Turing

Considering Alan Turing’s challenge in «Computing Machinery and Intelligence» (1950) – can machines play the «imitation game»? – it is proposed that the requirements of the Turing test are already implicitly being used for checking the credibility of virtual characters and avatars.

Cognitive technology is an increasingly important form of technology that can deal with meaning by either replicating or simulating human cognition. Cognitive technology can make use of information technology, but it strives to go beyond mere information processing by recognizing, changing, and creating meaning. This presents us with a two-sided challenge: On the one hand, cognitive technology is challenged to “understand” meaning in ordinary language. And on the other, it challenges us to rethink fundamental questions of human cognition and sense-making. Both challenges demand a better understanding of the difference between the technical transformation of symbols and the understanding of meaning in the ordinary sense. After explaining the topic in relation to both the insights and the limitations of the reflections by Turing, Searle, and Heidegger, this paper primarily builds on Wittgenstein’s contributions to a better understanding of the difference between two conceptions of meaning and their implications for technical replication and simulation. The paper shows that Wittgenstein developed his early calculus account of meaning into that of language games and that language games not only come in many different varieties, but are also much more flexible than calculi. Of particular interest will be the difference between rigid and creative rule-following. Creative rule-following involves an intricate interplay of very different bodily, mental, and cultural constituents, so that its simulation is not merely a technical problem but also requires clarification of a number of profound philosophical questions. It will become clear that the challenge of cognitive technology shows up at unexpected places and that is much bigger than usually assumed.

It is well known that how an individual acts in a specific situation depends not only on her preferences (and her means) but also on what she believes. If she believes a restaurant is open, she will go to it, assuming she likes that restaurant and she has the means, e.g., transportation. But if she knows it is not open, then her liking becomes irrelevant.

Alan Turing anticipated many areas of current research incomputer and cognitive science. This article outlines his contributionsto Artificial Intelligence, connectionism, hypercomputation, andArtificial Life, and also describes Turing's pioneering role in thedevelopment of electronic stored-program digital computers. It locatesthe origins of Artificial Intelligence in postwar Britain. It examinesthe intellectual connections between the work of Turing and ofWittgenstein in respect of their

Como  explicar  que  o  artigo  “COMPUTING  MACHINERY  AND
INTELLIGENCE”, escrito por Turing em 1950, onde este simplesmente conjecturava a
possibilidade das máquinas poderem pensar no ano 2000, tenha sido objecto de tanta
polémica e de tanta controvérsia, que continua inclusive ainda nos nossos dias? Este
pequeno  artigo  pretende  discutir  a  proposta  de  Turing,  a  sua  importância,  as  suas
fragilidades e o impacto científico e mediático que ainda hoje se mantém.

Research in artificial intelligence (AI) has led to revise the challenges of the AI initial programme as well as to keep us alert to peculiarities and limitations of human cognition. Both are linked, as a careful further reading of the Turing's test makes it clear from Searle's Chinese room apologue and from Dreyfus' suggestions, and in both cases, ideal had to be turned into operating mode. In order to rise these more pragmatic challenges AI does not hesitate to link together operations of various levels and functionalities, more specific or more general. The challenges are not met by an operating formal system which should have from the outset all the learning skills, but-for instance in simulation-by the dynamics of a succession of solutions open to adjustments as well as to reflexive repeats.

Çelik Gülersoy Türkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kurumu'nun çeşitli kademelerinde görev yapmış ve kuruma pek çok açıdan katkılar sağlamış bir kişidir. Yönetsel ve teknik iş­lerin yanı sıra İstanbul'un pek çok tarihi semtinde müzelerin, evlerin, köşklerin resto­re edilerek turizme kazandırılması görevini de üstlenmiş ve bu hizmetleri yayınları aracılığı ile geniş kitlelere ulaştırmayı başarmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Çelik Gü­lersoy'un yaptığı yayınların kronolojik olarak incelenmesi ve bu yayınlar vasıtasıyla Türkiye turizmine yapmış olduğu katkıların akademik açıdan ortaya konulmasıdır. Araştırma verileri elde edilirken görüşme yönteminden ve ikincil kaynaklardan yararlanılmıştır. Görüşmenin ses kayıtları deşifre edilerek analizi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma, avukat, mimar ve yönetici kimlikleri olan Çelik Gülersoy'un Turing'e sağladığı katkıların, akademik kişiliği ve yayınları açısından ele alınması ile bir boşluğu doldurması ve literatüre bu anlamda katkı sağlaması açısından önemlidir.