Tobacco Addiction

“Hookah,” which is also known as “Narghileh,” “Maassel,”
or “Shisha,” is a form of waterpipe smoking. Hookah is
composed of a tobacco bowl known as the head where tobacco
(that is processed and flavored) is placed, a body, a water bowl,
a hose, and a mouthpiece. Charcoal is positioned on the top
of the head that contains tobacco. When the smoker inhales
through the hose, the air is drawn into and around the charcoal.
The generated heated air passes through heated tobacco to
produce the mainstream smoke aerosol. This smoke aerosol
passes through the water bowl producing bubbles and goes
through the hose to the smoker. The average hookah smoking
session consists of 171 inhalations (each approximately 0.5 L)
of 2.6 s duration at a frequency of 2.8 inhalations/min.

Bangladesh, for the first time in history, has fulfilled the eligibility criteria set by the United Nations to be recognized as a developing country, crossing over from the list of least developed countries (LDCs). Bangladesh has reached the second phase after meeting the eligibility criteria of CDP – now it is a matter of time for the country to emerge from the LDC list to the list of developing countries. Though having a little development in the industrial sector the tobacco industry with full of modern manufacturing equipment and marketing strategies are growing like a monster and making large profits year after year. Although they pay a large number of taxes and create opportunities to develop a prestigious career there for high professionals, it is also creating various social and economic challenges. This report draws an insight into tobacco industry situation in Bangladesh. There is variety tier of cigarette brands. Along with this smokeless tobacco products are also available. This industry is creating quite a lot of controversies earns a huge proportion of national revenue from Tobacco industry hence, finds it difficult to take an ultimate step against it concerning health hazards. According to various reports, in the developed countries smoking is on the declining trend, but due to the socio-economic condition of the developing countries like Bangladesh, the trend is absent here. Again, it is facing severe difficulties in reducing the number of smokers. The social impact caused by this tobacco industry is controversial. Although a number of anti-smoking, policies are being implemented effectiveness of such campaigns are not sufficient. The socio-economic condition of Bangladesh is also another major factor leading to the growth of the Tobacco Industry and consumers. This report also examines the Social Impact Assessment of Tobacco industry which includes economic, environmental and other variable assessment.

Plain packaging is the WHO’s new concept to fight the global tobacco epidemic.
Already adopted in Australia, other countries are certain to follow and are already evaluating its introduction. However, plain packaging is not as carefree and unproblematic as the WHO considers it to be. The idea of dictating to tobacco producers the way they must present their product provokes heavy protest on political and legal levels. This article analyses the compatibility of plain packaging with WTO-law.

Tobacco is a plant product derived from a variety of plants belonging to the genus Nicotiana. The alkaloid nicotine present in the plant leafs is a stimulant and has an addictive effect. The tobacco plants have been historically grown and used for recreational purposes by the American local population. The dried tobacco leaves are consumed as chewing tobacco, snuff, and smoked in a variety of dispensations. Tobacco use (TU) has an adverse effect on various body systems and is a determinant for different diseases ranging from cancers to atherosclerosis. TU is a modifiable environmental risk factor for various diseases. Hence, with public health education and behavior modification, its burden can be reduced in a given society. Thus, the understanding of the incidence and prevalence of its use is necessary. This review attempts to sum up the significance and determinants of TU.

Celebrities endorsing e-cigarette brands on social media may exert a strong influence on e-cigarette uptake. Using a between-subject experiment, this study examines the effects of endorser type (celebrities, non- celebrities and products only) in e-cigarette brand Instagram advertisements on e-cigarette attitudes and smoking intentions. Results showed that celebrity endorsers significantly increased positive attitudes towards e-cigarettes and smoking intentions, compared to non-celebrities or products only. Celebrity endorsers also rated significantly higher on trustworthiness, expertise, goodwill and attractiveness, compared to non- celebrities. Additionally, identification, social comparison, health consciousness and social networking site use moderated between endorser type and key dependent measures. Implications for e-cigarette marketing regulation are discussed.

Introduction: The possibility of successful smoking cessation is increased by early initiation. Therefore, promoting
smoking cessation at early age (especially among 14–35-year-olds) has a key role in reducing tobacco use prevalence.
Facebook is one of the most popular websites among adolescents and young adults which can be used for age-specific smoking cessation support.

Aim: Our research seeks to reveal the effects of a Facebook page on smoking habits, smoking cessation knowledge
and attitudes among 14–35-year-olds.

Method: An online survey was conducted among the 3278 followers of the author’s Facebook page. The questionnaire was completed by 332 people among 14–35-year-olds. We analysed demographic data, smoking habits, the
usage frequency and duration of the Facebook page as well as changes in smoking habits, smoking cessation knowledge and attitudes.

Results: The average age was 22.57 ± 5.08 years. The examined population consisted of 65% currently smokers, 12%
former smokers and 23% non-smokers. Significantly more people reported a positive change in their smoking habits
and smoking cessation attitudes among smokers who used the Facebook page more frequently and with longer duration (p<0.05). The habit and attitude changes were significantly higher among smokers who plan to quit smoking (p<0.01). Nevertheless, we also observed attitude changes between 12–25% among smokers who did not plan to
quit. Among non-smokers, the positive attitude changes were significantly higher in the low-educated population
who live in villages (p<0.01).

Conclusion: This Facebook page had a positive effect on smoking habits, smoking cessation knowledge and attitudes
among 14–35-year-olds. The contents of the Facebook page could be used to prevent smoking and support smoking
cessation among 14–35-year-olds

Cognitive processing biases toward smoking-related and affective cues may play a role in tobacco dependence. Because processing biases may occur outside conscious awareness, the current study examined processing of smoking-related and affective stimuli presented at subliminal conditions. A pictorial subliminal repetition priming task was administered to three groups: (1) Nonsmokers (n
56); (2) Smokers (
10 cigarettes/day) who had been deprived from smoking for 12 h (n
47); and (3) Nondeprived smokers (n
66). Prime stimuli were presented briefly (17 ms) and were followed by a mask (to render them unavailable to conscious awareness) and then a target. Participants were required to make a speeded classification to the target. A posttask awareness check was administered to ensure that participants could not consciously perceive the briefly presented primes (i.e., smoking paraphernalia, neutral office supplies, and happy, angry, and neutral facial expressions). The groups differed in the degree to which they exhibited a processing bias for smoking-related stimuli, F(2, 166)
4.99, p
.008. Deprived smokers exhibited a bias toward processing smoking (vs. neutral office supply) stimuli, F(1, 46)
5.67, p
.02, whereas nondeprived smokers and nonsmokers did not ( ps  .22). The three groups did not differ in the degree to which they exhibited a subliminal processing bias for affective stimuli. Tobacco deprivation appears to increase smokers’ subliminal processing of smoking-related (vs. neutral) stimuli but does not influence subliminal processing of affective stimuli. Future research should investigate whether subliminal biases toward smoking-related stimuli influence relapse.

A Middle Eastern tradition, hookah smoking involves burning flavored tobacco heated by charcoal, creating smoke that is filtered through water and ingested through the mouth using a hose. Hookah lounges are increasingly locating around college campuses in the United States, and websites offering hookah paraphernalia target U.S. high school and college students. In two studies involving interviews with college-age hookah smokers and analysis of website marketing practices, the authors investigate consumer beliefs and attitudes toward hookah smoking and the way it is portrayed online. The findings indicate that it is a social phenomenon, with young people introducing peers to the practice and websites promoting shared consumption experiences. Contrary to medical evidence, young people believe smoking sweetened tobacco through a hookah is nonaddictive and safer than cigarettes. Hookah lounges often are exempt from age restriction laws because many double as cafés and other eating establishments. Traditional tobacco warnings are not present in lounges or on websites. The findings highlight potential health dangers of hookah smoking and the need for education regarding this practice and demonstrate that regulatory oversight is needed.

The years of higher education is a period during which university students experience a number of important changes. In this period students experience greater autonomy, enhanced-academic demands and new social relationships for the first time, being away from their families. While dealing with these new challenges, students may engage in risk behaviours in terms of physical or mental health. Health risk behaviours among youth and young adults are primarily characterized in six categories. These are tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, sexual behaviours, unhealthy dietary behaviours, physical inactivity and behaviours that contribute to unintentional and intentional injuries. These health risk behaviours have an enormous impact on current and future health status of young adults. Developing successful intervention programs towards avoiding such behaviours requires achieving a better understanding of them. Therefore, the aim of this review is firstly to assess prevalence of the health risk behaviours (i.e tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, sexual behaviours, unhealthy dietary behaviours, physical inactivity) among university students. Secondly, reciprocal relationships between these behaviours will be evaluated.

Keywords: health risk behaviour, tobacco use, alcohol and drug use, sexual behaviors, unhealthy dietary behaviours

introduction: This study examined changes in smokers' readiness and confidence to quit smoking, smoking behavior, nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and tobacco product preference following electronic cigarette (EC) experimentation and 1 week of ad libitum use.

Background: Facebook can be a suitable platform for public health interventions. Facebook users can express their reaction to the given social media content in many ways using interaction buttons. The analysis of these interactions can be advantageous in increasing reach and engagement of public health interventions.

Objective: This research aimed at understanding how Facebook users' interactions correlate with organic reach and engagement regarding the same smoking cessation support contents.

Methods: The study population consisted of Facebook users who were reached by a public smoking cessation support page without advertising. We included 1025 nonpaid Facebook posts (N=1025) which used smoking cessation strategies based on a motivational interviewing counseling style. The following data were collected from the "Post Details": the number of people who saw the given nonpaid content (organic reach) which consisted of fan and nonfan reach according to previous "page like" activity; each rate of "engagement indicators" (such as the symbols of "like," "love," "haha," "wow," "sad," "angry"; or other interactions: "shares," "comments," "clicks"); and the rate of negative Facebook interactions (eg, "post hides" or "unlike of page"). Overall, these data were analyzed with the Spearman correlation method.

Results: Surprisingly, we found a significant negative correlation between organic reach and the "like" reaction (rs=-0.418; P<.001). The strongest significant positive correlations of organic reach were observed with the "haha" reaction (rs=0.396; P<.001), comments (rs=0.368; P<.001), and the "love" reaction (rs=0.264; P<.001). Furthermore, nonfan reach correlated positively with "shares" (rs=0.388; P<.001) and clicks (rs=0.135; P<.001), while fan reach correlated positively with the "haha" reaction (rs=0.457; P<.001), comments (rs=0.393; P<.001), and the "love" reaction (rs=0.310; P<.001). Contrary to expectations, the "like" reaction was sharply separated by significant negative correlations from "wow" (rs=-0.077; P=.013), "sad" (rs=-0.120; P<.001), "angry" reactions (rs=-0.136; P<.001), and comments (rs=-0.130; P<.001). Additionally, a high rate of negative Facebook interactions was significantly associated with "wow" (rs=0.076; P=.016) and "sad" reactions (rs=0.091; P=.003).

Conclusions: This study has shown that it is possible to hypothesize a disadvantage of the "like" reaction and advantages of other interactions (eg, the "haha" reaction or "comments") in content algorithmic ranking on Facebook. In addition, the correlational analysis revealed a need of a further categorization to fan-specific interactions (eg, "haha" or "love" reactions) and nonfan-specific interactions (eg, "shares" and "clicks"). Regarding the direction of the correlations, these findings suggest that some interactions (eg, negative Facebook interactions, "wow," "sad," and "angry" reactions) may decrease the engagement, while other interactions ("like," "love," "haha" reactions, "shares," and "clicks") may increase the engagement during Facebook-based smoking cessation interventions. This hypothesis-generating research offers an important insight into the relationship between organic reach, engagement, and Facebook users' interactions for public health professionals who design Facebook-based interventions.

Ayam broiler merupakan bangsa ayam yang memiliki daya produktivitas tinggi, terutama dalam produksi daging sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa usaha ternak ayam broiler memiliki prospek cukup menjanjikan dan menguntungkan. Namun, peternakan ayam broiler juga dihadapkan pada satu kondisi yakni tingginya tingkat risiko yang dihadapi antara lain perubahan tingkat harga, perubahan cuaca, dan penyakit ternak yang berujung pada tingginya angka mortalitas pada ternak ayam broiler (Wardana, 2013). peternak ayam broiler lebih memilih menggunakan menggunakan suplemen sintetis untuk menjaga kondisi ayam tetap normal dan sehat. Namun tidak banyak peternak ayam broiler menggunakan suplemen sintesis bagi ternak ayam broiler dikarenakan harga dari suplemen sintesis sendiri dinilai masih sangat mahal. Selain itu dengan penggunaan sintesis, tentu akan berdampak pada kualitas daging dimana masih terdapat residu kimia yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan konsumen. Salah satu cara untuk menekan tingginya angka mortalitas pada ternak ayam broiler dapat dilakukan dengan pemberian ramuan herbal alami yang tidak hanya baik bagi kesehatan pencernaan dan pertumbuhan ayam melainkan juga tidak berbahaya apabila dikonsumsi oleh manusia yakni dengan memanfaatkan minyak astsiri pada limbah tanaman tembakau. Minyak atsiri tembakau teridentifikasi sebagai senyawa yang bersifat antimikrobial. Palic et al (2002) menunjukkan daya antimikrobial minyak atsiri tembakau terhadap E. coli, Saureus, dan P. aeruginosa. Bakteri tersebut merupakan patogen yang dapat menimbulkan kematian pada ternak unggas. Bakteri penyebab penyakit zoonosis yang sering ditemui adalah Eschercia coli pada unggas khsusnya pada ternak ayam, bakteri E.coli dapat menyebabkan gangguan dalam pada sistem pencernaan serta berpengaruh terhadap performa dan berat badan ayam (Andriani 2008). Melalui pemberian ramuan herbal berbahan dasar minyak atsiri yang berasal dari tanaman tembakau, kesehatan serta performa ternak ayam broiler dapat ditingkatkan sehingga dapat menekan angka mortalitas pada ternak ayam broiler. Kata Kunci : Ayam Broiler, Tembakau, Minyak Atsiri.

Health professionals have adopted proactive testing for early evidence of disease. Researchers have identified that this leads to enumerated understandings and shapes behavior in productive ways. Smoking-cessation advisors regularly test clients for carbon monoxide (CO), but client views of this had not previously been explored. We interviewed 23 clients of a United Kingdom-based stop-smoking service regarding their experiences of CO testing. The majority of participants were successful quitters. We used ATLAS.ti 7 as a data-management tool during structured qualitative analysis. Our findings reveal that clients believed the results of their CO tests. Many became enumerated in their understanding, and thus placed themselves in a hierarchy with other members of their group. Almost all clients found that knowing their CO test score was motivating. We conclude that additional research is needed to understand the experiences of CO testing among clients who do not quit.

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of two addictive behaviours (regular alcohol consumption and smoking) among professional drivers and its relationship to Job Strain (job stress indicator of the Demand-Control model) and self-reported road safety outcomes. Methods: The study sample was composed by 2445 Colombian professional drivers with an average of 38.01 years of age, a mean of driving experience of 15.81 years and, in average, 7.35 hours of daily driving. Participants of this study had a mean of 0.41 road accidents and 0.50 traffic fines registered in the last two years. It was designed a questionnaire composed by three sections: a) socio-demographic data, including items such as gender, age, and driving habits, b) Job Strain (JCQ), and c) self-reported habits related to addictive behaviors, in particular smoking and alcohol consumption. Results: It was found that 20.3% of professional drivers have the habit of actively consuming tobacco, and 27.9% of drinking alcohol regularly. Furthermore, 28% of the sample presents Job Strain. Further, significant trends between smoking and: a) gender (i.e., being a male driver), and b) the fact of having Job Strain were found. Regarding alcohol consumption, two-step cluster analysis allowed to establish profiles of drivers when combining the fact of drinking alcohol regularly (or not) and the self-reported rates of fines and traffic accidents registered for the last two years. Finally, significant differences in Job Strain were established between drivers in both clusters, being the mean score higher for drivers reporting regular alcohol consumption and higher rates of fines and crashes. Conclusion: This research suggests the need for the development of comprehensive interventions on psychosocial factors at work and lifestyle issues among professional drivers, based on the reported rates of the two addressed addictive behaviors and its relationship to adverse health, occupational and safety outcomes.

The objective of this study was to describe the measures introduced at the Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Barcelona, aimed at achieving a smoke-free environment, and encouraging research, training, and clinical approaches with respect to smoking. The experience gained as a center attached to the Catalan Network of Smokeless Hospitals since 2002 shows that preventing and controlling smoking requires a specific agenda developed by a competent committee comprising workers from all hospital areas. Likewise, coordination with other centers in the network is essential as it permits the sharing of experiences. The involvement of hospital management is critical for the effective introduction of health protection and promotion strategies, both in workers and in users. The raising of awareness and the ongoing training of all health workers and coordination with other health care providers in the Health network are the main aspects that require strengthening in the future.

For several centuries humanity has become addicted to tobacco,
as a social entrance to an allowed addiction, and that each smoker
was charged its respective bill, with ways to die of the most brutal
and suffered possible.
The complications of nicotine addiction are based on the form
of its entry route, which is respiratory due to smoking, and hence
the complications of the referred habit, mainly emphysema and
lung cancer.
The national survey of addictions reveals that in Mexico 18.5%
of the population smokes; that is, almost 20 million people with
tobacco habit; almost 50 thousand cases of deaths per year have
been reported and that makes us an average of 130 to 140 deaths
per day, following the worldwide trend of starring in the number
of deaths.

«An innocent product, which has became indispensable by addiction». Notes on the use  of tobacco in Verona between 17th and 18th Centuries

In 1805 Napoleon  granted a  convent in Verona  to cultivate  tobacco in its  own garden for self consumpion. This brief news, in Osvaldo Perini’s History of Verona, is framed in tobacco consumption  practices  by  religious  in  modern  age  and  in  attestations  related  to  Veronese.  There was  a common use of tobacco, especially of snuff, in these contexts and widespread acceptance of the compatibility with the Franciscan Rule and in general with ecclesiastical provisions. Also
this circumstance contributed to the full social acceptance and thus to the diffusion of the new commodity.

Nel 1805 Napoleone concesse a un convento veronese di poter coltivare tabacco nel proprio orto per autoconsumo. Questa breve notizia, data da Osvaldo Perini nella Storia di Verona, viene inquadrata nelle pratiche di consumo di tabacco da parte degli ambienti religiosi in età moderna e
nelle attestazioni relative al Veronese. Ne emerge un uso consueto in questi ambienti, in particolare di tabacco da fiuto, e una diffusa accettazione della compatibilità con la Regola francescana
e in generale con le disposizioni ecclesiastiche. Anche questa circostanza contribuì a una piena accettazione sociale e quindi alla diffusione del nuovo prodotto.

Gender performativity, substance use and dependency are bed rocked within the family system. Since hookah pipe smoking, worldwide, has become a family past time, people's knowledge, use and perceptions of the hookah are now ripe for analysis. This study investigated the gendered perceptions of substance use, the hookah pipe being the primary substance under investigation. The study was undertaken with 837 rural and urban families in Belhar and Worcester in the Western Cape, South Africa. This paper aims to answer the research question: " what are the gender differences in hookah and other substance use within the family " ? This project used a quantitative research framework within a cross-sectional and descriptive survey design. Data was analysed using the Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS). Coherent with Social Learning Theory, results infer that children model parental addictive behaviours. Results indicate that the hookah pipe is a gateway drug, as participants appear to use the hookah pipe with other substances like marijuana and alcohol. This research could provide information for prevention and intervention programmes with families in South Africa.

“Türkiye Kimyasal Bağımlılık Çalışmaları Bibliyografyası” ve “Türkiye Davranışsal Bağımlılık Çalışmaları Bibliyografyası” olarak iki ayrı kitap şeklinde yayın dünyasına kazandırılan bu çalışma Türkiye’de bağımlılık literatürüne kalıcı bir katkı sunabilmek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Bu iki kitapla eş zamanlı olarak hazırlanan ve daha ayrıntılı künye bilgilerini içeren, “TBA Türkiye Bağımlılık Arşivi” online veritabanı da bu çalışma ile birlikte araştırmacıların hizmetine sunulmuştur.
www.bagimlilik.org.tr adresinden ulaşılabilecek bu site ile araştırmacılara;
• Bibliyografya içerisinde ayrıntılı arama imkanı ile istenilen verilere daha kolay ulaşım,
• PDF formatında sanal ortamda bulunan tez, makale, rapor gibi eserlere doğrudan ulaşım,
• Künye ekleme ve geri bildirim özellikleri ile bağımlılık bibliyografyasını sürekli geliştirebilme imkanı sunulmuştur.
Bu kitabın hazırlık sürecinde yaşadığımız tüm zorluklarda, rahmeti ve mağfireti ile bizi kuşatan ve üzerimize sekinet indiren Rabbimize hamd ederiz.
Türkiye Yeşilay Cemiyeti’nin bağımlılık arşivinin ortaya çıkmasında göstermiş olduğu eşsiz destek, hem Türkiye’de bağımlılık alanına dair sevindirici bir gelişme, hem de gelecekte yeni çalışmalara imza atılabilmesi adına önemli bir teşviktir. Bu anlamda Türkiye Yeşilay Cemiyeti Başkanı Prof. Dr. M. İhsan Karaman’a ve şahsında Yeşilay Yönetim Kurulu Üyelerine; Genel Müdür Savaş Yılmaz’a ve Genel Müdür
Yardımcısı Cihan Samancı’ya çalışmamız boyunca vermiş  oldukları destekten dolayı şükranlarımızı sunarız.

Despite 50+ years of public health efforts to reduce smoking rates in the United States, approximately one-fifth of the adults living in this country continue to smoke cigarettes.  Previous studies have examined smokers’ risk perceptions of cigarette smoking, as well as the perceived benefits of quitting smoking.  Less research has focused on the perceived benefits of smoking among current cigarette smokers. The latter is the main focus of the present paper. Questionnaire-based interviews were conducted with a community-based sample of 485 adult current cigarette smokers recruited from the Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan area between 2004 and 2007. Active and passive recruiting approaches were used, along with a targeted sampling strategy.  Results revealed that most current cigarette smokers perceive themselves to experience benefits as a result of their cigarette use, including (among others) increased relaxation, cigarette smoking was associated with a variety of tobacco use measures, such as  smoking more cigarettes, an increased likelihood of chain smoking, and overall negative attitude toward quitting smoking, among others.
Several factors were associated with the extent to which smokers perceived themselves to benefit from their tobacco use, including education attainment, the age of first purchasing cigarettes, the proportion of friends who smoked, hiding smoking from others, being
internally-oriented regarding locus of control, and self-esteem.

Perioperative Addiction addresses an issue that every anesthesiologist will encounter many times during the course of his or her career: the patient who arrives for operative care under the influence of legal or illegal drugs. The editors and contributors provide expert guidance on how to identify and manage the addicted patient, approaching the subject from the vantage points of the specific drug and of special patient populations.


Topics:

· Guidance for spotting and managing addicted patients

· All common and important drugs of addiction, from opioids, cocaine, club drugs, and alcohol, to tobacco, marijuana, nitrous oxide, inhalants, and propofol

· Special populations, including pregnant women, pain patients, adolescents, older patients, and healthcare professionals

· Fascinating overview of the long history of addiction

· Genetic basis of addiction, and the range of pharmacological treatments for addiction

Despite substantial advances in our understanding and the therapeutic approaches used to fight this disease, addiction remains a major societal problem. Patients may present for operative care either acutely intoxicated or actively addicted to several drugs of abuse, either prescribed by physicians or by themselves. Alcoholism and addiction to other substances have significant implications for the perioperative healthcare provider. Normal human physiology is altered in both the acutely intoxicated patient and the patient chronically addicted to alcohol, illicit drugs, tobacco and pain medications. The response to anesthetics and interventions is often exaggerated or unexpected. Perioperative physicians and nurses should be aware of and prepared for these physiological alterations.

The topic of perioperative addiction is not only timely but of considerable interest to anesthesiologists as well as to a wide range of health care workers. As drug use and abuse continues to rise in this country, more often patients are presenting for surgery with such a history. Some are actively using drugs and may be acutely intoxicated or in withdrawal. The implications for perioperative management of these patients are serious and the decisions that must be made are often based on incomplete or inaccurate information.

The book is a manual for the perioperative management of the acutely intoxicated, addicted or chemically dependent patient who presents for surgery. Traditionally these topics are relegated to the back of textbooks on perioperative medicine, almost as an afterthought, and are not comprehensive or based on the most recent research. The information provided in these scattered sources is often inadequate for what is essential to care optimally for these patients.