Urban and Regional Planning, and Development

There is a long lineage in neighbourhood research that has underpinned sustained academic and policy interest in the UK centred on understanding how spatial ‘clusters’ of neighbourhood-based deprivation might be destabilised. This has seen the privileging of composite indices in the analysis of deprivation which have been criticised for fostering a common perception that deprived neighbourhoods are homogeneous in terms of their compositions and underlying structures. Such indices have also been criticised for being ineffective at capturing temporal change, providing only static snapshots of deprivation at particular points in time. This paper focuses on patterns of deprived neighbourhood change in the Greater Manchester city-region between 2001 and 2007. It develops a typology of neighbourhood change that is triangulated with three complementary typologies capturing the socioeconomic and demographic compositions of deprived neighbourhoods; the functional roles played by deprived neighbourhoods in redistributing population through migration; and the spatial contexts in which deprived neighbourhoods are located. The analysis reveals that an over reliance on static indices to measure deprivation has long-served to conceal complexities in the way that deprived neighbourhoods change, owing to their variable structures and contexts. It illustrates the danger that lies in treating all deprived neighbourhoods in the same way.

Dukuh Tapak merupakan suatu RW di Kelurahan Tugurejo
yang berlokasi di Utara Kota Semarang. Dukuh ini mengalami
kondisi sebagaimana wilayah pesisir lain di Kota Semarang,
yaitu lahan yang terkena dampak rob dan abrasi. Rob sebagai
suatu siklus alam terjadi secara berkala menggenangi lahan
tambak Dukuh Tapak. Ditambah dengan adanya abrasi yang
mengurangi luasan lahan tambak di Dukuh Tapak. Fenomena ini
menuntut masyarakat Dukuh Tapak untuk menyesuaikan kondisi
lingkungannya untuk mempertahankan keberadaan lahan tambak
mereka. Seperti halnya pengaturan tanggul dengan penggunaan
APO berupa ban bekas hingga penanaman pohon mangrove yang
mereka jadikan sebagai dinding tambak. Di sisi lain, berfungsi
pula sebagai pemecah gelombang pasang yang masuk ke lahan
tambak untuk mengurangi dampak rob dan abrasi. Untuk
mengetahui bentuk-bentuk adaptasi yang dilakukan oleh petani
tambak dalam usahanya mempertahankan eksistensi tambak akibat
rob, penyusun melakukan penelitian ini berdasarkan teori Paul
A. Bell mengenai proses terbentuknya adaptasi. Penelitian ini
menggunakan metode Deskriptif Kualitatif Empiris, dengan
pendekatan Fenomenologi. Hasil yang diperoleh dari analisis
yang telah dilakukan, didapat bentuk adaptasi yang dilakukan
oleh petani tambak Tapak adalah berupa adaptasi fisik,
adaptasi sosial ekonomi, dan adaptasi sumber daya manusia
(SDM).

Complete conference proceedings for the II Brazilian Congress of Leisure Studies that took place September 2016 in the city of Belém, Brazil.
Anais completos do II Congresso Brasileiro de Estudos do Lazer, realizado em setembro de 2016 na cidade de Belém-PA.

The concept of urban planning in developing countries emerges as an important part of development in many sectors. Throughout the time, the urban planning concept improves its strategies and mechanisms not to only expect great outcomes, but also to work on the process itself.

Pengembangan wilayah erat kaitannya dengan peningkatan jumlah penduduk dan pengembangan aktivitas. Salah satu implikasi dari pengembangan wilayah yaitu adanya peningkatan kebutuhan air, yang kemudian menuntut adanya ketersediaan air yang stabil. Hal inilah yang menjadi salah satu permasalah di Kecamatan Belik Kabupaten Pemalang, yaitu adanya kesulitan air di beberapa daerah di Kecamatan Belik ketika musim kemarau, yang diindikasikan karena adanya beberapa mata air yang kering sehingga diperlukan supllay air dari luar wilayah Kecamatan Belik. Untuk mengetahui keterkaitan ketersediaan air dalam upayanya mendukung wilayah Kecamatan Belik, diperlukan studi mengenai neraca air Sub DAS Wakung dan Sub DAS Lumeneng yang merupakan bagian dari DAS Comal yang mengaliri Kecamatan Belik. Studi ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui nilai ketersediaan air terhadapa kebutuhan air domestik, pertanian, dan peternakan di Kecamatan Belik Kabupaten Pemalang. Dengan curah hujan per bulan selama tahun 2013 berada pada kisaran 38 - 1.436 mm/bulan. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, maka diperlukan adanya analisis ketersediaan air DAS Comal untuk mendukung pengembangan wilayah Kecamatan Belik. Ketersediaan air dihitung berdasarkan debit andalan 0,826 yang didapat dari metode keandalan Weibull pada data curah hujan tahun 2003 – 2013.
Besarnya kebutuhan air adalah 71,592 liter/detik bagi 103.092 penduduk pada tahun 2013, 166,001 liter/detik pada kebutuhan air sawah, dan 391,296 liter/detik pada kebutuhan air perkebunan (berdasarkan perhitungan dari SNI 19-6728.1-2002 Tentang Penyusunan Neraca Sumber Daya – Bagian 1 : Sumber Daya Air Spasial). Dengan kata lain, dibutuhkan air sebanyak 628,892 liter/detik tiap bulannya.
Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan neraca air, ketersediaan air di Kecamatan Belik tidaklah stabil, yaitu adanya ketidakmerataan ketersediaan air yang berasal dari Sub DAS Wakung dan Sub DAS Lumeneng. Ketidakstabilan tersebut ditandai dari hanya ada dua wilayah di area Sub DAS Wakung yang mengalami surplus air dalam setahun penuh, yaitu Desa Kalisaleh dan Gunungtiga. Sedangkan wilayah Cakupan DAS Wakung terdapat sembilan desa yang mengalami defisit pada Bulan September adalah di wilayah Desa Gombong, Belik, Kuta, Simpur, dan Bulakan dengan masing-masing memiliki nilai defisit air sebesar 19,449 liter/detik, 17,154 liter/detik, 3,111 liter/detik, 2,885 liter/detik, dan 23,31 liter/detik. Lima desa lain mengalami defisit air pada Bulan Agustus dan September, yaitu Gunungjaya sebesar 9,734 liter/detik dan 23,519 liter/detik, Mendelem mengalami defisit 28,368 liter/detik dan 42,153 liter/detik, Beluk sebesar 23,271 liter/detik dan 34,769 liter/detik, dan Desa Sikasur mengalami defisit sebesar 21,08 liter/detik dan 32,578 liter/detik. Jika dilihat dari kebutuhan air total dari cakupan wilayah Sub DAS Wakung terhadap ketersediaan airnya, maka defisit air yang terjadi adalah sebesar 211,337 liter/detik pada Bulan Mei, 197,605 liter/detik pada Bulan Juni, 291,469 liter/detik pada Bulan Juli, 574,757 liter/detik pada Bulan Agustus, 592,785 liter/detik pada Bulan September, pada Bulan Oktober adalah 249,275 liter/detik, dan 12,972 pada Bulan November. Sedangkan Desa Badak yang termasuk dalam wilayah cakupan Sub DAS Lumeneng mengalami defisit air selama tiga bulan yaitu Bulan Juli sebesar 1,996 liter/detik, Bulan Agustus sebesar 31,788 liter/detik, dan pada Bulan September sebesar 33,105 liter/detik.
Diharapkan dari studi ini dapat menjadi salah satu studi yang mendukung pemerintah dalam usahanya untuk pemerataan ketersediaan air Kecamatan Belik. Serta mengajak masyarakat untuk bijak dalam penggunaan air dan mendukung usaha pemerintah dalam penyelenggaraan penataan ruang, terutama dalam hal pengembangan sarana dan prasarana penyediaan air. Dengan hal tersebut maka pemerintah dapat merencanakan tata kelola pemenuhan kebutuhan air untuk mewujudkan ketersediaan air secara stabil, merata, dan berkelanjutan bagi penduduk Kecamatan Belik dalam usahanya untuk mendukung pengembangan wilayah Kecamatan Belik.

… to students, because with their “views” they enable us to (re)discover locales ...

Students of the NTUA’s School of Architecture address demanding spatial problems at a difficult time for Greece

Space is not merely a composition of lines, forms and volumes, but rather a living phenomenon - the environment in which societies live and make history. Hence, spatial issues are not just technical, but acutely environmental, socio-economic and political as well. At the same time, a common awareness is required that planning is a process of political significance, because of its multiple, often differentiated contextually and in time, effects on locales and societies. Therefore, what is of interest is the real time contact with the field of intervention and its participants at any given point in time, in all stages of regulating and organising space. Unfortunately, despite all efforts to date, scientific debate is not always conducted with full documentation, while participatory structures and procedures are often “forgotten” in the process from intention to application, thus creating problems in practical implementation.
So, in the context of modern conditions and circumstances an issue is raised regarding the methodology of research and of defining the means for collecting, managing, interpreting and mapping inputs, as well as encouraging cooperation and promoting results to make better use of them in the “spatial development” and “planning” process. The question remains: what is taught and how, so that space planning and production schools can function as a substantial means of assisting in the process of spatial regulation and organisation of Greek space, on all levels of administration.
The debate is on again, also within our School, through the students’ various consideration and investigation “perspectives”, continuing in the “field” and returning to the “drawing boards”, in an effort for continuous review.  This edition - which is the creation of students who took part in Tutoring session of Yiota Theodora, E. Tsigkas, V. Charalampidou, in the context of the Urbanism and Spatial Planning 3 course - aspires to contribute to this very debate. Through the subjects they addressed, the students’ projects have formulated the conditions for a restart of the dialogue in the knowledge areas of development, protection, management and planning, on various space levels and categories. In this edition, they are presented in such a way so as to avoid the logic of merely quoting them and enhance the perspective of introducing them organically into three main modules: “port”, “port city” and “community”. The key theme correlation parameters were spatial policies in conjunction with the administrative structure, matters of investment policy, ownership status, institutional framework and the participants in the processes.
The edition is complemented with information regarding the object of the course, its methodology and the role it plays in architecture studies, and planning schools in general. Thus, this endeavour seeks to delineate the scientific framework within which the School’s students venture on “research investigation paths”.
Through this pursuit to link theory and practice both within and outside the School, we succeed in studying and assessing the issues under investigation (spatial, environmental, sectoral, social, etc.) on the basis of an overall multidimensional and interdisciplinary approach, which allows us : a) to showcase the multitude and complexity of spatial problems, and to identify new fields of investigation, b) to re-assess spatial policies and practices and the extent to which they respond to the inhabitants’ needs / priorities. This leads to the creation of the proper conditions for the development of critical thinking and of the skills necessary to resolve spatial issues in a network-organised globalised environment, and indeed at a time of multifaceted crisis.
Closing, I would like to warmly thank all the student groups of our tutoring session, which opted to address and experiment on demanding subjects at a difficult time for Greece, where we see the following paradox : while there is a need for planning, its significance in the development process becomes smaller and smaller. Let’s listen to what they have to say ...

Decision making simply means choosing between alternatives based on assessment of the likely outcomes of selecting each possibility. Decision making like planning is a multidisciplinary phenomenon which touches all aspect of human endeavour. Both planning and decision making are processes; they are series of things that are done in order to achieve a particular result. Planning itself has been seen as the process of making rational decisions. These decisions are concerned with actions directed towards the attainment of predetermined community goals. Its effectiveness depends on the systematic and continuing application of organized knowledge and foresight in the pursuit of clearly defined and properly related community development objectives. This paper has examined decision-making processes in various aspects of planning especially physical planning and has recommended that these decision-making processes be applied in all aspects of these human endeavours.

The city’s edge is a cultural landscape of conflicting and competing meanings. The visible, physical edge of rapidly urbanizing cities is emotionally charged, representing prosperity to some, and sprawl and environmental destruction to others. My dissertation is a cultural landscape study of city expansion at the edge of the Toronto-centred region, where urban growth pressures are as intense as anywhere in North America or Europe. My research reveals that ideas about the countryside are produced against the city, and these ideas are discussed in terms of ecology and natural heritage. This is a study of the cultural politics of landscape meaning in a contemporary planning process where local area planning comes face-to-face with the global environmental imagination.

In the Town of Oakville, a wealthy suburb in the Toronto metropolitan area, a planning process to urbanize the last remaining countryside of the town has been underway for the past two decades. In the end, the decision to urbanize has been in lock-step with the decision to conserve: through the creation of a large natural heritage system (almost 900 hectares or more than 2,000 acres), fully one-third of the planning area, development of the remainder of the lands can take place. While pastoral ideas of the romantic countryside underlie the valuation of this landscape, representations of ecological sensitivity by environmental science were politically the most successful. Local area politics have undergone a revolution resulting from the negotiation over the future of this countryside. Using discourse analysis (text analysis of public planning process documents and popular media), participant observation of public meetings, and interviews with informants, my research reveals that cultural attitudes toward growth and conservation are informed by symbolic landscapes of country and city and these are implicated in the production of real landscapes and places. As planning practitioners and academics involved in the political process of shaping landscape change at the city’s edge, it is difficult to represent those opinions of the public and other participants in the planning process that are not supported by scientific, empirical study. The lens of cultural landscape provides tools to understand and recognize cultural value, meaning and symbolism in edge landscapes and to engage with them in areas which are being planned for change.

El presente artículo, continuación de otro anterior, está dedicado a analizar la iniciativa de los propietarios en la ejecución
del planeamiento urbanístico desde su configuración en Real Decreto Legislativo 1/1992, de 26 de junio, por el que se aprueba el Texto
Refundido de la Ley sobre el Régimen del Suelo y Ordenación Urbana, hasta su configuración en el Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2008, de
20 de junio, por el que se aprueba el Texto Refundido de la Ley de Suelo. Como consecuencia, se analizan tanto el principio de
participación preferente de los mismos en la fase de ejecución, carac-terístico de la legislación urbanística española, como el diseño
que en la primera de di-chas normas se hace del Sistema de Compensación, principal cauce durante décadas para la participación de
los propietarios en el desarrollo de la gestión urbanística.

The present paper, continuation of a previous one, analyzes the configura-tion of the owners’ initiative in urban planning
execution, from the Spanish Urban Act of 1992 to the Spanish Land Act of 2008. Consequently, the paper analyzes both the principle of
preferential owners’ participation in urban planning execution, characteristic of Spanish legislation, and the configuration, in the
Spanish Urban Act of 1992, of the Sistema de Compensación, main mechanism to the owners’ participation in urban planning during
decades.

CorelDraw: is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation. It is also the name of Corel's Graphics Suite, which bundles CorelDraw with bitmap-image editor Corel Photo-Paint as well as other graphics-related programs (see below). The latest version is designated X8 (equivalent to version 18), and was released in March 2016.[1] CorelDraw is designed to edit two-dimensional images such as logos and posters.
Computer Aided Design (CAD): is simply, design and drafting with the aid of a Computer. Design is creating a real product from an idea. Drafting is the production of
the drawings that are used to document a design. CAD can be used to create 2D or 3D
computer models. A CAD drawing is a file that consists of numeric data in binary form
that will be saved onto a disk.

Τρία δημοσιευμένα επιστημονικά άρθρα των Γ. Θεοδωρά και Π. Λουκάκη ενταγμένα στα κεφάλαια 3 και 4 του βιβλίου του Ομότιμου Καθηγητή Παύλου Κ. Λουκάκη. Συγκεκριμένα :
Κεφάλαιο 3 _ Οι οικισμοί ως σημεία χωρικής αναφοράς [Πηγές Δημοσιεύσεων Κεφ. 3, σελ. 231]
Θεοδωρά, Γ., Λουκάκης, Π., [2011], “Τάσεις εξέλιξης στο δίκτυο των αστικών κέντρων της Ελλάδας”,
σελ. 177-192.
Θεοδωρά, Γ., Λουκάκης, Π., [2005], “Τυπολόγηση των ελληνικών πόλεων με κριτήρια περιφερειακής
εμβέλειας”, σελ. 210-215.
• Κεφάλαιο 4 _ Μεθοδολογία – Διαδικασίες Εκπόνησης Χωροταξικών Μελετών [Πηγές Δημοσιεύσεων Κεφ. 3, σελ. 313]
Λουκάκης, Π., Θεοδωρά, Γ. [2009] “Περιφερειακά Πλαίσια Χωροταξικού Σχεδιασμού και Αειφόρου
Ανάπτυξης”. Θεσμικές Ρυθμίσεις και Προοπτικές Εφαρμογής”, σελ. 303-312.

The consideration of housing and labour market interaction is a relatively recent development in an academic and policy debate which has traditionally considered home and work in isolation. This paper aims to examine empirically the spatial process of housing and labour market interaction in the form of commuting at the sub-regional level via a case study of North West England. A statistical analysis and visual GIS mapping of commuting flows are adopted to explore the relationship between the two functional areas. In light of the inadequacies of traditional modelling approaches at capturing the complex nature of housing and labour market interaction, this approach is intended to generate more relevant intelligence to inform policy development. Based on the analysis of housing and labour market interaction, some pointers for future research and policy implications are drawn out.

The sustained economic growth of Asian economies in recent decades has brought into focus the important role played by cities. The first-ever United Nations report on The State of Asian Cities 2010/2011 shows that they have led a unique transformation that is characterized by explosive demographic expansion, economic dynamism, local and national development and reduction of overall poverty in the region. But unprecedented challenges remain, warns Bharat Dahiya, including growing urban poverty and inequality, environmental management, disaster risks and climate change, urban and regional planning and development, finance and governance.

The life sciences is an industrial sector that covers the development of biological products and the use of biological processes in the production of goods, services and energy. This sector is frequently presented as a major opportunity for policy-makers to upgrade and renew regional economies, leading to social and economic development through support for high-tech innovation.

Innovation, Regional Development and the Life Sciences analyses where innovation happens in the life sciences, why it happens in those places, and what this means for regional development policies and strategies. Focusing on the UK and Europe, its arguments are relevant to a variety of countries and regions pursuing high-tech innovation and development policies. The book’s theoretical approach incorporates diverse geographies (e.g. global, national and regional) and political-economic forces (e.g. discourses, governance and finance) in order to understand where innovation happens in the life sciences, where and how value circulates in the life sciences, and who captures the value produced in life sciences innovation.

This book will be of interest to researchers, students and policy-makers dealing with regional/local economic development.

This study examined the spatial distribution of selected socioeconomic facilities in the 72 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Eastern delta, Nigeria with a view to determine if the development pattern in the area is clustered or dispersed in space. A set of socioeconomic variables that served as indicators of development were collected from various sources. These were analyzed using the gini index and the non-hierarchical cluster analytical technique. The cluster analysis result showed that both developed and deprived areas co-exist in space and the pace of development follows a discernable pattern of clustering in space within and among the different LGAs in the region. Four levels of clustering representing highly deprived deprived, privileged, and highly privileged clusters were identified. Out of the 72 LGAs studied in the region, 44 are classified as highly deprived, 21 were deprived, 2 privileged while 5 LGAs were found in the highly privileged cluster. The paper recommends that a conscious and a deliberate effort aimed at addressing the observed spatial inequality in the Eastern delta region of Nigeria. Encouraging the growth of the region is one way of ensuring that the continuous exploitation of oil and gas resources may go on unhindered. To achieve this requires fostering social inclusion, increasing the capacity of people in decision making process, which will in turn engender the capacity of the people to live in harmony.

The adoption of administrative boundaries as approximations of housing markets has long restricted the scope for housing market analysis and planning policy development to be undertaken within a functional housing market framework in England. This has prompted consideration of the value of deriving housing market areas (HMAs) to underpin the development of housing market intelligence for planning and policy purposes. Drawing on a case study of North West England, this paper critically reviews alternative approaches that have been used to define HMAs. The review highlights that in practice technical and methodological constraints have restricted the operationalisation of an idealised conceptualisation of HMAs.

Within the capitalist system, space is seen as a reflection and a product of power relations. Furthermore, the capitalist system enables the discussion of space under a defined system of thought that also affects the perceptions of space and approaches toward space. Different alternative thought systems, especially Marxism, is utilised to overcome this limit. The work presented here aimed to move beyond the concepts of "production of space" and "commodification of space" borrowed from Marxist thought. With the utilisation of Marx's Labour Theory of Value on the production and valuation of space, the "veil" covering the processes started to disappear, actors and their contributions at different scales became identifiable. As a result of this, the first signs of a new construct of spatial justice became observable. In this research, with the help of the field study covering five housing projects from Bahçelievler District in Ankara, it became possible to apply the Labour Theory of Value to the processes of space and spatial value production in a more detailed way. In the end, it is observed that conventional approaches to the valuation of the building leads to limitations on the possible contributions of intellectual labour and offers further possibilities of exploitation over physical labour. Instead, an approach emphasising labour-value relationship may provide opportunities for structural safety, innovativeness, aesthetical value, spatial quality, environmental/spatial integrity and spatial continuities.

In developed formal economies, the majority of people at some point in their lives will, at the same time, participate in both the housing and labour markets. However, most people will not live and work in the same place but will instead have to contend with balancing disconnected residential and workplace locations. The interaction of housing and labour markets has long been recognized as a key process shaping the structure of cities and regions. This paper offers a critical reflection on the capacity and scope of recent policy interventions, underpinned by a new spatial planning-based system, to address the interaction of housing and labour markets in the English regions.

"The delineation of functional economic areas, or market areas, is a combinatorial optimisation problem, defined as the partition of a given set of indivisible spatial units (covering a territory) into regions with high cohesion and self-containment —in terms of spatial interaction data: flows— under constraints of size, self-containment and/or continuity, typicaly solved with greedy methods. An evolutionary algorithm with many tailored operators for the delimitation of Labour Market Areas was recently proposed. This algorithm allowed finding better solutions but was very time consuming, this hampering its use in large real-world problems.
In this paper we present several group-based mutation operators featuring general unary and binary operations over disjoint groups, tailored to tackle with that problem. A comparative analysis of our approach with a greedy algorithm and the previous evolutionary proposals shows that our algorithm always gives better results concerning both quality and time consumed (except for the greedy), and is able to tackle with large real-world problems in reasonable time.

Keywords: functional areas, local market, evolutionary algorithm, grouping problem, regionalisation, combinatorial optimisation"

This paper explores the use of evidence in the making of local development frameworks in England, introduced as part of the 2004 Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act. The reforms dictate that for a plan to be considered ‘sound’, the policy choices it contains must be justified through the compilation and use of an appropriate evidence base. The paper draws on research undertaken as part of the UK government-sponsored Spatial Plans in Practice (SPiP) project looking into the operation of the reformed spatial planning system in England. It draws on the findings of a number of reports produced as part of this research on the use of evidence in the making of local development frameworks in England as well as wider components of the SPiP project including interviews with local authority planning officers, documentary review of adopted planning documents (core strategies and area action plans) and a longitudinal suite of case studies covering a number of local planning authorities using both qualitative semi-structured interviews and a strategic survey. The paper finds grounds to believe that, although local planning authorities are collecting more evidence than ever before, the culture of using evidence to inform policy-making is far from a well established or uniform practice.

While the World population in general and urban population in particular is increasing at an alarming rate, the case of the developing world is truly greater because of push and pull factors besides the natural increase. It is obvious that this additional population exerts pressure on the service delivery capacity of cities. Urban local governments have the responsibility to provide the necessary services to their citizens while citizens are expected to pay the necessary taxes by which the services are provided. Many urban local governments in developing countries face difficulty of service provision due to less municipal revenues emanating mainly from corruption and weak revenue collection as well as poor revenue management techniques.