A K-means clustering approach is proposed for the automated diagnosis of defective rolling element bearings. Since K-means clustering is an unsupervised learning procedure, the method can be directly implemented to measured vibration data. Thus, the need for training the method with data measured on the specific machine under defective bearing conditions is eliminated. This fact consists the major advantage of the method, especially in industrial environments. Critical to the success of the method is the feature set used, which consists of a set of appropriately selected frequency-domain parameters, extracted both from the raw signal, as well as from the signal envelope, as a result of the engineering expertise, gained from the understanding of the physical behavior of defective rolling element bearings. Other advantages of the method are its ease of programming, simplicity and robustness. In order to overcome the sensitivity of the method to the choice of the initial cluster centers, the initial centers are selected using features extracted from simulated signals, resulting from a well established model for the dynamic behavior of defective rolling element bearings. Then, the method is implemented as a two-stage procedure. At the first step, the method decides whether a bearing fault exists or not. At the second step, the type of the defect (e.g. inner or outer race) is identified. The effectiveness of the method is tested in one literature established laboratory test case and in three different industrial test cases. Each test case includes successive measurements from bearings under different types of defects. In all cases, the method presents a 100% classification success. Contrarily, a K-means clustering approach, which is based on typical statistical time domain based features, presents an unstable classification behavior.► The two stage K-means clustering procedure uses frequency domain features. ► The frequency domain features are extracted from the raw signal and its envelope. ► The initial centers of the clusters calculated using a well established dynamic model. ► This approach categorizes the clusters against the unsupervised structure of K-means. ► The method results to correct classifications using the correlation metric distance.

A new method to extract extrinsic base resistance and collector resistance is presented using cutoff mode measurement and open/short test structure without reference to numerical optimization. Good agreement is obtained between measured and modeled results for a 5x5 um2 InP HBT. I. INTRODUCTION Accurate extraction of small signal equivalent circuit of HBT is important for optimizing device performance. The numerical