Tractor

The TRAKTnet.one project aims to identify and develop new solutions to remotely monitor the efficiency of farm-tractors engines included in a local voluntary network. The knowledge of tractors’ efficiency can give important information concerning machines’ consumption, emissions and need for servicing, thus contributing to a more environmentally-sustainable agriculture. Engines will be monitored by measuring rpms, exhaust gas temperature and oxygen content (through lambda sensors) and then analysing and inferring the data through procedures, which algorithms will be an integral part of the project’s results. Trials will be performed on different engines and at different speeds/loads. The choice of the thermocouple type and installation point must be done carefully for not influencing sensitivity and response time. The final outcome of the project is expected to be an automatic system, based on an inference software-engine able to correctly interpreting the sensors outputs. The advantage of this proposal is to exploit a farm monitoring network, previously designed for managing the information related to the automatic compilation of records in the country, by simply equipping data loggers with two additional sensors.

One of the most difficult practical problems to overcome when testing agricultural machines (tractors) at the dyno is measuring the fuel consumption and assessing the engine's global efficiency. Indeed, diesel engines have two fuel-lines: a delivery line (from the tank to the cylinders), and a return line, to convey back in the tank the fuel not injected as a consequence of the accelerator position and pump settings. In principle, to measure the consumption, known the delivery flowrate (proportional to the engine speed), a single flowmeter could be used in the return line only (having a variable flow); unluckily, the real suction flowrate is generally unknown, varying with the model and vehicle age (i.e., with the pump components' wear), so two flowmeters are always needed. But there is another metrological problem to consider: a flowmeter inserted in series in a fuel-supply line could significantly alter the flowrate. Finally, another further problem can arise, when the experimenters are asked to characterize machines not owned by them: modifications to the vehicle under test should be avoided or, at least, limited, e.g., not to void the guarantee. Unfortunately, solutions like the clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeters (placed outside the pipes) are not so suitable for fluids with few particles in suspension, e.g., the fuel processed by the pump. Therefore, it was decided to act upstream of the entire supply line, providing an external tank placed on a precision scale near the tractor, to be used instead of the vehicle's tank. The only, absolutely reversible, needed operation is to connect to the fuel pump two flexible pipes drawing from the external tank. The device gives the net fuel consumption by means of a data logger that acquires the tank mass at periodic intervals. It has been successfully tested on a New Holland 4020V tractor at the dyno, allowing to calculate the instant/hourly/specific consumptions and the engine's global efficiency at six engine speeds (from 800 to 2200 rpm) and full throttle.

End-of line tuning is a crucial step for any mass-produced system endowed with automatic controllers. As a matter of fact, due to components tolerances and spreads in the production line, the controller tuning performed on a prototype system in never optimal on the final product. In many industrial applications, though, the end-of-line tuning is performed by human testers, and this does not always guarantee an objective assessment of the controlled system quality. This paper proposes a way to estimate the maneuver quality from measured data for an automatic motion-inverter in agricultural tractors. The final goal is to automatically classify the performed maneuver and label it with a quality attribute matching that assigned by the driver. This is the initial step necessary to implement an automatic tuning system which can change the controller parameters until a predefined quality on the motion inversion is achieved.

When speaking of quantification of the efficiency of a system, we mean the calculation of its thermodynamic efficiency, defined as the mathematical ratio between the input energy, i.e. the energy entering the considered system (in any of its forms: electric, chemical, thermal …), and the output energy (once more, in any of its forms), expressed with a pure number (between 0 and 1) or as percentage. The quantification of the efficiency is not a simple operation because it implies a very precise control of the energy flows that cross the boundary of the analysed system, but it is always useful as it is associated to the goodness of the energy transformations that occur inside that system. How characterizing the efficiency of agricultural machines A

The incidence of fire in heavy trucks has been shown to be about ten times higher under crash conditions than occurs in passenger vehicles. Fuel tank protection testing defined in SAE standard J703 was originally issued in 1954 and presently echoes federal regulations codified in 49 CFR 393. These tests do not reflect dynamic impact conditions representative of those that can be expected by heavy trucks on the road today. Advanced virtual testing of current and alternative fuel tank designs and locations under example impact conditions is reported. Virtual testing methods can model vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to fixed object impacts. These results can then be utilized to evaluate and refine fuel tank protection system design approaches.

The main purpose of agricultural tractor is required to provide power in a form suitable for variety farm operations. A tractor should be versatile and capable of efficient operations on several kinds of soils under dif erent work conditions. Consequently, tractors can be selected regarding to working environments. Factors such as, maintenance and availability of spare parts, initial cost, driver ability must also be taken into account. The purpose of a drawbar test is to determine performance features of a tractor such astraction efficiency, engine torque, traveling speed and specific fuel consumption at dif erent transmission ratios. It is an involved procedure where the results are presented in graphs and tables that it will be easy understanding and interpretation and understanding. Therefore, there is an essentialrequest to develop a simpler and modern new approaches for results presentation. The objective of this work is to construct and improve a method to simplify the assessment of tractor performance hopping to facilitate tractor selection.

The main purpose of this study is to determination of agricultural structure and mechanization features of agricultural enterprises in Karaman province. The main material of the study is statistical data of Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) of 2009 – 2018 years for Karaman province. According to the data of Karaman province in 2009 and 2018, the average tractor power is 34.92 kW and 35.33 kW; the average tractor power per cultivated areas 2.45 kWha-1 and 1.93 kWha-1; the number of tractors per 1,000 ha is 52.27 and 40.76; the cultivated area per tractor is 19.13 ha and 24.54 ha, respectively. The number of equipment per tractor is 10.66 and 9.86, and the number of combine harvester per 1,000 ha is 0.47 and 0.55.

The slippage is an essential criterion for evaluating the fuel consumption and the field performance of tractor. The objective of this research was to develop mathematical models using Design Expert software for modelling and predicting slippage of the CASE JX75T tractor (India manufacture) under operational field conditions. In this research, a chisel plough was used as a loading tool for the tractor under four levels of ploughing depths, with three levels of speed and two levels of cone index (CI) in silty clay soil texture. The experiments were carried out in the site of Basrah University. The results obtained from the fieldwork were analysed to evolve mathematical models and equations to predict and evaluate the performance of the tractor when the slippage occurred. According to the obtained results, the single effects of the parameters (CI, tillage depth, and forward speed) on the slippage were highly considerable (P<0.0001). Moreover, the interaction of the parameters were significant (p<0.05). The slippage of tractor increased by 187 and 116 % with increasing ploughing depth up to 25 cm and forward speed up to 1.53 m.s-1 , respectively. On the other hand, tractor slippage reduced by 34% when CI increased up to 980 kPa. The data analysis showed that the developed model has passable imitation ability and excellently executed in confront of the actual data. This confirms the accuracy of the model for predicting tractor slippage under different fieldworks.

The main purpose of agricultural tractor is required to provide power in a form suitable for variety farm operations. A tractor should be versatile and capable of efficient operations on several kinds of soils under different work conditions. Consequently, tractors can be selected regarding to working environments. Factors such as, maintenance and availability of spare parts, initial cost, driver ability must also be taken into account. The purpose of a drawbar test is to determine performance features of a tractor such as traction efficiency, engine torque, traveling speed and specific fuel consumption at different transmission ratios. It is an involved procedure where the results are presented in graphs and tables that it will be easy understanding and interpretation and understanding. Therefore, there is an essential request to develop a simpler and modern new approaches for results presentation. The objective of this work is to construct and improve a method to simplify the assessment of tractor performance hopping to facilitate tractor selection.

This study aimed to evaluate the ability of the response surface methodology (RSM) approach to predict the tractive performance of an agricultural tractor during semi-deep tillage operations. The studied parameters of tractor performance, including slippage (S), drawbar power (DP) and traction efficiency (TE), were affected by two different types of tillage tool (paraplow and subsoiler), three different levels of operating depth (30, 40 and 50 cm), and four different levels of forward speed (1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km h−1). Tractors drove a vertical load at two levels (225 kg and no weight) in four replications, forming a total of 192 datapoints. Field test results showed that all variables except vertical load, and different combinations of this and other variables, were effective for the S, DP and TE. Increments in speed and depth resulted in an increase and decrease in S and TE, respectively. Additionally, the RSM approach displayed changes in slippage, drawbar power and traction e...

The objective of the research was to build the simulation model of hand tractor requirement for soil tillage paddy field. The use of hand tractor for soil tillage at paddy field instructed to support the concept of agricultural mechanization se­ lective. The difficulty to fulfill requirement of labour for soil tillage had to be anticipated. The simulation model of hand tractor requirement for soil tillage of paddy field needed as one of effort reach the improvement farm operations based on agricultural mechanization selective. Model run to use the software of Powersim. The requirement of hand tractor adapted by growth of labour for soil tillage, animal for soil tillage, area for paddy field, and time which available to soil tillage. More model development detailed and complex is needed to get the more result representative and precisely. ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat model simulasi untuk menduga kebutuhan traktor tangan pada pengolahan tanah padi sawah. Penggunaa...

The main purpose of this study is to determination of agricultural structure and mechanization features of agricultural enterprises in Karaman province. The main material of the study is statistical data of Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) of 2009 – 2018 years for Karaman province. According to the data of Karaman province in 2009 and 2018, the average tractor power is 34.92 kW and 35.33 kW; the average tractor power per cultivated areas 2.45 kWha-1 and 1.93 kWha-1; the number of tractors per 1,000 ha is 52.27 and 40.76; the cultivated area per tractor is 19.13 ha and 24.54 ha, respectively. The number of equipment per tractor is 10.66 and 9.86, and the number of combine harvester per 1,000 ha is 0.47 and 0.55.

The safety of agricultural tractors' drivers is a very actual topic, especially when tractors operate on side slopes, such as in terraced vineyards. This work approaches the stability problem of articulated tractors' stability by modelling, simulating and quantifying the safety of the driver with respect to both roll and pitch overturns. First of all, an articulated tractor has been modelled and simplified, after that a stability index has been defined and calculated in several simulated slope conditions when the tractor travels along a circular trajectory then, the obtained results have been compared with respect to a conventional tractor. This work is a preliminary study for a tilting test platform for real vehicles, capable to reproduce real field conditions (slope, obstacles, roughness). Finally, some directives on how exploiting the obtained results for real-time safety devices have been formulated.

The paper presents the transmission of vibrations through the steering wheel of the tractor during the ploughing field. The measurements of vibration were carried out on the tractor randomly chosen. An investigation was conducted to determine the transmission of vibration from the steering wheel of the tractor to the wrists and upper arms of the operator under actual field conditions during ploughing field. The vibrations transmitted through the steering wheel of the tractor to the hand of the operator was measured and the frequency spectra for the chosen working conditions were obtained. The maximum transmissibility of vibration were observed in the first two frequency interval (in Hz) i.e. 1-20 and 20-40. The vibration, which is transmitted from the steering wheel of the tractor to the wrists, arms and shoulders causes discomfort to the operator and results in early fatigue.

A pressurized fertilizer metering system was developed for Tractor drawn Liquid Fertilizer Applicator. The liquid fertilizer metering system constituted a pump, control valve and a distributor unit. A circular distributer with an inner and outer diameter of 52 mm and 72 mm, respectively and a thickness of 10 mm was fabricated. Nine holes, each of 8 mm size were drilled around the periphery of the distributor at a spacing of 10 mm for connecting delivery pipes. A setup was fabricated to measure the discharge pattern and discharge uniformity among delivery pipes. The distribution uniformity was in the range of 96.7 to 99.1 %, 96.7 to 99.5 % and 92.8 to 99.1 %at pressure levels of 0, 1 and 2 kg/cm2, respectively at different pump speeds. The pumping system used for metering liquid fertilizer was capable of giving a flow rate variation of 0.74 l min-1 to 2.85l min-1 for different pump rpm

Studies were carried out to determine the worst load case scenario on Ursus 3512 60hp Tractor Front Axle Support using MATLAB to analyze 36 load cases. The worst load case scenario was found to be the dynamic load case of 3g with wheel force of 9810N and axle angle of 120.The load on the Pivot hole of the tractor support was found to be 56057N. The component was modelled using Pro-Engineer (now CREO Elements). The structural analysis of component was done with the worst load case using Pro-Mechanica. The working or design stress was generated from the analysis within best convergence limit. The estimated maximum limiting yield stress estimated as von Mises stress of the front axle support is 88 N/mm2. The factor of safety for the component design was calculated to be 2.84 which were lower than the recommended value of 5.5 to 6.5. The Minimum allowable stress and Maximum allowable stress for the Component design would be 484N/mm2 and 572N/mm2.

Studies were carried out to determine the worst load case scenario on Ursus 3512 60hp Tractor Front Axle Support using MATLAB to analyze 36 load cases. The worst load case scenario was found to be the dynamic load case of 3g with wheel force of 9810N and axle angle of 120.The load on the Pivot hole of the tractor support was found to be 56057N. The component was modelled using Pro-Engineer (now CREO Elements). The structural analysis of component was done with the worst load case using Pro-Mechanica. The working or design stress was generated from the analysis within best convergence limit. The estimated maximum limiting yield stress estimated as von Mises stress of the front axle support is 88 N/mm2. The factor of safety for the component design was calculated to be 2.84 which were lower than the recommended value of 5.5 to 6.5. The Minimum allowable stress and Maximum allowable stress for the Component design would be 484N/mm2 and 572N/mm2.

In this study, the relationships between some parameters such as PTO (power takeoff) power, engine speed, specific fuel consumption, travel speed, drawbar power, drawbar pull and tractor mass of agricultural tractors were compared. Test reports of tractors according to standard code 2 of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) obtained Nebraska University Tractor Test Laboratory reports were used as material. The statistical relationships between the parameters were investigated which obtained from the test reports. According to the results of regression analysis same results were found both at 85 per cent of the torque obtained in the torque corresponding to maximum power available at rated engine speed and at standard PTO speed for 2 WD and 4 WD tractors. The relations between PTO power and engine speed were found different in working conditions both at 85 per cent of the torque obtained in the torque corresponding to maximum power available at rated engine speed and at standard power takeoff speed for 2 WD tractors. Besides, according to the results of regression analysis same results were found at a pull equal to 75 percent of the drawbar pull corresponding to maximum power at rated speed for 2 WD and 4 WD tractors. The relations between drawbar pull and specific fuel consumption were found different in working conditions at a drawbar pull equal to 75 per cent of the pull corresponding to maximum power at rated speed for 2 WD tractors. The overall efficiency (η) of tractors was found on an average of 29.04.

The basic purposes of an agricultural tractor cab are to provide comfortable environment for an operator and to protect him from vibrations, noise and other adverse inÀ uences. The microclimatic features of middle-sized tractor cabs are the focus of this paper. The microclimatic conditions are related with design features that inÀ uence heat processes between the cab and the environment, including the effects on the operator. One of methods for improvement of the microclimatic conditions and for reducing of air-condition-ing energy consumption is prevention of cab heat gain, achieving this by appropriate heat rejection and insulation. Since the cab material characteristics and cab design play the main role in the heat transfer processes between the cab and the environment, these features are analyzed on existing middle-sized tractor&#39;s cabs. The aim of the paper is to identify and evaluate most important inÀ u-ences, in order to create the basis for microclimatic and energy consu...

The safety of agricultural tractors drivers is a very actual topic, especially when tractors operate on side slopes, such as in terraced vineyards. This work approaches the stability problem of articulated tractors by modelling, simulating and quantifying the safety of the driver with respect to both roll and pitch overturns. First of all, an articulated tractor has been modelled and simplified, after that a stability index has been defined and calculatedin several simulated slope conditions when the tractor travels along a circular trajectory; then, the obtained results have beencompared with respect to a conventional tractor. This work is a preliminary studyfor a tilting test platform for real vehicles, capable to reproduce real field conditions (slope, obstacles, roughness). Finally, some directives on how exploiting the obtained results for real-time safety devices have been formulated.

Studies were carried out to determine the worst load case scenario on Ursus 3512 60hp Tractor Front Axle Support using MATLAB to analyze 36 load cases. The worst load case scenario was found to be the dynamic load case of 3g with wheel force of 9810N and axle angle of 120.The load on the Pivot hole of the tractor support was found to be 56057N. The component was modelled using Pro-Engineer (now CREO Elements). The structural analysis of component was done with the worst load case using Pro-Mechanica. The working or design stress was generated from the analysis within best convergence limit. The estimated maximum limiting yield stress estimated as von Mises stress of the front axle support is 88 N/mm2. The factor of safety for the component design was calculated to be 2.84 which were lower than the recommended value of 5.5 to 6.5. The Minimum allowable stress and Maximum allowable stress for the Component design would be 484N/mm2 and 572N/mm2.

Land development, tillage and seedbed preparation, together account for a major share of power utilization in the crop cycle. The implements used for seedbed preparation needs to be evaluated for maximum field capacity with reduced cost of operation. The field tests were conducted in 65 x 150 m size plot .Two tractors 45 and 55 HP were selected for seedbed preparation with single bottom and double bottom reversible M.B. Plough for ploughing operation, two rotavators with working width of 1.2 m and 1.5 m for clod crushing after the ploughing and a two bottom ridger and single bottom reversible M.B.Plough for making ridges and furrows .The average depth of operation was 30 cm and both the tractors were operated in II-L gear for all the operations with all implements. The parameters selected for the study namely effective field capacity, theoretical field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption were measured and calculated as per RNAM test code. Among all the implements evaluated the total cost of seedbed preparation was found minimum (Rs. 5110.58/-per ha) in case of 45 HP tractor with 2 bottom reversible M.B.Plough, rotavator with 1.2 m working width and 2 bottom ridger. Tractor 55 HP accounted least total cost of seedbed preparation (Rs. 5345.66/-per ha) with a 2 bottom reversible M.B.Plough, rotavator with 1.5 m working width and 2 bottom ridger. T he use of animals and animal drawn implements have been replaced by tractors and tractor drawn implements. The growing population in India calls for the mechanization for timely field operations to reduce cost of farm operations. The growth in use of tractor drawn machinery has been in the range of 9-17%. It is generally believed that only large size farm holding farmers have adopted mechanization inputs. However, data from Input Survey 1981-82, 1986-87 and 1992 of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, reveal that farmers of all farm holding sizes have adopted implements and equipments from bullock-drawn implements to pump sets, threshers and tractors. Infact, the data shows that the percentage growth of tractors, pump sets and threshers was higher in the marginal and small farm holding categories. Tractors are manufactured in India ranging from less than 25 HP to more than 45 HP but most popular range is 31-35 HP. The market is segmented in terms of horsepower into the 30 HP and less (lower) segment, the 30 HP-40 HP segment and the higher segment above 40 HP. All major manufacturers cater to all the three segments. There has been a trend to move towards higher HP tractors, in recent years. This has been prompted by the need for newer applications and increasing awareness among farmers about new mechanization options. Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana have large demand for markets for tractors. These status account for more than 50 per cent of sales. Land development, tillage and seedbed preparation, together account for a major share of power utilization in the crop cycle (Mani and Panwar, 1992). Keeping these points in view a study was conducted to evaluate cost effective combination of different implements with different sizes used for the seed bed preparation with two different Hp tractors. METHODOLOGY The field tests were conducted in the field left after the harvest of sugarcane crop. Tractors of 45 HP and 55 HP were selected for the study of operation of different implements used for ploughing, clod crushing and making ridges and furrows. The details of implements used for various operations are given in Table 1. The average depth of ploughing was 30 cm and both the tractors were operated in II-L gear. The fuel consumption was measured by connecting an auxiliary fuel supply system on the tractors. The different parameters selected for the evaluation of performance were measured in the field and calculated as per RNAM test code.

The research work was carried out to develop an indented cylinder metering device for a tractor drawn manure spreader capable of transporting, metering and uniform spreading of the manure in the farm. Materials of right strength and sizes for the equipment parts were determined and selected based on the design analysis and calculations carried out. Hopper, manure metering system, floor wheels, energy transfer system, machine frame and gear system are the main components of the machine. The equipment was tested using three factors; number of grooves, speed and the manure moisture contents while the response is spreading efficiency. The metering system used are 1, 2, 3 and 4 grooves, and the speed was varied at four levels of 8 km/hr, 13 km/hr, 18 km/hr, and 23 km/hr. The manure moisture content was varied at 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% (d.b). The test outcomes of the equipment using cow dung, the largest manure delivery efficiency of 82% was achieved from a velocity of 23 km/h using a meter...

A Full 1:1 scale digital model of the tractor was designed and some critical functional issues like the implement lift were simulated which helped to catch problems early in the design stage and to reduce multiple physical prototypes for testing and validation. To reduce complexity, the spatial model of the Tractor implement has been simplified to a planar mechanism of eight-bar linkage to develop the analytical model. Rigid Body Dynamic models have been developed based on the Euler Lagrangian formulation. The paper describes the use of the commercial software code to investigate and iterate the complex actuation methods for lifting the implement with time as well as the behavior of the aggregate center of mass (CM) with the implement lift which is very important in stability analysis of the entire system.

The safety of agricultural tractors drivers is a very actual topic, especially when tractors operate on side slopes, such as in terraced vineyards. This work approaches the stability problem of articulated tractors by modelling, simulating and quantifying the safety of the driver with respect to both roll and pitch overturns. First of all, an articulated tractor has been modelled and simplified, after that a stability index has been defined and calculatedin several simulated slope conditions when the tractor travels along a circular trajectory; then, the obtained results have beencompared with respect to a conventional tractor. This work is a preliminary studyfor a tilting test platform for real vehicles, capable to reproduce real field conditions (slope, obstacles, roughness). Finally, some directives on how exploiting the obtained results for real-time safety devices have been formulated.

A microcontroller-based embedded digital display and warning system was developed for measuring wheel slippage, velocity ratio, PTO torque, and draft requirement of active tillage machinery. The hardware system included magnetic pickup sensor for measuring the engine speed, load cells and amplifiers to measure and amplify the sensing unit signals of the draft, proximity sensors for wheel slip, and PTO torque transducer for measuring the torque requirement. It was provided with buzzers and LEDs to warn the operator, whenever slip and velocity ratio were not in the desired range based on the algorithm, for maximum fuel efficiency and tractive performance. It measured slippage, velocity ratio, torque and draft with a maximum absolute variation of 12.90%, 7.92%, 8.99% and 11.57%, respectively. The developed system can be easily adaptable to any combination of tractor and tillage implements, and guide the operator for better soil tilth with lesser energy input.