Trichogramma

Fursov V.N. Diagnostic peculiarities of subfamilies and tribes of egg-parasitoids of the family Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). – Proceedings of All-Ukrainian Scientific-Practical Conference for the memory of famous researcher-entomologist, Professor M.P.Dyadechko, 10-12 December 2014. – Kiev National University of Bio-resources and Nature Use of Ukraine, Kiev, 2014. – P.143-145. (In Russian)

The present study had evaluated the effectiveness of Trichogramma chilonis against Earias insulana in Okra field during 2014-16. The whole study was conducted by distributing ninety egg cards acre-1 with 300, 400, 500 and 600 eggs.card-1. The effectiveness of the egg parasitoid was boosted after the fourth-week release of T. chilonis at the rate of 600 eggs.card-1 , showing 43.09±0.51%, 25.65±1.59% and 39.13±1.48% control during 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. Whereas, infestation in the controlled field was recorded up to 62.89±1.39% during the first year of the trial, and the next year infestation was lesser (39.83±1.19%) as compared to the previous year. Susceptibility study revealed that six out of ten insecticides were extremely toxic to T. chilonis in the laboratory, and other four insecticides (Triflumuron, Emamectin, Spinosad and Imidacloprid) were least toxic, causing only 10-24% and 12-44% mortality than controlled conditions after 24 and 48 hrs of application. It is concluded that parasitism is high in the fields of more eggs per card throughout the trial as compared to less number of egg inoculation. It is observed that Emamectin benzoate is a safer insecticide for Trichogramma.

Emergence and survival of adults for 24 h was compared for Trichogramma chilonis Ishii reared on eggs of Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) adults whose larval growth and development had been monitored on broken grains of four different cereals: finger millet (Eleusine ...

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from insects possess potent antimicrobial properties against various microbial related diseases. Trichogramma chilonis is a type of egg endoparasitoid wasp, well known as a biological control agent for pests that express various proteins to sustain and grown in host egg. In the present study, the bioinformatics analysis was attempted to identify T. chilonis transcript through sequence and phylogenetic analysis that clustered the transcript to Alo2 protein. Simultaneously the parasitoid egg homogenate was screened and subjected to antimicrobial property against pathogenic bacteria and fungal strains. Further, the similarity linkage clustering was identified the knottin motif at both sequence as well as structure level for Alo2. In silico physicochemical characteristics analysis of knottin motif has revealed approximate molecular weight of 6515.76 Da, theoretical Isoelectric point (pI): 7.55 and an aliphatic index: 63.06, instability index: 32.71, and grand average of hydropathicity (GRAVY): 0.547. Based on in silico results, Alo2 protein/knottin motif, was confirmed, which present in T. chilonis and the antimicrobial screening of T. chilonis protein homogenate exhibited significance growth inhibitory activity against gram positive, gram negative bacterial and fungal pathogens. The study results conclude that Alo2 protein resemble as an AMP that may express in the parasitoid egg as host defense protein and may involved to combat invading microbial pathogens and could regulate host defense mechanism during its development in host egg.

El metomilo es un insecticida carbamato inhibidor de acetilcolinesterasa de contacto-sistémico. Lantana camara es una planta que presenta propiedades antimicrobianas, insecticidas, repelentes y nematicidas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la toxicidad aguda y crónica del metomilo y de la L. camara sobre cinco controladores biológicos de plagas agrícolas del Perú. Las pruebas de toxicidad para Cereaochrysa cincta, Chrysoperla asoralis, Trichogramma pretiosum, Trichogramma pintoi y Trichogrammatoidea bactrae emplearon al metomilo y a la L. camara con cinco concentraciones más el control. C. asoralis en relación a la mortalidad larvaria de primer instar y en la no eclosión de huevos fue más sensible al metomilo que C. cincta. En cambio C. cincta fue ligeramente más sensible a la lantana que C. asoralis en relación a la mortalidad larvaria de primer instar y en la no eclosión de huevos. La secuencia de mayor a menor toxicidad al metomilo en adultos y en no emergidos fue: T. pretiosum > T. bactrae > T. pintoi.  Con relación a estos tres parasitoides, el extracto acuoso de la lantana no produjo efectos significativos en la supervivencia de adultos y, solo produjo una disminución significativa en la emergencia de T. pintoi y T. bactrae. El metomilo mostró efectos nocivos sobre las cinco especies de la fauna benéfica en comparación con la lantana que fue inofensiva.

The present work was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Trichogramma evanescens (Westwood) in
controlling the grape berry moth Lobesia botrana (Schiff) in two grape farms, in El-Beheira and
El-Gharbia Governorates, northern Egypt during 2004 and 2005 seasons. T. evanescens was mass
produced on Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) eggs in the National Research Centre in Egypt. The
horizontal and vertical searching activity of T. evanescens was studied to determine the proper way of
distributing the Trichogramma cards in vineyards. Field experiments were also conducted to evaluate
T. evanescens efficacy to control L. botrana on a large scale. Parasitism by T. evanescens on L. botrana
eggs was greatly affected with the horizontal or vertical distance from the release points as well as
with the rate of release. Parasitism reached over 97% and the percentage of reduction in damage
caused by the pest reached 96.8% in treated plots. A significant increase in the crop was achieved in
treated plots. T. evanescens could be a potential candidate for biological control of the grape moth in
vineyards.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from insects possess potent antimicrobial properties against various microbial related diseases. Trichogramma chilonis is a type of egg endoparasitoid wasp, well known as a biological control agent for pests that express various proteins to sustain and grown in host egg. In the present study, the bioinformatics analysis was attempted to identify T. chilonis transcript through sequence and phylogenetic analysis that clustered the transcript to Alo2 protein. Simultaneously the parasitoid egg homogenate was screened and subjected to antimicrobial property against pathogenic bacteria and fungal strains. Further, the similarity linkage clustering was identified the knottin motif at both sequence as well as structure level for Alo2. In silico physicochemical characteristics analysis of knottin motif has revealed approximate molecular weight of 6515.76 Da, theoretical Isoelectric point (pI): 7.55 and an aliphatic index: 63.06, instability index: 32.71, and gra...

It is common for a female trichogrammatid to lay more than one egg per host, a phenomenon known as self-superparasitism, which exposes her offspring to intraspecific, intrinsic competition (IIC) with its own siblings. Information about how often self-superparasitism occurs and how IIC interacts with abiotic factors is rare, especially regarding the Neotropical Trichogramma species. Here we determined the frequency of self-superparasitism in Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner (Ta) and T. pretiosum Riley (Tp), and the effects of IIC and temperature on the sex ratio, egg-to-adulthood period, and survivorship of both species' offspring. Individual females were offered eggs of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) for 30 min. A group of para-sitized hosts was then dissected for determination of the self-superparasitism frequency, while another group was incubated at 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 C. High rates of self-superparasitism were found in both Ta (0.55 6 0.07) and Tp (0.62 6 0.06). IIC interacted with temperature decreasing Ta and Tp's survivorship, lengthening the egg-to-adulthood period in Tp and shortening it in Ta, and balancing Ta's sex ratio. Based on survivorship rate, Ta and Tp could not be differentiated if their immatures develop in absence of IIC. However, in its presence, Tp was 3 Â more likely to survive than Ta at 33 C, while at 15 C Ta survived 2Â better than Tp. These results show that self-superparasitism can be very common in both Ta and Tp, and that its effects on the species' biological traits and competitiveness strongly depend on the IIC–temperature interaction.

Investigation of various tissues of immature stages Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from Iran was examined in an attempt to determine its cell division. In addition, the Metaphase plate of the wasp is evaluated to elucidate its chromosome feature and asymmetry/ symmetry karyotype. We found that: 1) Brain tissue of prepupa and early hours of the pupa stage are the highest mitotic index (%) and metaphase index, 2) The number of haploid chromosomes of the wasp is n = 5, and 3) The karyotype of the wasp is almost symmetrical.

Loose anagen syndrome is a rare, benign condition that is self-limited. It involves anagen hairs being easily extractable without pain [1]. It is mainly seen in girls between 2 and 6 years old. LAS can be sporadic or inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern with variable expressivity. Usually children present with not requiring haircuts and hair not growing. Scalp hair is mainly involved, with rare involvement of eyebrow and other body hairs. The hair pull test and trichogram are diagnostic for the loose anagen syndrome. Physical exam may show sparse growth of hair with diffuse or patchy alopecia. The hair is very thin and fine in these patients. The occipital region is the most affected, presumably because of the friction of the head rubbing against the pillow at night, causing hair to be pulled out.

Arthropods
ISSN 2224-4255

Volume 10, Number 4, 1 December 2021

Cover Pages
[Front Pages (152K)] [Back Pages (55K)]

Articles

Seasonality and movement patterns of butterflies in an intermediate zone regenerating forest habitat in Sri Lanka
Arthropods, 2021, 10(4): 120-129
Buddhika Weerakoon, Kithsiri Ranawana
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Status of cell division, cytogenetical index, and chromosome details on the immature stage of Trichogramma brassicae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Arthropods, 2021, 10(4): 130-139
Fatemeh Farsi, Jamasb Nozari
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Cranial morphology of Deudorix isocrates (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) larvae
Arthropods, 2021, 10(4): 140-151
Ravindrakumar D. Patil, Vinaykamal D. Dethe
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A new record of Aretes indicus (Coutière 1903)(Alpheidae : Caridea) from northern Arabian Sea
Arthropods, 2021, 10(4): 152-157
Farhana Shafiq Ghory, Quddusi Bashir Kazmi
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Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead is one of most important egg parasitoid found in rice and cotton ecosystem. But indiscriminate use of pesticide not only reduces its population but also limits parasitic potential of such potent parasitoid. Thereby, disrupt the ecological balance. Therefore, this study was conducted to check the relative toxicity of seven various insecticides viz., Flubendiamide 39.35 SC; Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC; fipronil 5 SC; Thiacloprid 21.7 SC; quinalphos 25 EC; lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC and Thiamethoxam 25 WG against T. japonicum, and studied the egg parasitization and adult emergence of T. japonicum. The results of the present investigation revealed that quinalphos 25 EC exerted harmful effect on egg parasitization of T. japonicum as well as on adult emergence. Further, lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC and fipronil 5 SC were found moderately harmful and slightly harmful to the egg parasitization, respectively while both were considered as harmless for adult emergence of T. japonicum. The remaining insecticides were found comparatively safer to both egg parasitization and adult emergence of T. japonicum. Basing upon the relative toxicity effect, Flubendiamide 39.35 SC; Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC; Thiacloprid 21.7 SC and Thiamethoxam 25 WG can be used in IPM programme of rice as a consolidated manner with T. japonicum as they were found comparatively safer than rest of the tested insecticide during the present investigation.

The present work was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Trichogramma evanescens (Westwood) in controlling the grape berry moth Lobesia botrana (Schiff) in two grape farms, in El-Beheira and El-Gharbia Governorates, northern Egypt during 2004 and 2005 seasons. T. evanescens was mass produced on Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) eggs in the National Research Centre in Egypt. The horizontal and vertical searching activity of T. evanescens was studied to determine the proper way of distributing the Trichogramma cards in vineyards. Field experiments were also conducted to evaluate T. evanescens efficacy to control L. botrana on a large scale. Parasitism by T. evanescens on L. botrana eggs was greatly affected with the horizontal or vertical distance from the release points as well as with the rate of release. Parasitism reached over 97% and the percentage of reduction in damage caused by the pest reached 96.8% in treated plots. A significant increase in the crop was achieved in treated plots. T. evanescens could be a potential candidate for biological control of the grape moth in vineyards.

s on current research work Biosystematics, Genetics ....................................................................................... 8 Ecology, Behaviour ................................................................................................ 8 Biology, Physiology ............................................................................................... 12 Selection of species for use in biocontrol ............................................................... 16 Mass production, artificial diet, nutrition ............................................................... 19 Utilization .............................................................................................................. 20 Effects of pesticides, transgenic crops ................................................................... 24 Data on the occurce of egg parasitoid species in different countries .. 26 List of publications on egg parasitoids (from 1992 to 2002, not included in previous ...

One new approach in biological control of Helicoverpa armigera (Hüb) in organic cotton farms is the combined use of parasitoids and predators. The combination between parasitism of Trichogramma species and predation of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephen) on H. armigera was investigated in the laboratory and greenhouse. In the laboratory, the effect of preying time of Chrysoperla combined with Trichogramma on predation of H. armigera eggs for 1, 12 and 24 hours was studied. Moreover, effects of Chrysoperla predation on parasitized eggs by Trichogramma species after 2-3, 5-6 and 7-8 days were investigated. In the greenhouse, combined releases of Trichogramma and Chrysoperla were studied to control Helicoverpa on two cotton cultivars.

Preying time of Chrysoperla affected both predation and parasitism rates. Predation rates increased with increasing preying time of Chrysoperla. Predation rates of Chrysoperla on parasitized Helicoverpa or Sitotroga eggs decreased with aging of parasitized eggs. In the laboratory, the proportion of H. armigera eggs parasitized when both natural enemies were present differed significantly between Trichogramma species, being higher in T. pretiosum (Riley) compared to T. minutum (Riley). On the other hand, the proportion of H. armigera eggs preyed in greenhouse cages was higher in T. minutum compared to T. pretiosum. Combining Trichogramma species and C. carnea for controlling H. armigera eggs resulted in higher mortality rates than Trichogramma alone. Predation and parasitism rates were affected by different cotton cultivars; they were higher on Giza 89 than on Giza 86. The combination between parasitoids and predators could be a one approach in IPM programs of H. armigera in organic cotton farms.