Herbarium

The article is devoted to the history and current status of the Herbarium of the I. D. Papanin Institute for biology of inland waters Russian Academy of Sciences.
Full name of the publication: Botanical collection - national treasure of Russia: Collection of scientific works of the all-Russian (with international participation) scientific conference devoted. the 120th anniversary of the Herbarium. I. I. Spriggina and the 100th anniversary of the Russian Botanical society (Penza, 17-19 February 2015) [Ботанические коллекции – национальное достояние России: Сб. науч. тр. Всеросс. (с междунар. участием) науч. конф., посвящ. 120-летию Гербария им. И.И. Спрыгина и 100-летию Русского ботанического общества (Пенза, 17–19 февраля 2015 г.). / Под ред. д.б.н., проф. Л.А. Новиковой. Пенза: Изд-во ПГУ, 2015. 28–30.]

La Amazonía ecuatoriana es tomada en cuenta como la fuente más importante de agua dulce, de biodiversidad y a su vez de aprovechamiento sostenible en los actuales años. Piptocoma discolor Kunth (Pigüe) es una especie abundante y de importancia económica, nativa de la Amazonía de América del Sur, con predominancia en el bosque secundario. Debido al cambio de uso de suelo y la ampliación de la frontera agropecuaria que ha sufrido la Amazonía las maderas que gozan de alta demanda internacional son aquellas de lento crecimiento y de un reducido número de árboles en bosques nativos, por lo cual, el Piptocoma discolor Kunth es una especie a la que es necesaria determinar las épocas de floración y fructificación (fenología reproductiva) para contribuir al aprovechamiento sostenible, previamente con registros de herbarios en base de datos de Piptocoma discolor Kunth, de la región Amazónica del Ecuador. Se utilizó todos los registros encontrados en la base de datos Trópicos. Según esos registros se establece que hay floración durante todo el año exceptuando el mes de septiembre y fructificación durante los meses de junio a agosto y de octubre a diciembre.

El trabajo de esta comunicación se encuadra dentro del trabajo de investigación etnobotánica desarrollado por sus autores en el Valle de Roncal (Navarra). A través de la propuesta aquí expuesta se pretenden interrelacionar dos ámbitos en la didáctica de lo cultural: el papel activo del legado patrimonial etnobotánico y su lectura desde una perspectiva educativa. Proponemos para ello una unidad didáctica extracurricular que permita la implementación del trabajo colaborativo multidisciplinar con alumnos (primaria y secundaria) en apoyo externo. El Valle de Roncal es una comarca pirenaica y periférica con un acusado éxodo rural. El taller quiere ser una apuesta por la introducción de la etnobotánica en la docencia desde la perspectiva de la educación patrimonial. En definitiva, busca la inclusión del ‘conocimiento tradicional’ sobre la flora del valle entendiendo el empleo del entorno natural como herramienta educativa de los jóvenes del lugar. Se pretende esbozar una dinámica que permita acercar y reflexionar a los alumnos acerca del papel que ha desempeñado y ejerce la flora en su cultura tradicional local.

Os herbários são coleções biológicas que incluem o material de referência para todos os que precisem de identificar ou preservar plantas, fungos ou algas. Estas coleções foram usadas inicialmente pelos professores/médicos/herbalistas no século XVI e mais tarde, nas primeiras viagens de exploração científica, tornaram-se uma ferramenta essencial para todos os coletores e botânicos. A contextualização dos herbários do ponto de vista da história das ciências pode ampliar os usos de um herbário e reforçar a sua versatilidade. Desta perspetiva, os herbários transcendem a sua função de repositório, refletindo contextos para além dos da esfera científica, espelhando as políticas de desenvolvimento governamental, educacional e económico de um país. O Herbário do Museu de História Natural e da Ciência da Universidade do Porto é uma coleção reconhecida mundialmente como o Herbário da Universidade do Porto (PO) e é uma coleção de referência da flora Portuguesa, contendo coleções históricas, privadas e académicas constituídas desde o século XIX. Tomando como ponto de partida o herbário (coleção botânica desidratada entre papel) e o Herbário da Universidade do Porto (como instituição responsável da organização e conservação de vários tipos de coleções botânicas), este trabalho mostra como os herbários e os Herbários são veículos para a compreensão de assuntos de várias esferas e materializam a sua interconexão, promovendo uma aprendizagem de carácter global, fomentando a sua consciência histórica e cívica.

Si Jean-Jacques Rousseau a laissé de lui l'image d'un promeneur solitaire, contribuant au processus d'individualisation de la promenade au XVIIIe siècle, les témoignages (souvenirs d'un ancien compagnon, François-Louis d'Escherny, 1733-1815) qui restent de ses herborisations collectives corrigent cette représentation et permettent d'envisager la botanique comme une pratique sociale codifiée.

Este catálogo es un registro de la exposición «Chernobyl Herbarium», organizada por Fundación Cristina Enea, y que pudo visitarse en el Centro de Recursos Medio Ambientales de San Sebastián entre el 1 de febrero y el 1 de mayo de 2017. Basada en el libro de Michael Marder y Anaïs Toundeur "The Chernobyl Herbarium".

Las obras de Anaïs Tondeur y Michael Marder nos confrontan con el acontecimiento de Chernóbil. 31 imágenes, 31 rayogramas que van acompañados de 31 fragmentos, 31 refl exiones y recuerdos, uno por cada año transcurrido desde 1986, cuando un accidente en la central nuclear de Chernóbil conmocionó al mundo.

¿Qué permance aún hoy, en 2017, de este acontecimiento?

Demasiado, porque 31 años es una fracción insignificante de tiempo, un instante en una cronología que necesitará siglos para descontaminar el suelo y el entorno natural afectado. Demasiado porque quienes sobrevivieron y sus descendientes  continúan desarrollando problemas de salud y muriendo debido a la exposición a la radiación.

Muy poco, porque el trauma de Chernóbil no ha sido suficientemente trabajado, a falta de una conciencia apropiada para la tarea de representarlo. La producción de energía nuclear en Europa y en todo el mundo no se ha detenido e incluso hay quienes se atreven a proclamar que es más segura y ambientalmente más saludable que la que se obtiene de la quema de combustibles fósiles. Aún no ha tenido lugar un replanteamiento fundamental sobre el signifi cado de la energía y su obtención, que tenga como telón de fondo Chernóbil (ahora Fukushima) y también otras emergencias ambientales como el cambio climático.

El presente trabajo trata sobre la aplicación del sistema de clasificación APG IV (Angiosperm phylogenetic group) en la colección del Herbario CHEP. El cambio más evidente es a nivel de clases, de Monocotiledónea  y Dicotiledónea pasó actualmente a tres, ya que  Dicotiledónea es un grupo parafilético, estas tres clases son: Monocotiledónea, Magnoliidae y Eudocotiledonea; dentro de cada clase las Familias están arregladas alfabéticamente acompañado de un número según APG IV, igual sucede en el caso de los géneros. También mencionamos los cambios más importantes a nivel de familia, y géneros que ahora son familias. Si bien estos cambios al principio son molestosos, es necesario estar siempre a la vanguardia del conocimiento taxonómico. En total se cuenta con 180 Familias de las 416 a nivel mundial que están registrado en APG IV a nivel mundial están en el Herbario CHEP. En el listado también se encuentran familias introducidas como Platanaceae, Aizoaceae, Linaceae que han sido colectadas y otras que se aspira colectar como Hamamelidaceae, entre otras. Hay 18 familias adicionales que se encuentran en el Ecuador pero no hay registros en el Herbario CHEP, principalmente porque son Familias exclusivas de Galápagos, bosque seco tropical o del sur del Ecuador.

Abstrak Herbarium merupakan istilah yang pertama kali digunakan oleh Turnefor (1700) untuk tumbuhan obat yang dikeringkan sebagai koleksi. Herbarium masa kini memiliki berbagai fungsi, yaitu sebagai pusat regerensi, pusat dokumentasi, pusat penyimpanan data, pusat pendidikan, dan sebagai laboratorium, serta menunjang kegiatan pengolahan dan pemanfaatan sumber daya hayati. Herbarium kering adalah awetan yang dibuat dengan cara pengeringan, namun tetap terlihat ciri-ciri morfologinya sehingga bisa diamati dan dijadikan perbandingan. Zat yang digunakan dalam proses ini formalin 4% dan alkohol 70%. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Lab Terpadu UIN SGD Bandung, yakni menghasilkan Awetan tulang daun berbagai tumbuhan Metode yang dilakukan adalah dengan mendidihkan air yang ditambahkan NaOH dan kemudian memasukan daun sirsak dan daun kupu-kupu. Penambahan NaOH sebanyak 5 sendok makan. Spesimen yang digunakan adalah daun sirsak dan daun kupu-kupu. Dalam pembuatan dibantu dengan NaOH yang membantu dalam peluruhan klorofil pada daun dan pewarna untuk mendapatkan hasil yang bagus. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah yang tersisa hanya urat daun, pada daun sirsak didapatkan hasil yang bagus akan tetapi pada daun kupu-kupu terbelah menjadi dua bagian karena pertulangan daun yang rapuh. Kata kunci: Herbarium kering , NaOH, Spesimen.

Herbarium merupakan istilah yang pertama kali digunakan oleh Turnefor (1700) untuk tumbuhan obat yang dikeringkan sebagai koleksi. Luca Ghini (1490-1550) seorang Professor Botani di Universitas Bologna, Italia adalah orang pertama yang mengeringkan tumbuhan di bawah tekanan dan melekatkannya di atas kertas serta mencatatnya sebagai koleksi ilmiah (Arber, 1938). Pada awalnya banyak spesimen herbarium disimpan di dalam buku sebagai koleksi pribadi tetapi pada abad ke-17 Ramadhanil dan Gradstein – Herbarium Celebense 39 praktek ini telah berkembang dan menyebar di Eropa (Ramadhanil, 2003)

It is customary to consider water and air as the most fragile components of the environment, this association is done without taking into account the real engine that allows to link these elements and to maintain a certain harmony in the landscape perception of space. Thus, biodiversity is not only one of the most important elements of the environment since it is the guarantee of the equilibrium of the ecosystems; it is also its third most fragile component because of the strong anthropic pressure. . Its resources are used for more than one reason: to feed, build buildings.
Most importantly, the exhaustive nature of these uses. Viewed from this angle the persistence of cultivation of some species on large and exploitation at risk of others equally important in other areas. This state of affairs has pushed man to consider a haven for biodiversity, imagining various concepts all equally effective. Over the years, we have seen parks, natural reserves, botanical gardens ... with a more or less pronounced architectural character. They are part of the logic of valuing and preserving species for educational and delectation purposes, a bit like a museum. In this perspective, the Douala-Edéa wildlife reserve constitutes an important natural background with its endemic species, its multiple tourist sites ... however threatened by anthropic activities related to agriculture, hunting, and deforestation, we face a rather large conservatory zone but without any real practical and concrete means to fulfill its primary mission. A real giant with clay feet. It turns capital gifts to define a more consequent action. This is all the more pressing when one considers the different socio-economic crises that are raging in the region, crises that would normally have been solved if the economic activities carried out took into account the basic needs of the population. We are therefore in a region with a strong tourism potential, with a fairly active population, living mainly from agriculture, artisanal fishing and hunting, not aware of the principles of sustainable development. On the other side, there are tourists who knock on the doors of the reserve daily to take advantage of the tourist resources. The majority of scientists and other students find in this place a favorable environment for their research. 3 main actions are envisaged to reach to implicate all the actors in the project: to educate the population on the necessity of preserving the natural environment, to offer the different actors of the alternative resources, and to support the economic development of the commune of Dizangué. The project formulated follows the practices of local and sustainable development. This is the antechamber of the Douala-Edéa wildlife reserve

Abstract (ITA):

Il contributo ha come oggetto la cinquecentesca Farmacia dell’Abbazia di San Martino delle Scale (Palermo). Si ripercorrono brevemente le orme a partire dai commenti di illustri viaggiatori stranieri in Sicilia tra XVIII e XIX sec., incrociando i loro resoconti di viaggio con la Chronica del Monastero; si ricostruisce poi la storia della Farmacia a partire da diverse fonti d’archivio (conservate presso l’Archivio Storico di San Martino e l’Archivio di Stato di Palermo) e da pubblicazioni del XVIII sec., facendo emergere il legame tra la tradizione benedettina della cura degli infermi e la tradizione della coltivazione dei “semplici”, insieme alla tenuta di erbari ex siccata. Il quadro storico tracciato termina con il processo di dispersione del patrimonio della Farmacia: tali vicende si intrecciano col sopravvivere della Colonia Agricola istituita a San Martino e con l’accrescimento delle collezioni dell’allora regio Museo Nazionale. Chiude la ricostruzione storica un’appendice con fotografie degli affreschi che adornano la Farmacia, insieme ad una fotografia del chiostro della clausura (l’antico giardino dei semplici) e ad altre di un antico erbario martiniano.

Parole chiave: San Martino delle Scale, monachesimo benedettino, Regola di S. Benedetto, erboristeria, erbari.

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Abstract (ENG):

The paper deals with the sixteenth-century Pharmacy of the abbey of San Martino delle Scale (Palermo). It goes over the story beginning from the comments by illustrious foreign travellers in Sicily in the 18th and 19th centuries, collating their travel accounts with the Chronica of the Monastery; the history of the Pharmacy is then reconstructed starting from different archive sources (preserved at the San Martino Historical Archive and the Public Records Office in Palermo) and from eighteenth-century publications, highlighting the bond between the Benedictine tradition of treatment of patients and the tradition of the cultivation of “simples”, together with herbaria ex siccata. The historical picture traced out ends with the process of dispersion of the patrimony of the Pharmacy: these vicissitudes interweave with the survival of the Agricultural Colony founded at San Martino and with the growth of the collections of what at that time was the Royal National Museum. The historical reconstruction is completed with an appendix containing photos of the frescoes decorating the Pharmacy, together with a photograph of the enclosure cloister (the old garden of simples) and with others of an old San Martino herbarium.

Keywords: San Martino delle Scale, Benedictine monasticism, Rule of St. Benedict, herbal medicine, herbaria.

RÉSUMÉ L'herbier est un outil fondamental pour la gestion de la diversité végétale. C'est pour cela qu'il convient d'outiller les gestionnaires forestiers et les botanistes débutants sur les bonnes pratiques en matière d'herborisation et de préparation des échantillons d'herbier. C'est l'objet du présent article qui informe sur le concept et l'importance de l'herbier et donne des indications sur les pratiques à adopter au cours des différentes étapes de sa réalisation. Le matériel nécessaire étant réuni, les étapes fondamentales pour la réalisation d'un herbier sont l'herborisation, les informations de terrain à noter, le séchage et pressage des échantillons, le montage, l'étiquetage et la conservation des spécimens. Pour chaque étape, le matériel technique utilisé est cité ainsi que les méthodes pour parvenir à la réalisation d'une bonne collection d'herbier. ABSTRACT The herbarium is a fundamental tool for the management of plant diversity. That is why it is appropriate to empower forest managers and novice botanists on good practices for preparing herbarium samples. This is the aim of this paper that provides information on the concept and importance of herbarium and provides guidance on the practices to adopt during the different steps of its implementation. Having the necessary equipment, the basic steps for making a herbarium are specimen collection, field information gathering, drying and pressing, assembling, labeling and packing specimens. For each step, the technical equipment is cited and the methods to achieve the realization of a good herbarium collection are described.

The biological collections of the Herbarium of
Biosciences and Biotechnology Center of the State
University of Norte Fluminense (HUENF) represent an
important source for research, education and extension,
incorporating testimonies of research and experiments
carried out at the University. These collections provide
a record of regional biodiversity, a source of information
for floristic checklists and conservation studies. The
HUENF consists of botanical collections from distinct
ecosystems of the northern Rio de Janeiro. This botanical
collection of 9,520 herbarium specimens, where
8,632 (91%) are recorded in a database, an important
bank of plant species for the region. The HUENF has
been reference to regional studies, contributing with
information on the regional flora, constantly being
consulted by teachers and students from schools and
Universities and researchers of the region. The HUENF
has a home page with information about events,
course, schedule of visits and availability of the latest
publications. The development of this extension project
has allowed the transfer of knowledge of scientific
practices and their application, with HUENF acting as a
non-formal space for the teaching of local flora for education
institutions of the region.

This paper focuses on the relationship between the compilation of a her-barium in early modern history and the search for a classification of nature. By looking at the histories of different herbaria and their compilers, this paper shows how the nature of ordering botanical materials changes along with the search for a system of ordering plant knowledge.

Beim Bearbeiten historischer Herbarbestände ist man mit zahlreichen Abkürzungen auf handgeschriebenen Scheden und gedruckten Etiketten konfrontiert, deren Auflösung nicht selten große Mühe bereitet. Es wird in die Besonderheiten historischer Abkürzungen, Datumsangaben und die Verwendung Römischer Zahlen eingeführt. Ein ausführlicher Katalog listet Abkürzungen und deren Auflösung sowie Übersetzung auf, die im Rahmen des von der GEFD geförderten Projektes „Virtuelles Herbarium Bochkoltz“ und bei der Bearbeitung weiterer historischer Herbarbestände gesammelt wurden. —
Whilst processing historical herbarium specimens cryptic abbreviations on handwritten or printed labels often cause a lot of trouble as it is mostly difficult to resolve them. In this paper special characteristics of historical abbreviations are discussed, as well as different formats of date and the usage of Roman numerals. A detailed catalogue of abbreviations is presented with these abbreviations being resolved, translated and explained. The abbreviations have been collected within the project “Virtual Herbarium Bochkoltz” sponsored by the GEFD and during several studies of further historical herbarium material.

HISTORY OF THE JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY HERBARIUM (KRA) (CRACOW, POLAND) IN 1780-1910
The paper describes the history of the Jagiellonian University Herbarium (KRA) in Cracow (Poland) in the years 1780-1910. Figure 1 shows the evolution of botanical assemblage within those 130 years: from the University Natural History Collections to the modern Jagiellonian University Herbarium. The description is based on published and on archival sources, but not on data contained in the herbarium labels. The period after 1910 will be the subject of separate paper.
PRE-INSTITUTIONAL HERBARIUM PERIOD (TILL 1780)
The Jagiellonian University was established in 1364. The beginnings of the university museum collections are dated to the 15th century. Until the end of 18th century the collections were exhibited in the university library and consisted of astronomical instruments, old coins, pieces of historical furniture, paintings, mathematical apparatuses, globes, sculptures, and dozens of different curiositates and raritates (i.e. skeletons, petrified objects, monstrous children preserved in alcohol, etc.). There were two herbaria among the museum collections: one was part of the collections before 1777 and is attributed to the Szaster family (many members of the family were professors at the university), and the other was donated on 24 October 1779 by Andrzej Badurski (1740-1789), professor of medicine. Both herbaria were kept in the library untill 1813 when they were transferred to the University Natural History Collections.
THE JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY NATURAL HISTORY COLLECTIONS (1780-1815)
The Natural History Collections were assembled with the foundation of the Chair of Chemistry and Natural History on 28th of April 1780 by the Committee of National Education (Ministry of Education). Two years later, Jan Jaśkiewicz (1749-1809), professor of natural history organised the first physiographical expedition in order to collect plants and samples of timber. Untill 1812 there is no information concerning herbaria of Jaśkiewicz’s successors, apart from Belsazar Hacquet’s (1739 or 1740-1815) collections which were purchased for the university in 1810.
ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS (1815-1828)
In 1815, professor Alojzy Rafał Estreicher (1786-1852) divided the Natural History Collections into two: the Mineralogical Collection, and the Zoological Collection together with Botanical section. For thirteen years of the Collections’ existence Estreicher tried to obtain funds for the necessary equipment (paper, shelves, boxes, chests). He donated his private herbarium (ca. 15,000 sheets).
BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS (1828-1883)
In 1828, A. R. Estreicher separated the Zoological from the Botanical Collection. The botanical section was moved from Collegium Physicum to buildings of the University Botanic Garden. The herbarium was included in the inventory that started in 1829. The Chair of Natural History obtained a post of adjunct in 1833, and the adjunct duties included taking care of the assemblage. A. R. Estreicher supervised the Collections until 1843. During that period he tried to organise the Natural History Museum but he failed due to lack of money and the outbreak of an epidemic of cholera in the city (1837/1838). The Collections slowly increased as a result of purchases (i.e. Deutsche Gräser. Für Botaniker und Oekonomen getrocknet... of C.E.A. Weihe) and private gifts (i.e. Swiss plants of Count Tadeusz Ostrowski). In 1843, Ignacy Rafał Czerniakowski (1808-1882) took over professorship of the Chair of Natural History (since 1847 - the Chair of Botany), the Botanic Garden, and the Collections, which should have consisted of almost 11,000 sheets. It soon occurred that the Collections had been dramatically destroyed by insects, and thus he had to remove about 80% of the sheets. The most important of I. R. Czerwiakowski’s achievements was to gain, in 1852, the permission of Austrian government to purchase herbaria with profits obtained from sales of plants from the Botanic Garden. It was a very effective way of increasing the Collections. The list of the purchased herbaria, mainly algae, fungi, and lichens, is found in the annex (see ‘Aneks I’ p. 46-57).
THE JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY HERBARIUM (1883-1910)
The next professor, Józef Rostafiński (1850-1928), divided the Botanical Collections in 1883 into two: the herbarium (Herbarium Horti Botanici c.r. Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis), and the botanical museum (Museum Horti Botanici c.r. Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis). Unfortunately, he did not show enough interest in the herbarium. Collections of dry plants were moved to an improper damp room in 1883. Soon after, herbaria were no longer purchased. J. Rostafiński retired in 1910.
SIZE OF THE COLLECTIONS
Figure 6 shows the changes in total number of sheets of the herbarium from 1780 to 1910. There is no information concerning number of sheets during the first period (1780-1810). The increase in the herbarium sheet number is due to the large private donations in years 1810-1843. The constant increase in the collection during the next period (1843-1882) was the result of a wise policy of Prof. I.R. Czerwiakowski. The rate of increase is shown in figure 7: the best decades were 1810s and 1850s.
PLACES OF THE HERBARIUM
Both the Natural History Collections, and the Zoological and Botanical Collections were housed in Collegium Physicum in 1780-1828. Later the Botanical Collections were moved to the building of Astronomical Observatory in Botanic Garden and around 1835 they were moved to a room on the first floor of a small eastern building near the Observatory. J. Rostafiński transferred the collection to the damp room on the ground floor (Fig. 8 - D).
PAPERS BASED ON THE COLLECTIONS
List of the published papers based on the collection gathered in 1780-1910-see pages 32-33.
CONCLUSION
The first 130 years of history of the Jagiellonian University Herbarium can be characterised by: 1. specialisation and evolution - from the Natural History Collections to the modern herbarium, 2. its main function - use in the botany lectures and practicals as educational aid, 3. increase or decrease in the herbarium sheet number, reflecting the changeable situation of the Chair of Botany at the Jagiellonian University.

"Background and aims – The collections of Lauraceae in the Van Heurck Herbarium (AWH), which is
currently on permanent loan to BR, have remained unknown by most of the specialists and by the general
public up until the present. The taxonomic status of its one hundred and forty nine specimens of Lauraceae
is here presented.
Methods – Standard herbarium taxonomy practices were used in conjunction with the literature available.
Specimens from fifty eight different herbaria were studied personally, or by checking their holdings
available in the internet, or from digital images received from the curators.
Key results – The specimens of Lauraceae from AWH are distributed in twenty four genera and seventy eight
species with taxonomic status resolved, excepting for three specimens pertaining to species name of status
uncertain (one), or to unresolved determination (two). From them, fifty three specimens are nomenclatural
types of any sort, which corroborate the relevance of exsiccates acquired by Van Heurck, even for this
relatively small set of specimens for the family. Fifteen lectotypifications and one neotypification of species
names are proposed here."

El herbario de la Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (CHEP) ha creado colecciones de referencia tanto de flora en respuesta a la necesidad de tener información de la biodiversidad del país y que estén accesibles al público; hasta la actualidad se encuentran 17500 muestras de las cuales 7200 son de las Provincias de Bolívar, Chimborazo, Pastaza y Tungurahua; del total de muestras
Este trabajo de investigación se realizará con el objetivo de preparar y efectuar el montaje de los especímenes botánicos correspondiente a las colecciones de los realizadas por los estudiantes de la Facultad de Recursos Naturales durante el año 2010 con el fin de contribuir a incrementar los registros botánicos en el Herbario Institucional.

The use of biodiversity for food and nutrition requires accurate, reliable and accessible food composition data. It is essential for users of such data to be certain of the reliability of identification and naming of food plants, which is particularly problematic for lesser-known wild or locally cultivated plants. The aims of this paper are to assess the reliability and quality of botanical information in papers citing quantitative food composition data of wild and locally cultivated species and to make recommendations forminimum standards in publishing botanical information with food composition data.We developed a framework for evaluating sample plant identification and nomenclature, and surveyed 50 papers
referring to 502 species sampled (‘sample plants’), each associated with one or more nutritional data.We also tested whether or not a botanist was involved in the identification of ‘difficult to identify’ species. Of 502 sample plants, only 36 followed best practice for plant identification, and 37 followed best practice for plant nomenclature. Overall, 27% of sample plants were listed with names that are not in current use,
or are incorrectly spelt, or both. Only 159 sample plants would have been found from a database search of
citations and abstracts. Considering the need for food composition data from wild and locally cultivated food species, and the cost of analysis, researchers must identify, name and publish species correctly. Drawing on the fields of ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology, comprehensive recommendations are given for best practice.

This paper presents the current results of
the ongoing research project ‘Heritage preservation
and ethnobotany. Analysis of the
influence of conservation treatment on genetic
material comprised in historic herbaria’,
no. 2014/13/N/HS2/03118, funded by the National
Science Centre in Poland. The project explores
conservation issues concerning historic
herbaria. It aims at defining the possible impact
of conservation-restoration treatment methods
on genetic material in plant specimens.
This paper presents the outline of the project
and concentrates in detail on the instrumental
analysis of three historic herbaria from the
18th century. This part of the research included
analysis of pesticides (MA-XRF, GC/MS SPME),
inks (MA-XRF), dyes and pigments (MA-XRF and
HPLC).

In 2012 the Rev. Krzysztof Kluk Museum of Agriculture in Ciechanowiec, Poland, sent their 19th century herbarium for conservation treatment. The condition of the object was so poor that it could not be subjected to any analysis or even digital documentation. The bound herbarium had broken covers, dismantled construction and weakened spongy paper support with a lot of tears and losses. The specimens were either seriously damaged, missing or under serious risk of destruction. Over a half of them had fallen off their places and could be found in the area of the spine, often mixed within pages. The owner wanted the object to be displayable and safe for handling. Close work between the conservators and ethnobotanist was required to ensure a full and complete understanding of the bound herbaria as a whole, but also the individual specimens. Sever treatment was undertaken including many typical paper conservation solutions and re-arrangement of puzzle-like assemblage of specimens based on interdisciplinary consultation. The description of the treatment is a pretext to consider the methodology and standards concerning the care and conservation of botanical material.

Keywords: Herbarium; Specimen; Remedial Conservation; Ethnobotany; Standard; Method-
ology; Biocultural Collections; Ethics; Ethnobotany

As a field naturalist, my doctoral research in plant ecology has focused on the biodiversity of open Mediterranean environments, conducted in parallel with a professional activity in a design office. This knowledge of botany, extended to the entire western Mediterranean, has subsequently allowed me to write chapters of books (monographs, identification keys, synonymic indexes, catalogs) on the flora of France and North Africa, then of the Middle East.
In collaboration with various European teams and Maghreb researchers, I started work on new lines of research (integrative systematics, biogeography and phylogeny). I diversified biological models (molluscs) and assimilated new methods (biochemistry, molecular genetics). Various endemic species have served as integrative models that we are studying at all levels, from in situ inventory and conservation, to the phylogenetic and paleo-ecological origins of endemism, works done in the context of several Ph.D. I participated and/or co-directed.
Within the research unit AMAP, I collaborated with Tela Botanica on the Pl@ntNet project (https://plantnet.org/) which continues through the Floris'Tic project (http://floristic.org/), with activities dedicated to the flora of North Africa and the Middle East. I refocused my research on descriptive botany and biodiversity cataloguing, through collaborative networking and the use of computerised information storage and taxonomic identification tools on the Mediterranean flora. I now focus on describing the unknown biodiversity in the Mediterranean hotspot, combining classical (morphological) and modern (molecular) approaches.
My research project is to continue the momentum that I initiated over the last dozen years. This project deals with biogeography, taxonomy and conservation in the service of knowledge, protection and promotion of biodiversity in the Mediterranean, particularly in the countries of the southern and eastern shores. It aims in the medium and long term to participate in the filling of the taxonomic deficit in areas of biodiversity hotspots but coldspots of knowledge, such as the Maghreb and the Mediterranean Middle East. The objective is the reappropriation, by the Maghrebian and Middle Eastern scientific corps, of a long and rich history of the biodiversity knowledge, partially interrupted for half a century, and whose historical collections of Montpellier (MPU), Paris (P), Geneva (G) or Barcelona (B) herbaria are its precious memory. The project draws its regional coherence through a natural biogeographic convergence and integrates all the disciplines from the biodiversity inventory to the decision support tools.
The project is structured around three objectives: 1) Improvement and capitalization of fundamental knowledge on Mediterranean botany in the Maghreb and the Middle East; 2) Training and assistance, in southern countries, of field teams, mixing professionals and amateurs; 3) Production of practical identification tools, classical or modern, adapted to the needs of botanists and ecologists.