Typification

Functional-spatial typology of tourist resorts in Czechia and Slovakia In the last 25 years tourism and recreation in Czechia and Slovakia faced many significant changes. These changes have been observed both in social and economic aspects on the one hand and the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the development of different types (forms and sorts) of tourism supply and demand on the other. The aim of the study is to introduce methodology under which the destinations of tourism are defined and typified and consequently spatially evaluate (quantify) the current core functional types (forms and sorts) of resorts with regional and national importance in Czechia and Slovakia.

Complete taxonomic history, lectotypification, and putative generic relationship ofPinckneya are presented. The much debated authorship of Flora boreali-americana and the validity ofW. Bartram's binomials relative to this taxon are discussed. A single species,P. bracteata, is recognized. It occurs in the southeastern USA (South Carolina, Georgia, and northern Florida). Circumscription of the genus, complete synonymy, and a description of the species are presented. Distribution map, phenological diagram, notes on phenology, and medicinal and economical uses are included. A short discussion on the conservation biology of this diminishing species is included.

Within the project ‘Plant communities of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and their vulnerability’, a current synopsis of all vegetation types (excluding one-layered cryptogam vegetation) from this federal state in NE Germany has been worked out and published in a two-volume monograph (Berg et al. 2001, 2004a). An extensive data base of vegetation relevés and a consistent methodology provided the basis for the classification. On the one hand, this classification differs in various features from well-known syntaxonomic concepts. On the other hand, the careful application of the Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature has led on several occasions to the conclusion that certain syntaxa lack valid names or that correct names can only be determined after a typification. Consequently all new descriptions, typifications and other nomenclatural decisions which are relevant to our project are being published in separate papers. Most are included in a two-part publication of which this contribution represents the second one.In an introductory section, we describe some of the special features of our project, discuss the possible contribution of this regional study to the general system of plant communities, and point out the significance of the ICPN. We then briefly explain the nomenclatural evaluations and abbreviations used in the special section, as a supplement to the corresponding paragraphs in Part I (Dengler et al. 2003). The main substance of the paper deals with the nomenclatural revision of 18 vegetation classes belonging predominantly to the aquatic, semiaquatic or woody vegetation. The following classes are dealt with: Lemnetea, Ruppietea maritimae, Potamogetonetea, Littorelletea, Thero-Salicornietea strictae, Montio-Cardaminetea, Oxycocco-Sphagnetea, Parvo-Caricetea, Phragmito-Magno-Caricetea, Juncetea maritimi, Cakiletea maritimae, Salicetea purpureae, Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetea, Molinio-Betuletea pubescentis, Alnetea glutinosae, Vaccinio-Piceetea, Quercetea robori-petraeae and Carpino-Fagetea. Within these classes we describe 15 new syntaxa. One illegitimate name is replaced by a nomen novum, and in four cases we correct syntaxon names based on taxomomic errors. Finally, lecto- and neotypes of a further 134 syntaxa are designated. In the context of the syntaxa treated, we discuss some nomenclatural problems involved and give reasons for the scheduled proposals to the Nomenclature Commission for nomina ambigua, conservanda, inversa and mutata.The majority of the presented syntaxonomic modifications concern the vegetation of wetlands: In addition to the floristic differentiation of the syntaxa, special emphasis has been put on their clear ecological definition, particularly in terms of nutrient supply, hydrology and alkalinity of their habitats. In the classification of forest and shrub vegetation from hydromorphic sites, we have therefore placed emphasis on the ground vegetation instead of the few predominantly euryecious tree species. Compared to other classifications, the most important differences are as follows: The drawing up of a central order Sphagno fallacis-Eriophoretalia vaginati ord. nov. beside the Sphagno-Ericetalia and the Sphagnetalia magellanici within the Oxycocco-Sphagnetea – Subdivision of the Parvo-Caricetea (mesotraphent mire vegetation) into an acidophilous and a basiphilous subclass (Sphagno fallacis-Caricenea canescentis subcl. nov. and Drepanoclado revolventis-Caricenea diandrae subcl. nov. respectively) – Subdivision of the Phragmito-Magno-Caricetea into the four orders Phragmitetalia australis, Nasturtio officinalis-Glycerietalia fluitantis, Scrophulario umbrosae-Caricetalia paniculatae ord. nov. and Calystegietalia sepium – Subdivision of the Molinio-Betuletea pubescentis (woody vegetation of mesotrophic wetlands) into the orders Salici pentandrae-Betuletalia pubescentis ord. nov. and Calamagrostio canescentis-Salicetalia cinereae – Subdivision of the Alnetea glutinosae (woody vegetation of eutrophic wetlands) into the orders Cardamino amarae-Alnetalia glutinosae ord. nov., Alnetalia glutinosae and Alno-Fraxinetalia excelsioris. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)Neubeschreibungen und Typisierungen von Syntaxa im Rahmen des Projektes “Pflanzengesellschaften Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns und ihre Gefährdung” – Teil IIIm Projekt “Pflanzengesellschaften Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns” wurde eine aktuelle Übersicht der Vegetationstypen des Bundeslandes mit Ausnahme der einschichtigen Kryptogamenvegetation erarbeitet und in einer zweibändigen Monografie (Berg et al. 2001, 2004a) veröffentlicht. Grundlage der Klassifikation waren eine umfassende Datenbank mit Vegetationsaufnahmen und ein konsistentes methodisches Konzept. Die erarbeitete Klassifikation weicht einerseits in verschiedenen Punkten von gängigen syntaxonomischen Gliederungen ab. Andererseits führte die korrekte Anwendung des Codes der Pflanzensoziologischen Nomenklatur verschiedentlich zu der Erkenntnis, dass für bestimmte Syntaxa keine gültigen Namen existierten oder dass die Ermittlung der korrekten Namen nur nach zuvor erfolgter Typisierung möglich ist. Deshalb werden die im Rahmen des Projektes erforderlichen Neubeschreibungen, Typisierungen und sonstigen nomenklatorischen Entscheidungen in separaten Zeitschriftenbeiträgen publiziert. Die meisten sind in einer zweiteiligen Artikelfolge enthalten, wovon die vorliegende Veröffentlichung den abschließenden zweiten Teil darstellt.Hierin schildern wir zunächst einige wesentliche Besonderheiten des Projektes, diskutieren den möglichen Beitrag einer solchen regionalen Übersicht zu einem allgemeinen System der Pflanzengesellschaften und weisen auf die große Bedeutung der Nomenklaturregeln hin. Danach werden einige nomenklatorische Bewertungen und Abkürzungen erläutert, die im speziellen Teil Verwendung finden und in der ersten Folge (Dengler et al. 2003) nicht enthalten waren. Hauptgegenstand ist jedoch die nomenklatorische Behandlung von 18 Vegetationsklassen, die überwiegend zur offenen aquatischen oder semiaquatischen Vegetation sowie zur Gehölzvegetation zählen. Es handelt sich um die Klassen Lemnetea, Ruppietea maritimae, Potamogetonetea, Littorelletea, Thero-Salicornietea strictae, Montio-Carda- minetea, Oxycocco-Sphagnetea, Parvo-Caricetea, Phragmito-Magno-Caricetea, Juncetea maritimi, Cakiletea maritimae, Salicetea purpureae, Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetea, Molinio-Betuletea pubescentis, Alnetea glutinosae, Vaccinio-Piceetea, Quercetea robori-petraeae und Carpino-Fagetea. Innerhalb dieser Klassen beschreiben wir insgesamt 15 Syntaxa neu. In einem Fall wird ein illegitimer Name durch ein Nomen novum ersetzt und viermal korrigieren wir einen Syntaxonnamen infolge sippentaxonomische Irrtümer. Schließlich werden Lecto- und Neotypen für 134 weitere Syntaxa festgelegt. Im Zusammenhang mit den behandelten Gesellschaften diskutieren wir auftretende nomenklatorische Probleme und begründen geplante Anträge an die Nomenklaturkommission auf Nomina ambigua, conservanda, inversa und mutata.Die vorgestellten syntaxonomischen Änderungen betreffen vor allem die Vegetation von Feuchtgebieten: Neben der floristischen Differenzierung der Syntaxa wurde besonderer Wert auf ihre klare ökologische Abgrenzung gelegt, wobei insbesondere die Nährstoffversorgung, die hydrologischen Bedingungen sowie die Alkalinität der Standorte berücksichtigt wurden. Bei der Gliederung der Moorwälder und -gebüsche stand hierbei die floristische Differenzierung anhand der Bodenvegetation anstelle der wenigen hier vorkommenden, überwiegend euryöken Baumarten im Vordergrund. Als wesentliche Neuerungen gegenüber bisherigen Gliederungen lassen sich nennen: Aufstellung einer zentralen Ordnung Sphagno fallacis-Eriophoretalia vaginati ord. nov. neben den Sphagno-Ericetalia and Sphagnetalia- magellanici innerhalb der Oxycocco-Sphagnetea – Einteilung der Parvo-Caricetea (Vegetation mesotropher Moore) in eine azidophile und eine basiphile Unterklasse (Sphagno fallacis-Caricenea canescentis subcl. nov. bzw. Drepanoclado revolventis-Caricenea diandrae subcl. nov.) – Einteilung der Phragmito-Magno-Caricetea in die vier Ordungen Phragmitetalia australis, Nasturtio officinalis-Glycerietalia fluitantis, Scrophulario umbrosae-Caricetalia paniculatae ord. nov. und Calystegietalia sepium – Einteilung der Molinio-Betuletea pubescentis (Gehölzvegetation mesotropher Feuchtstandorte) in die Ordungen Salici pentandrae-Betuletalia pubescentis ord. nov. und Calamagrostio canescentis-Salicetalia cinereae – Einteilung der Alnetea glutinosae (Gehölzvegetation eutropher Feuchtstandorte) in die Ordnungen Cardamino amarae-Alnetalia glutinosae ord. nov., Alnetalia glutinosae und Alno-Fraxinetalia excelsioris.

The skillful use of joking to achieve characterization, within the essentially male world of the recent American film, Sling Blade, is the focus of this paper. The elusive yet socially highly significant notion of ‘sense of humor’ is assumed to reveal itself in social practice through joking interaction. For an appropriate analysis of situated discursive practice, I take a broad interpretation of ‘joking’, within an interactional sociolinguistic framework, to indicate any shift of footing from ‘serious’ to ‘non-serious’, whether signalled proactively or retroactively in the interaction, whether taken up or not by other interlocutors. Characterization is achieved through different styles of joking, representing typifications of gender role behavior within the rural American Southern world of the film. Good ol’ boy Bill, the fix-it shop owner, uses typical solidarity joking, including ritualized joking associated with conversational routines, narrative jokes, and teasing or ‘ritual insult’ joking. Bigoted and abusive ‘redneck’ Doyle uses joking to express his own hostility, either in the form of sarcasm, or as a retroactive ‘cover’ for his intentionally insulting remarks. Vaughn, a gay man, uses irony as his main style, symbolic of his veiled gender identity. Karl and Frank, who have the most important emotional bond in the movie in the form of a friendship across generations, engage in the only joking which constitutes a true empathic connection. The main female character, Frank's mother Linda, existing in an essentially male world in the screenplay, operates in a mode of seriousness, participating in joking only by responding as socially required. Her one ambiguous attempt at joking, as a social control move on Doyle, is ineffectual. A narrative dirty joke, first occurring among men at the fix-it shop, is used effectively for characterization when Karl later tries to tell it to Linda in the mistaken belief that it constitutes an appropriate way to be sociable. Billy Bob Thornton, a native of rural Arkansas in the American South, not only wrote and adapted the screenplay for the film (for which he won an Academy Award in 1996), but also directed the film, and portrayed the starring character. The joking styles are analyzed as aesthetic typifications which can be used in the service of characterization. The treatment of joking within Brown and Levinson's (1987) pragmatic framework is critiqued, and a more comprehensive analysis is offered, one which combines the pragmalinguistic and the sociopragmatic.

Anthropologists have long pointed out the intensity with which people sort economic practices into moralized types based on the practices’ purported aims such as gift-giving, ‘deep play,’ and guanxi. Yet more than a century after Malinowski first pitched his tent in the Trobriand Islands and some nine decades after Mauss proposed his theory of the gift, we still know little about how people invoke these types in interaction and why they find them so compelling. In this dissertation, I explore the moral and pragmatic life of economic types in Luang Prabang, Laos and challenge the epistemological life of similar types in anthropology. I argue that understanding moral economy is fundamentally a semiotic problem. That is, moral economic types can only be understood if we study the communicative acts in which they are made manifest. With close attention to these acts, I show that any answer to the classic ethical question of ‘How one should live’ (Williams 2006) is inevitably entangled with another question: ‘How is one living?’

          In Laos, since the 1975 socialist revolution, typifying economic conduct has been a national project. As the late-socialist state adopts once-banned forms of economy, it reframes these practices using the moral categories of its socialist past: the lottery has become ‘pro- development,’ capitalistic business has become a vehicle for the eventual attainment of ‘socialism,’ and gambling, in certain forms, has become ‘good.’ Although I touch on a broad range of empirical economic and social practices—theft at a funeral, lottery buying and selling, paying for food at a bar—I focus empirically on conduct that seems to blur moral types of economy and combine conflicting aims and logics, like generosity and greed, friendship and estrangement, socialism and capitalism. Most centrally, I reflect on the moral and pragmatic dimensions of a contrast that gamblers on the French colonial game called pétanque make between ‘gambling for money’ (lin5 kin3 ngen2) and ‘gambling for beer’ (lin5 kin3 bia3).


          Using materials from more than fifteen months of fieldwork in the rapidly developing city of Luang Prabang, I disentangle the variety of reflexive forms people use to invoke these moral economic types, including implicit and explicit typifications of conduct as well as generic propositions about the types as kinds. I show that close attention to these forms reveals their allure and multifunctional utility: they are not just conceptual categories for reflecting on the world but also clusters of semiotic resources people use to make ethical and pragmatic claims about others as well as themselves. While anthropologists have been wary of ‘ideal types’ in recent years because they ‘distort’ practice, I show that by attending to the heterogeneous ways people use types, we can better understand the reflexive dimensions of ‘ordinary ethics’ and the methodological and epistemological muddles that arise when scholars try to disentangle communication from action.

Some anthropologists have developed "processual" approaches to classification, arguing that we should turn our attention from reified categories to processes of categorization. A focus on how gamblers in Luang Prabang, Laos, use the categories "gambling for beer" and "gambling for money" makes clear that an adequate processual approach must disentangle two kinds of typification: one generic, one specific. People in Luang Prabang are drawn to categories of gambling as tools for both painting the world abstractly (generics) and putting action under a description (specifics). Distinguishing these two kinds of typification resolves the apparent tension between "ideal types" and messy "practice," and it redirects the study of human classification toward understanding how people mobilize categories for diverse moral ends.

A synopsis of the genus Cohniella is presented with nomenclatural updates with a discusion of diagnostic features and biogeographical data. Thirteen species and one natural hybrid are recognized. Two new species, Cohniella pendula and Cohniella biorbicularis, are described and illustrated. The following four new combinations are proposed: Cohniella binotii, Cohniella brachyphylla, Cohniella cepula, and Cohniella longifolia. Lectotypes are selected for Oncidium subulifolium, Oncidium helicanthum, Oncidium humboldtii, Oncidium jonesianum var. phaeanthum, Oncidium cepula, and Oncidium wittii. We also propose an amended lectotype for Epidendrum cebolleta and several epitypifications and new synonyms. A key to the genera of the Trichocentrum complex is presented (Appendix) as well as keys to the species of Cohniella. Se presenta una sinopsis del género Cohniella, con actualizaciones nomenclaturales y discusiones de caracteres diagnósticos y datos biogeográficos. Se aceptan 13 especies y un híbrido natural en el género. Dos especies nuevas, Cohniella pendula y Cohniella biorbicularis, se describen e ilustran. Se proponen las siguientes combinaciones nuevas: Cohniella binotii, Cohniella brachyphylla, Cohniella cepula y Cohniella longifolia. Se seleccionan lectotipos para Oncidium subulifolium, Oncidium helicanthum, Oncidium humboldtii, Oncidium jonesianum var. phaeanthum, Oncidium cepula y Oncidium wittii. También proponemos una modificación a la lectotipificación de Epidendrum cebolleta y varias epitipificaciones y nuevos sinónimos. Se presenta una clave para los géneros del complejo Trichocentrum en un apéndice, así como una clave para las especies de Cohniella.

The designation of Edward Drinker Cope (1840-1897) as the type for the species Homo sapiens, so published by photojournalist Louie Psihoyos (1994) following casual research by paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, is procedurally and historically incorrect. A lectotype was selected by William Stearn (1959): Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778). Science-history writers, professional scientists, and publishers alike must be accountable to established protocols of research and documentation when making statements that claim priority in taxonomic nomenclature and historical precedence.

See also:  David Notton and Christ Stringer (no date), "Who is the type of Homo sapiens?", http://iczn.org/content/who-type-homo-sapiens  (accessed 3 February 2019)

other name combinations:
Edward Cope
Edward D. Cope
Robert Bakker
Bob Bakker
Carl von Linné
Carolus Linnaeus

Background and aims: The genus Pyracantha has about ten species, widespread as ornamental, naturalized and considered invasive in different parts of the world. Historically, the identification of taxa has been difficult. Three species were reported as naturalized in Argentina, however, no genus revision has been carried out in the country until now. In order to make new contributions to the Argentinean Flora, given the complexity of the genus and the lack of an integral work in this regard, the objective of this contribution is to present a synopsis of the Pyracantha species naturalized in Argentina.
M&M: Specimens of each species from different national and international herbaria were studied, and were contrasted with the type specimens. The original descriptions and specific bibliography of each taxon was reviewed.
Results: A summary of the five naturalized species is presented. Distribution maps in Argentina are presented in addition to descriptions, a key, diagrams of the main leaf morphological characters and a series of images that allow the identification of the species. Lectotypes for four names are designated.
Conclusions: Five species are naturalized in Argentina. P. fortuneana and P. koidzumii constitute new records for the flora of the country. Up to this moment, P. fortuneana represents the species with the most austral distribution and, together with P. angustifolia, are the most distributed species in Argentina. P. koidzumii is restricted mainly to the center-east of Argentina. P. atalantioides and P. coccinea are the less represented species. -
Introducción y objetivos: El género Pyracantha posee alrededor de diez especies, difundidas como ornamentales, naturalizadas y consideradas invasoras en diferentes partes del mundo. Históricamente, la identificación de los taxones ha sido dificultosa. Tres especies fueron reportadas como naturalizadas en la Argentina, sin embargo, no se ha efectuado una revisión del género en el país hasta el momento. Con el fin de realizar nuevos aportes a la Flora Argentina, dadas la complejidad del género y la falta de un trabajo integral al respecto, el objetivo de esta contribución es presentar una sinopsis de las especies de Pyracantha naturalizadas en la Argentina.
M&M: Se estudiaron ejemplares de cada especie de diversos herbarios nacionales e internacionales, y se contrastaron con los ejemplares tipo. Se revisaron las descripciones originales y bibliografía específica de cada taxón.
Resultados: Se presenta un resumen de las cinco especies naturalizadas. Se proveen mapas de distribución en la Argentina, además de descripciones, una clave, esquemas de los principales caracteres morfológicos foliares y una serie de imágenes que permiten la identificación de las especies. Se designan lectotipos para cuatro nombres.
Conclusiones: Cinco especies se encuentran naturalizadas en la Argentina. P. fortuneana y P. koidzumii constituyen nuevos registros para la flora del país. Hasta el momento, P. fortuneana representa la especie con distribución más austral y, junto a P. angustifolia, son las especies más distribuidas en la Argentina. P. koidzumii se encuentra restringida principalmente al centro-este del país. P. atalantioides y P. coccinea son las especies menos representadas.

A revisión of the genus Cephalanthera in the Iberian Península and NW of África has been done. Three species have been accepted. These species, C. rubra, C. longifolia and C. damasonium, have been usted with their synonyms in the study zone, a detailed description of each, and distribution maps. The indumentum pollen and seeds have been studied by SEM. C. damasonium has been typified.

Abstract—Chamaeota is a rare agaric genus traditionally classified in the Pluteaceae. The present work offers a treatment of the two species described from the United States. Historical records, morphological and anatomical examinations of type and other ...

Hazelnuts (Corylus L.) are the source of one of the globally most important nut crops. Despite their economic and cultural importance, taxonomic knowledge is poor, even the number of species is equivocal. Weak morphological differentiation, the inconsistent taxonomic treatment of horticultural selections and cultivars, and uncritical regional treatments generated a multitude of names. The situation is further complicated by an ancient history of use (at least 10 400 years), trade (at least 4000 years) and domestication (at least 2000 years). Here, we present an annotated checklist of the taxa in the genus Corylus based on an extensive literature review, electronic database research, and visits to some European herbaria. Full citations are given for all names, typifications are provided for the majority of them. Cultivars are listed if described under the rules of the ICN. We designate lectotypes and neotypes for 28 names, and discuss the identity of enigmatic C. maxima Mill., a taxon not known from the wild.

The goal of our research was to re-examine H.C. Rümke's notion of the “praecox feeling” in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The concept was developed by Rümke in 1941 and asserts that within the first several minutes of meeting a patient an examiner can make a tentative diagnosis of schizophrenia with a reasonable degree of accuracy (defined as the "praecox feeling"). G. Irle (1962) received the concept with skepticism and conducted a survey among all West German psychiatrists. After analyzing the 1196 responses (a 51.4% response rate), he found that 85.8% of the responders "had" the "praecox feeling”, 57.9% found it reliable, and 25% thought it was more reliable than all other symptoms in establishing the diagnosis of schizophrenia. We planned to survey by mail 500 Manhattan senior psychiatrists with a translation of Irle's questionnaire and to have the psychiatrists reflect on their own view of diagnosing schizophrenia; we hypothesized that the acknowledgment of the “praecox feeling” will be more prevalent in the group of psychiatrists with longer clinical experience and that a particular theoretical orientation or practice setting would have no bearing on this relationship.

Dinsel otoritelerin toplumsal fonksiyonlarını inceleyen bu çalışma, dinsel otoritelerin tümü için “ortak” kabul edilebilecek toplumsal fonksiyonlara odaklanmaktadır. Dini otorite tiplerinin toplumsal fonksiyonlarına dayanarak, bir tipolojinin çıkarılıp çıkarılamayacağı bu çalışmanın problemini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın genelinde dinsel otoritelerin sosyolojik bir yaklaşımla incelenmesi ve dinsel otoritelerin bir tipolojisinin çıkarılması şeklinde iki amaç bulunmaktadır. Dinsel otorite kavramıyla peygamber, din kurucusu, rahip, veli/ermiş, âlim, şeyh, seyyid ve şaman kastedilmektedir. Dinsel otoriteler toplumda çok farklı görevler üstlenmekle birlikte üç özellikleriyle öne çıkmaktadırlar. Bunlar a)rehberlik, bilgi verme, b)hüküm verme, yargılama, arabuluculuk etme, c)hastalıkları iyileştirme işlevleridir. Çalışmada, dinsel otoritelerin toplumsal fonksiyonlarından hareketle üçlü bir tipleştirme modeli (üstaz/rehber, hâkim/yargıç ve hekim/tabip) öne sürülmektedir. İlk bölümde, dini otoriteye teorik bir giriş yapılarak, otorite, karizma, dini otoritenin göstergeleri gibi konulara değinilmiştir, ikinci bölümde, dini otoriteye tipolojik bir deneme bağlamında dinsel otorite tipleri, rehber/öğretmen, yargıç ve tabip olarak çalışmanın problematiğine uygun olarak temellendirilmiştir. Yeni bir tipolojinin amaçlandığı bu çalışmanın kapsamı, din sosyolojisi, dinler tarihi, İslam tarihi ve kültür tarihinin kesiştiği bir bağlam içinde belirlenmektedir.

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This study examines social functions of religious authorities. This study has focused to social functions that can be accepted “common” for all of religious aouthorities. The problem of the study consists of whether acquiring a typology of religious authorities by acting from social functions of religious authorities. It has two purposes. Firstly, examining with a sociological approach to the study of religious authorities in general of study and secondly the conceptualization of a typology of religious authorities. It is meant by concept of religious authority, prophet(peygamber), founder of religion(din kurucusu), priest(rahip), saint(veli), scholar(âlim), sheikh(şeyh), sayyid(seyyid) and shaman(şaman). In this study is proposed model of three-dimensional typification based on the social function of religious authorities (teacher, judge and doctor). These are functions: a) guiding, informing, b) adjudication, judgment, mediating c) healing illness. Religious authorities come into prominence with three characteristics as well as they are undertaking many different functions. It is mentioned issues such as indicators of religious authority, concepts of authority and carisma after a theoretical introduction to the religious authority in the first chapter. It is based as guide/teacher, judge and doctor in accordance with problematic of study types of religous authority in context of typological trial to the religious authority in the second chapter. Scope of this study that aims a new typology is identified in context of the intersection of history of culture, history of Islam, history of religions and sociology of religion as interdisciplinary study.

Seventeen species and five varieties of Indian Leucas R. Br. are lectotypified here: Leucas angustissima Sedgw.,
L. ciliata Benth., L. clarkei Hook.f., L. decemdentata (Willd.) Sm. var. angustifolia (Wall. ex Benth.) V.Singh,
L. eriostoma Hook.f. var. lanata Hook.f., L. helicterifolia Haines, L. hyssopifolia Benth., L. lamiifolia Desf.,
L. lanata Benth., L. lanceaefolia Desf., L. longifolia Benth., L. montana (B. Heyne ex Roth) Spreng., L. prostrata
(Hook.f.) Gamble, L. pubescens Benth., L. rosmarinifolia Benth., L. stelligera Wall. ex Benth., L. stricta Benth.,
L. suffruticosa Benth., L. vestita Benth. var. angustifolia Hook.f., L. vestita Benth. var. oblongifolia Hook.f.,
L. vestita Benth. var. sericostoma Hook.f. and L. wightiana Wall. ex Benth.

L’expansion européenne de la littérature panoramique du XIXe siècle se comprend en termes d’influences éditoriales et de traductions culturelles. Mais la situation particulière de la production belge prédispose à l’envisager sous l’angle défavorable de l’imitation frauduleuse. Le collectif des Belges peints par eux-mêmes pose aux premières heures de la nation en constitution la question de la spécificité réelle ou supposée de l’identité belge et offre l’occasion de déterminer l’incidence d’un modèle générique sur une stylistique du portrait national. Cette étude fait apparaître une historiographie en acte qui déjoue les stéréotypes et négocie la réappropriation d’une identité exogène de nature dépréciative.

High people sensitivity to weather and space factors, particularly encumbered by various illnesses, was from time immemorial. Now, in terms of global climate change, accompanied by frequent and severe restructuring of atmospheric processes, thermal anomalies, droughts, environmental change through meteorological and heliogeophysical factors affect the human body particularly intense, causing adverse effects to health. There are currently beginning to develop

Some nomenclatural points are discussed as a prodrom of a taxonomic revision of the genus Alnicola (= Naucoria sensu Moser). Lectotypifications of Alnicola and Agaricus "tribe" Naucoria are critically analyzed. Alnicola luteolofibrillosa is proposed as a new lectotype of Alnicola; Ag. pannosus is proposed as a new lectotype for Ag. "tribe" Naucoria. A critical check-list of taxa published so far in the genus Alnicola is provided. The usual names Alnicola (Naucoria) alnetorum and Alnicola (Naucoria) langei are invalid and must be replaced by A. inculta and A. macrospora respectively. Alnicola (Naucoria) dasypus is an earlier synonym of Pholiotina (Conocybe) subnuda according to type revision. Lectotypes are designed for Agaricus melinoides, A. scolecinus, Alnicola macrospora, Naucoria amarescens and Naucoria dasypus. Four new combinations are introduced: Alnicola zonata, Galerina albotomentosa, G. clavuligera, Pholiotina dasypus.

Elaphoglossum section Polytrichia is one of the main clades of the fern genus Elaphoglossum. It is usually distinguished from the rest of the genus by the presence of subulate scales and lack of hydathodes. Here we provide a nomenclatural synopsis with notes on the species taxonomy and identification, along with comments on the clade’s biogeography. A total of 80 names were found to apply to species in the Polytrichia clade. Based on an examination of 3475 herbarium gatherings, we recognize in the group 53 species and two hybrids. The clade is almost entirely Neotropical, occurring from Mexico and the Antilles to Argentina and Brazil. The only exception is E. hybridum, which is widespread in South America but also occurs in Africa, Madagascar, and islands of the mid-Atlantic and Indian Oceans. We provide maps of geographic distribution and species richness for the section. Each species is provided with place and date of publication, information on types, complete synonymy, notes on geographic distribution, and other pertinent remarks. The following nomenclatural combinations are made: E. versatile and E. occidentale, comb. nov. Also, one epitype is designated for E. clathratum, lectotypes are designated for 13 names (Acrostichum barbatum, A. hybridum var. minor, A. mexicanum, A. nitidum, A. stramineum, E. angustioblongum, E. cinctum, E. cordifolium, E. demissum, E. erinaceum var. boliviense, E. lindbergii var. truncatum, E. reductum, E. truncatum), and neotypes are designated for E. hystrix and E. versatile. A list of the specimens examined is provided.

A synopsis of the genus Cohniella is presented with nomenclatural updates with a discusion of diagnostic features and biogeographical data. Thirteen species and one natural hybrid are recognized. Two new species, Cohniella pendula and Cohniella biorbicularis, are described and illustrated. The following four new combinations are proposed: Cohniella binotii, Cohniella brachyphylla, Cohniella cepula, and Cohniella longifolia. Lectotypes are selected for Oncidium subulifolium, Oncidium helicanthum, Oncidium humboldtii, Oncidium jonesianum var. phaeanthum, Oncidium cepula, and Oncidium wittii. We also propose an amended lectotype for Epidendrum cebolleta and several epitypifications and new synonyms. A key to the genera of the Trichocentrum complex is presented (Appendix) as well as keys to the species of Cohniella. Se presenta una sinopsis del género Cohniella, con actualizaciones nomenclaturales y discusiones de caracteres diagnósticos y datos biogeográficos. Se aceptan 13 especies y un híbrido natural en el género. Dos especies nuevas, Cohniella pendula y Cohniella biorbicularis, se describen e ilustran. Se proponen las siguientes combinaciones nuevas: Cohniella binotii, Cohniella brachyphylla, Cohniella cepula y Cohniella longifolia. Se seleccionan lectotipos para Oncidium subulifolium, Oncidium helicanthum, Oncidium humboldtii, Oncidium jonesianum var. phaeanthum, Oncidium cepula y Oncidium wittii. También proponemos una modificación a la lectotipificación de Epidendrum cebolleta y varias epitipificaciones y nuevos sinónimos. Se presenta una clave para los géneros del complejo Trichocentrum en un apéndice, así como una clave para las especies de Cohniella.

The phenomenology of typification, as developed by Alfred Schutz, provides a way of demystifying two persistent “mysteries” of psychiatric diagnosis: rapid diagnosis and the praecox feeling.  The criteria of psychiatric disorders which are contained in classification manuals, such as DSM-III, are shown to presuppose in psychiatrists the pre-conceptual ability to typify these disorders.  When employed within the “critical attitude” described by Husserl, these pre-conceptual skills are fully scientific.