UK

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the liabilities arise in the UK-based parent company for wrongdoings of its overseas subsidiaries, especially under law of tort.
Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative methods have been used in this paper, using both primary and secondary data, i.e. Books, case Laws, legislations, international laws and journal articles.
Findings – The English Courts are, now, more broadly accepting the allegations against the UK-based parent companies for the actions of its subsidiaries, especially by improving the access to the remedy in the UK for foreign victims of corporate related harms, though concern remains in the case of criminal liabilities.
Additionally, in case of the civil litigations, the early settlement of a dispute is also causing pressure to the victim by liming the wider deterrent effect.
Originality/value – This paper will help the lawyers and academic in the field of international corporate law, especially in the tortious claim of an overseas victim in the UK Court. Moreover, this paper identifies the lack of proper legislative guidance in this field.

This article discusses the causes and strategies of  new towns construction. Did they succeed to achieve their goals and whether this strategy can be used  to solve big cities' problems?. This research uses new approach of comparative analysis between the two cases of new towns programs in UK and Egypt, From urban planning point of view. methodology of research: Historical and urban planning comparative analysis. Resources: scientific publications, archival materials, photographic and video documentations. This approach will result in new findings and recommendations to reformulate the Egyptian new towns program.

The Universal Periodic Review is an innovative mechanism for protecting and promoting human rights within the United Nations. Instituted by the Human Rights Council in 2006, it reviews human rights situations in all States. This article analyses the configuration of this new procedure in order to assess its success in de-politicizing human rights, and in providing substantive output on the improvement of human rights at domestic level. While it remains early to detect trends, the experience of the first session of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review could shed light on both positive developments and concerns.

Television shows such as CSI have caused a phenomenon known as the ‘CSI effect’, in which the public expectation of Forensic Evidence and the Criminal Justice system have been skewed, (Cole and Dioso-Villa, 2007). Studies concerning Law Enforcement Officers perceptions in regard to the ‘CSI Effect’ have been researched in the USA, Canada and Australia, however this study aims to examine UK Officers perceptions. A questionnaire created by Stinson, Patry and Smith (2007) was used to asses these beliefs. Results suggested perceptions of Officers were not affected by the amount of Crime shows they watched per week. In which Forensic Professionals (43) and Non-Forensic Professionals (247) believed these shows affected the expectations of the public and victims of crime. Moreover, it was discovered that some Law Enforcement Officers may be changing the way they investigate and interact with the public due to these shows.

In an environment of increasing labour migration, ever more restrictive immigration policy and an increasingly globalised capitalism that favours ‘flexible’, and low paid, workers, migrants have come to form the majority of those who sell sex. Debates on migration and the sex industry are often characterised by an ethnicist anti-migrant discourse, by an almost exclusive focus on women, as well as by a marked emphasis on trafficking and exploitation. In the UK, the Home Office is promoting new prostitution strategies aimed at reducing the exploitation of women by criminalising clients and by introducing potentially arbitrary ways of disrupting or closing down commercial sex premises. By gathering the life histories of migrant women, men and transgendered people working in the UK sex industry the research provides an evidence-based analysis which can contribute to the elaboration of more effective policies and socialinterventions on migration, prostitution, trafficking and social exclusion.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to revisit the question: “How can the film-induced tourism phenomenon be sustainably managed?” and review the implications arising.

Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on each of the articles in the theme issue to examine the individual and collective insights.

Findings – It can be argued that an action plan for maximizing the film-induced tourism benefits at the related destinations can be realized by building on the recommendations ontained in this theme issue.

Practical implications – The paper explores the scope and potential for developing the film-induced tourism sector.

Originality/value – This paper identifies successful case examples and action lines for future development, including continued dialogue between academics and practitioners involved in the film and tourism industries.

Keywords Film, Tourism development, Sustainable development

Paper type General review

It has been argued that depending on gender language is used in different ways in society, and the fact that language is surveyed differently leads to the thesis that men and women have ‘differentiated communicative competence’ (Coates, 2004). A distinct pronunciation variant that is widely used and ‘has recently been noted as spreading through non-standard accents in England’ (cf. Trudgill, 1988: 43), is that of th-fronting. The form th- fronting has become more and more integrated into the speech patterns of many speakers across the United Kingdom although it has ‘not ‘officially’ entered RP yet’ (Altendorf, 1999: 5). This study focused on whether or not gender is associated with variation in the usage of th-fronting in the urban and multicultural locality of Nottingham, United Kingdom. The analysis was undertaken in order to assess how urban youth culture in Nottingham utilizes and applies the form th-fronting in everyday dialogue such as day-to-day conversations, and whether their mode of expression varies according to gender. The study aimed to gain an insight into the relationship between spoken language and identity, and to recognise whether the social backgrounds/ cultural practices people have influence their use of ethnically and age-coded variables. From the results, it was established that th-fronting does vary according to gender and that increased formality does limit the amount of th-fronting used.

Research question: This study sought to investigate the community information needs of, and information provision available to, the residents of the Broomhall neighbourhood of Sheffield (UK), as perceived by them. Objectives: The research objectives were: 1) To identify the community information needs of the residents of the Broomhall neighbourhood; 2) To establish to what extent information providers satisfy the community information needs of the residents of the Broomhall neighbourhood; 3) To explore the effectiveness of the community profiling tool to analyse community information needs and provision; and 4) To understand the possible implications of this study for policy makers. Research design: The theoretical framework was based around the following concepts: a) the materialist conception of history, b) the social class struggles concept, and c) the concept of configuration as an open structure of theory. The methodologies used were qualitative research and interpretivism. Data were generated using snowball or chain sampling within a purposeful sampling approach and through triangulation of a) semi-structured interviews (individual and group-focused); b) non-participant observation and c) document analysis methods, themselves entailing the triangulation of literal, and interpretative data analysis. Findings: The major findings relating to community information needs were related to the following issues: 1) territoriality and uses of the land (e.g. housing for poor and working classes; expansion of Sheffield and Hallam universities in the form of university student villages); 2) poverty, social and economical inequalities (e.g. unemployment, debt, and crime); 3) health (e.g. drug addiction, lack of: green public open space, playgrounds, and sports and leisure facilities); 4) politics (e.g. inadequate allocation of funding for community projects); 5) culture (e.g. multicultural, ethnic, religious, and national issues; tribalism of BMEs); 6) communication (e.g. people socially excluded due to lack of English classes). The findings also related to the following features: 7) transport (e.g. transport for the elderly); and 8) education (e.g. nurseries, and socially inclusive primary schools. Territoriality related to all the other 7 issues and features in negative ways. Conclusions and recommendations: For Broomhall residents it was recommended that they should change their neighbourhood name to Holberry Gardens and create a strategic alliance to save their neighbourhood from being taken over by developers; they also need to distance themselves from Broomhall and The Park, and to resist anti-working class policies from the European Union, central, regional, and local government and private/voluntary sectors. For the LIS community a community profiling tool has been found to be effective as long as it is used within the contexts of qualitative research and territoriality. Policy makers should abandon their privatisation policies relating to the provision of social services (e.g. information, help and advice) which have worsened the quality of life of the poor classes, and have fostered poverty and crime. The need for the creation of a new and free-of-charge health and sports facility that includes a library was also recommended.

"With the growing global importance of China, Chinese organised crime has become a growing non-military threat to national and international security. Peng Wang focuses on the three dimensions of Chinese organised crime: the resurgence of the criminal underworld and rampant police corruption in mainland China; cross-border crime in Greater China; and Chinese organised crime overseas, including in the UK. The national, regional and international threats posed by ethnic-Chinese criminal groups require the law-enforcement agencies of both China and those countries hosting Chinese communities to improve their response strategies as a matter of urgency.

While the Great Recession and ensuing “Arab Spring” have taken a heavy toll on many nations in North Africa and the Middle East, yielding unprecedented volatility in country risk metrics, GCC member-states, with the exception of Bahrain, seemed relatively immune to economic decline. But the 2014 Saudi-Qatari Rift, which can be interpreted as a fight between the world’s leading oil and natural gas producers, could have deeper and longer lasting consequences than previous crises....

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Higher temperatures have been established to have an adverse effect on human health and wellbeing. A warming climate and increasing frequency and severity of extreme events are expected to exacerbate heat risks, particularly in cities where the influence of the heat island adds to its complexity. Urban heat impacts are consequently viewed as requiring multidisciplinary attention to generate integrated approaches for safeguarding public health and wellbeing. This paper is concerned with identifying how excessive heat affects building occupants, which groups may be most vulnerable, and how fundamentally and in what ways should concerns about the potential effects of summer overheating and their mitigation influence built environment design. The method for addressing these questions considers literature from public health, epidemiology, and climate change adaptation sources. The findings highlight the ambiguity of regulatory guidance regarding overheating in buildings, along with higher priority of concern assigned to the typologies of housing, hospitals, and care infrastructure.

In early 2014, a London jury found that Mark Duggan was unarmed when he was shot twice and killed by a marksman from the city’s Metropolitan Police Service. Duggan’s death, in August 2011, had sparked four nights of rioting that spread from Tottenham in North London across the capital and later to towns and cities throughout England. Characterized by violent clashes with the police, large-scale looting, and arson, these urban uprisings were the most significant the country had seen for decades. Many were quick to brand the riots ‘apolitical’, as simply criminal, or as merely a kind of insurgent consumerism. Others however, including a number of critical scholars, offered explicitly political readings of the events. In what follows, I provide a brief sketch of three such readings, before posing a set of questions for future research, including in terms of the riots’ relationship to recent protests in Europe and beyond.

The HERE Project (20088-2011) analysed the responses from 656 first year students to a student transition survey (March - May - 2009). It was noted that there were marked differences between the responses of male and female students in areas such as how hard they were working, relationships with tutors and attitudes towards study.

In the UK and other western countries the financial services sector is seen as offering women better career prospects than most other sectors. Unprecedented numbers of well-qualified young women are now achieving promotion to first-line and middle management positions. Companies are represented as progressive employers, committed to promoting equal opportunities. However, a cross-cultural study of three Turkish and six UK banks and high street financial organisations explores how organisational ideologies and cultures operate to perpetuate inequality, based on managers’ gendered conceptions of “the ideal worker”. Favoured staff were identified, sponsored, promoted and rewarded, often based on their personal affinity with senior managers rather than objective criteria. This distinction between favour and exclusion operates not only along the traditional lines of gender, class, age, sexual orientation, religion and physical ability, but also along the new dimensions of marriage, networking, safety, mobility and space. Despite local and cross-cultural differences in the significance of these factors, the cumulative disadvantage suffered by women managers and supervisors in both countries was remarkably similar.

Whilst differences in British English accents can be traditionally evidenced through variances in pronunciation, syntax and lexical choices, justification for these preferences are more complicated and contentious (Cheshire et al, 1989; 1999; Kerswill, 2002). Over the past 40 or so years sociolinguists have systematically observed accents throughout the British isles, and have attempted to document and provide explanations for regional differences and distinct varieties. The present study examined the speculation by Wells (1982a, b) that the happY vowel in use in working-class Nottingham differs from the rest of the United Kingdom and can be realised as approaching [ɛ] of the DRESS lexical set instead of the more common KIT [ɪ] or FLEECE [i]. In addition to documenting the variable, the subsequent study also looked into whether there is a relationship between usage of the innovation and age, gender or formality. From the results, it was established that the happY vowel in use in a working-class native Nottingham accent can be realised approaching [ɛ] of the DRESS lexical set and that even though all speakers have a high usage of the variant the form is formality driven; as well as being both age and gender-specific.

This paper examines the Independent Commission on Banking  (ICBs) proposals for structural reform of British banks. It finds that the ICB‟s ring-fencing proposal will add another layer to the self- serving and socially useless complexity in banking without achieving  its objectives of financial stability and customer-focused bank  competition in the UK.