VSWR

— In this paper, many techniques are suggested and analyses for rectangular microstrip antenna (RMSA) operating in S-band for 3 GHz as center frequency. Using transmission-line model, analysis was done for the behavior of the antenna for different types of substrates, modified patch geometries and shifted feeding point, operating at S-band (2 to 4GHz). This design of RMSA is made to several dielectric materials, and the selection is based upon which material gives a better antenna performance with reduced surface wave loss. Glass PTFE and Duroid 5880 are the best materials for proposed design to achieve an enhanced Bandwidth (BW) and better mechanical characteristics than using air. These results are simulated using Feko EM solution software version

A semi anechoic chamber (SAC) is an electromagnetic pollution free all weather multi functional test environment for commercial, military, R&D and automotive testing. This paper gives an overview of the design & development of a SAC. At first, the basic working principle behind the SAC is reviewed and then design philosophy with constructional details is discussed in brief. Validation Testing of the SAC has been performed through the Shielding Ef ectiveness Testing based on IEEE STD 299-2006 and Reflectivity Measurement based on IEEE STD 149 -1979.

The bandwidth enhancement technique using coplanar parasitic element is presented in this paper. This paper presents the analysis of gap coupled annular ring microstrip antenna. The proposed antenna is designed to operate at 6.2 GHz. Details of the proposed antenna and measured results are presented and discussed. The various parameters of the patch antenna are calculated and the antenna impedance is matched to 50 ohm of coaxial feed. The simulated impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 4.8% for lower band (5.07-5.32 GHz) and 2.13% for higher band (6.05-6.18 GHz).

Microstrip rectangular patch antennas are attracting the attention of antenna designer, because of attractive advantages such low profile, light weight, easy of fabrication etc. but it also suffering with some drawbacks of low gain, narrow band width. These drawbacks can be overcome by some extent by taking care in design of antenna. There are many parameters effecting the radiating characteristics of antenna but in present project we are considering feeding of power to antenna because this plays important role. Here we are considering three different feed methods such as coaxial feed, inset feed and cut feed and their effects on radiating characteristics were analyzed on comparing with one to each other. The design was done in Ansoft HFSS version 13. The results of return loss S(3)and VSWR are presented.

This paper presents a microstrip patch antenna with diagonally symmetrical slots for RFID applications. The unequal length center slots with four rectangular slots on its diagonal axes are embedded onto the square patch radiator. These slots are introduced to achieve compact size. The coaxial feed is used to excite the proposed antenna. The antenna is fabricated using FR4 Dielectric Substrate (relative permittivity =4.4, loss tangent=0.001) and coaxial feed. These designed antennas are fabricated and used in real time applications. Microstrip Patch Antenna using IE3D software and study the effect of antenna dimensions Length (L),and substrate parameters, relative Dielectric constant, substrate thickness (t) on the Radiation parameters of Bandwidth and Beam-width.

In this work the performance and analysis of a miniaturized dual band hybrid Koch curve dipole antenna is introduced. The proposed antenna design, analysis and characterization has been performed using the Method of moments (MoM) technique. The radiation characteristics, reflection coefficient, VSWR and Input Impedance of the proposed antenna were described and simulated using 4NEC2 software package and MATLAB R2008a. Also the gain of the proposed antenna is calculated and described in the three planes: XY-plane, XZ-plane, and YZ-plane, where the antenna is placed in the XY-plane. The proposed antenna can be operated in GSM frequency band and WIMAX frequency band. In order to quantify the advantages provided by the hybrid nature, the proposed study performs a comparison of the proposed antenna with the quadratic Koch dipole fractal antenna and triangular Koch dipole fractal antenna.

The present day Systems are operating in two or more frequency bands, requiring Dual or even triple band operation with narrowband antennas. This requirement is demanding a lot more of research in the field of antenna design. These include GPS, Satellite navigation system, wireless cellular system and LANs. Recent advances in the software defined and reconfigurable radio networks allow the multiple band operation of the systems. One of the specific advantage of the software defined reconfigurable radio network is that the operating frequency can be changed even after the device is manufactured. A multiband Microstrip patch antenna is simulated by meandering the slots to reduce the overall dimensions of the patch and to make the system much more embedded, the performance of the antenna is optimized and analyzed using the Ansoft high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). The antenna is designed to function satisfactorily in the radio band of L, S, C and X, Covering a wide range of radio frequency. Antenna has the six active frequency bands and the Centre frequency of the bands are 1850 MHz, 2910 MHz, 5580 MHz, 6880 MHz, 8340 MHz, 9430 MHz respectively. Out of frequency bands L and S are employed in mobile communication while the C and X band are used in the satellite communication purpose. The proposed antenna provides good return loss S11 and VSWR in the range of 1 < VSWR < 1.5 for all the operating band of frequencies.

In this research work, a novel compact antenna with rectangular slots is presented for radio frequency identification (RFID) handled applications in the ultrahigh frequency (UHF) band that can be manufactured and integrated into RFID readers without difficult. A prototype demonstrating the aforementioned features was constructed and measured. The proposed antenna is fed by 50-Ω coaxial cable and printed on a 1.6mm thick FR4 substrate which has a small size and occupies a volume of 68×66 ×1.6mm 3. The patch, the feed-line and ground plane are made of PEC (Perfect Electric Conductor) with a thickness of 0.035 mm. Measured results indicate that the proposed antenna has a good impedance matching characteristic ranging from 889 to 939MHz, which covers the USA RFID-band (902-928MHz), the Chinese RFID-operating-band (920-924.5MHz), and the Korea and Japan RFID-band (917-923.5MHz). These results were achieved by the insertion of slots in the compact structure of the antenna. The electromagnetic simulators HFSS (High Frequency structure simulator) and CST (Computer Simulation Technology) microwave studio were used for the design, modeling and simulation of the antenna. The focus of the study of our antenna was on the parameters of return loss, bandwidth, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), input impedance and gain. 1. INTRODUCTION The radio frequency identification technology (RFID) is the current dominating technology in wireless communication because it provides a much more flexible way of non-contact communication. As of late, RFID systems have been receiving an increasing amount of interest [1]-[2] both from the scientific and industrial communities. These systems are founded on saving and extracting wireless data that concern the object to identify. The interchange of data and information is done by using radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. An RFID system generally contains a reader, a tag, and a data processing system. Figure 1 exhibits the functioning of the RFID system [3]. The energy is transmitted by the reader (fitted with an antenna) to the RFID Tag by the way of radio-frequency waves. This energy is used to activate the tag by sending an information request to which the tag located within its magnetic field responds [4], [5]. The reader is usually connected to a host data processing system that embodies the information of the identified item and communicates with other remote data processing systems [6]. In reference to the ISO (International Standardization Organization) standard, the RFID frequency bands are the LF (Low Frequency) at 125 kHz [7], the HF (High Frequency) band at 13.56MHz [8], the UHF band from 860 to 960MHz, [9], and 2.45GHz [10] and 5.8GHz bands [11], [12]. Because of the advantages

This paper presents a half triangular Comb-shaped slits edge Antipodal
Vivaldi Antenna (Comb-AVA) as compared to the conventional Antipodal
Vivaldi Antenna (AVA) design. This proposed antenna covers 20-40 GHz
spectrum. This Comb-AVA antenna is designed for the 5G application which is addressed to cover a dualband 28/38 GHz frequencies. A half triangular comb-shaped slits edge structure is employed to investigate its effects on antenna parameters. This proposed Comb-AVA occupies a 25x8 mm  of FR 4 substrate (𝜀 = 4.4, tan δ=0.02, thinkness 1.6 mm). It has impedance bandwidth (S 𝛾 ≤-10 dB) along 20-40 GHz spectrum and fractional bandwidth (FBW) ≥ 0.5. It means that the bandwidth is categorized as ultra wideband (UWB). In addition, there is 11 dB refinement of return loss in the CombAVA design at 38 GHz frequency.
VSWR value is in range of 1.054 to  1.396. This proposed antena also has a wider angular width (3 dB) than the  AVA. Higher directivity and gain is
generated by Comb-AVA at 28 GHz.  This proposed antenna has good performances and suitable for 5G  application.

— In this paper the regular rectangular and circular patch has been modified and a perturbed patch has been designed using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) software .The resultant patch has been implemented on a substrate having FR4 Epoxy as the substrate and then a ground plane of same dimension as that of the substrate which is 40×40 mm is taken which act as the radiating element. Instead of single line feed multiple line feeds has been taken which provides better resonating frequency. The proposed antenna has been designed for the 5G communication which includes the 28 GHz frequency band. The S-Parameter, VSWR, Antenna Gain , Directivity and current distribution have been calculated from the simulation done with the help of HFSS software.

In the progress of commercial communications applications the development of small integrated antenna has played an important role. Basically PIFA are commonly used in handsets. This paper describes the performance of PIFA for single band in handsets. It is compact, low cost and having better antenna performance in terms of return loss, radiation patterns, VSWR etc. All simulation results are performed using High frequency structural simulator (HFSS).

In the design of circular patch antenna, the feed point locations SF=5, SF=6, SF=7 and SF=8 were selected and the simulated results compared and the optimum location adopted and implemented. The best feed point was located at SF=5mm where return loss RL is-37.81dB, followed by SF=6mm with return loss RL of-17.14dB and SF=7mm with return loss RL is-11.38dB. The feed point location at SF=8mm was rejected since it falls outside the acceptable figure of VSWR=2. The material used for the proposed antenna is FR-4 with the dielectric constant of 4.35 and dielectric loss tangent of 14e-3. The proposed antenna can find application in Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and cellular phone.

We present a new development of microstrip antenna structure combining a simple circular structure with a ring antenna structure as the parasitic element to improve the antenna gain and bandwidth for 5G mobile application. The proposed antenna was fed by a 50Ω microstrip feeding line due to its advantages in performance. The antenna was designed and simulated using a single substrate with double layered copper (top and bottom) with the radiating patch on the top layer and full ground on the bottom layer of the same substrate. Three antennas have been designed namely; design1, design2 and design3 to complete the research works.The antennas ware simulated and optimized at 18 GHz using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) with permittivity, r = 2.2 and thickness, h = 1.57mm on low-loss material Roger RT-Duroid 5880 substrate. The antennas ware reasonably well matched at their corresponding frequency of operations. The simulation and measurement results have shown that the antenna work...

In this research work, a novel compact antenna with rectangular slots is presented for radio frequency identification (RFID) handled applications in the ultrahigh frequency (UHF) band that can be manufactured and integrated into RFID readers without difficult. A prototype demonstrating the aforementioned features was constructed and measured. The proposed antenna is fed by 50-Ω coaxial cable and printed on a 1.6mm thick FR4 substrate which has a small size and occupies a volume of 68×66 ×1.6mm3. The patch, the feed-line and ground plane are made of PEC (Perfect Electric Conductor) with a thickness of 0.035 mm. Measured results indicate that the proposed antenna has a good impedance matching characteristic ranging from 889 to 939MHz, which covers the USA RFID-band (902–928MHz), the Chinese RFID-operating-band (920–924.5MHz), and the Korea and Japan RFID-band (917–923.5MHz). These results were achieved by the insertion of slots in the compact structure of the antenna. The electromagne...

We present a new development of microstrip antenna structure combining a simple circular structure with a ring antenna structure as the parasitic element to improve the antenna gain and bandwidth for 5G mobile application. The proposed antenna was fed by a 50Ω microstrip feeding line due to its advantages in performance. The antenna was designed and simulated using a single substrate with double layered copper (top and bottom) with the radiating patch on the top layer and full ground on the bottom layer of the same substrate. Three antennas have been designed namely; design1, design2 and design3 to complete the research works. The antennas ware simulated and optimized at 18 GHz using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) with permittivity, r=2.2 and thickness, h=1.57mm on low-loss material Roger RT-Duroid 5880 substrate. The antennas ware reasonably well matched at their corresponding frequency of operations. The simulation and measurement results have shown that the antenna works well. The simulation results have shown that the three antennas works well at the selected frequency. The final simulated antenna for design1, design2 and design3 has been fabricated to measure the performance and also to validate the simulation result with the measurement result. The measurement data for antenna design1, design2 and design3 shows frequency shift of 3% from the simulation result. The final protype of design3 gives 6.6dB gain,-14.51dB return loss, 180MHz bandwidth, and antenna efficiency of 53.9%. All three antennas ware measured using Vector network analyzer (VNA) and Anechoic chamber.

A Microstrip Patch Antenna is a type of radio antenna with a low profile, which can be mounted on a low surface. It is a narrow band, wide-beam fed antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to the dielectric Substrate such as a printed circuit board with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. The main aim of this work is to design, develop and test the Printed Circuit antenna (Microstrip Patch antenna) suitable for use in L-band frequency range of 1-2GHz. This study also emphasizes on simulation of micro-strip patch antenna using IE3D software to simulate & study the radiation pattern & other radiation pattern parameters and comparison with specifications/requirements. Co-axial Feed technique was adopted and the location of the feed point was varied within the radiating patch to arrive at the point of minimum return loss. This work is also focused on characterization of fabricated antenna in view of parameters like VSWR, Antenna efficiency, Axial ratio, Gain and radiation pattern.

In this paper, Microstrip patch Antenna with five different shapes i.e. circular, triangular, corner truncated, T shape & H shape are designed using Ansoft HFSS software. These antennas are designed on Rogers RO 4003 substrate material at dielectric constant 3.5. This material is suitable at high frequency range after analysis in last paper [1].The different performance parameter such as return loss, VSWR, gain & bandwidth of these antennas are compared. The operating frequency is taken as 6 GHz. It is found that H-shaped patch antenna has a better result as compared to other shapes.

A rectangular micro strip patch antenna has been investigated and its performance has been analyzed with the aid of An soft HFSS. An additional rectangular conductive plate of comparable dimensions was placed above the patch in order to enhance the bandwidth. The package was used to analyse the effect of the top patch, in particular the variation of VSWR with two parameters, namely the distance between the two patches and the size of the upper patch. A bandwidth of 527 MHz for VSWR

A new small circular patch antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications is presented. By studying this structure, it is shown that the insertion of a slot with the desired length and width in the ground plane, can lead to a large bandwidth. Our antenna, whose dimensions are 18×12×1.58 mm3, was fed by an SMA female connector with characteristic impedance of 50Ω in order to measure the return loss and VSWR and to compare them with the simulation results. The bandwidth obtained from measurements ranges from 3.52 to 13.67 GHz for VSWR &lt; 2 and from 3.26 GHzto14.23GHz for VSWR &lt; 3. The radiation pattern is omnidirectional on most of the operating band. High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) was used for simulation whose results are in good agreement with the measured parameters.

A new small circular patch antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications is presented. By studying this structure, it is shown that the insertion of a slot with the desired length and width in the ground plane, can lead to a large bandwidth. Our antenna, whose dimensions are 18×12×1.58 mm3, was fed by an SMA female connector with characteristic impedance of 50Ω in order to measure the return loss and VSWR and to compare them with the simulation results. The bandwidth obtained from measurements ranges from 3.52 to 13.67 GHz for VSWR &lt; 2 and from 3.26 GHzto14.23GHz for VSWR &lt; 3. The radiation pattern is omnidirectional on most of the operating band. High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) was used for simulation whose results are in good agreement with the measured parameters.

In this research work, a novel compact antenna with rectangular slots is presented for radio frequency identification (RFID) handled applications in the ultrahigh frequency (UHF) band that can be manufactured and integrated into RFID readers without difficult. A prototype demonstrating the aforementioned features was constructed and measured. The proposed antenna is fed by 50-Ω coaxial cable and printed on a 1.6mm thick FR4 substrate which has a small size and occupies a volume of 68×66 ×1.6mm3. The patch, the feed-line and ground plane are made of PEC (Perfect Electric Conductor) with a thickness of 0.035 mm. Measured results indicate that the proposed antenna has a good impedance matching characteristic ranging from 889 to 939MHz, which covers the USA RFID-band (902–928MHz), the Chinese RFID-operating-band (920–924.5MHz), and the Korea and Japan RFID-band (917–923.5MHz). These results were achieved by the insertion of slots in the compact structure of the antenna. The electromagne...

A Microstrip Patch Antenna is a type of radio antenna with a low profile, which can be mounted on a low surface. It is a narrow band, wide-beam fed antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to the dielectric Substrate such as a printed circuit board with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane. The main aim of this work is to design, develop and test the Printed Circuit antenna (Microstrip Patch antenna) suitable for use in L-band frequency range of 1-2GHz. This study also emphasizes on simulation of micro-strip patch antenna using IE3D software to simulate & study the radiation pattern & other radiation pattern parameters and comparison with specifications/requirements. Co-axial Feed technique was adopted and the location of the feed point was varied within the radiating patch to arrive at the point of minimum return loss. This work is also focused on characterization of fabricated antenna in view of parameters like VSWR, Antenna efficiency, Axial ratio, Gain and radiation pattern.

This paper presents an experimental investigation of inclined slot loaded rectangular micro strip antenna that has been carried out for dual -band operation with the help of a single probe feed for Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) applications. In this case, two resonant frequencies 1.57 GHz and 1.22 GHZ occur. It is observed that the VSWR and RETURN LOSS of two resonant frequencies can be changes by inclination angle of the slot. The design of this antenna is being simulated in IE3D software.

In wireless communication system antennas are the most important element for creating communication link between source and destination. Microsrtip antennas are used for mobile and other satellite communication application because of their light weight, low power handling capacity and low profile. The modern mobile communication system requires high gain, wide bandwidth and minimal size antennas that are capable of providing better performance over a wide range of frequency spectrum. This requirement leads to the design of microsrtip patch array antenna. This paper proposes the parametric analysis of single element U slot MSA. Low dielectric constant substrates are generally preferred for maximum radiation. Thus it prefers FR4 as a dielectric substrate. Desired patch antenna design is simulated by using high frequency simulation software and patch antenna is designed as per requirement. Antenna dimensions such as Length (L), Width (W), and substrate dielectric constant and parameters like Return Loss, Gain, impedance and current distribution are calculated using CAD-FEKO. The antenna has been design to be operated in the range of 8-12GHz. Hence this antenna is highly suitable for X-band applications.

In this paper, Microstrip patch Antenna with five different shapes i.e. circular, triangular, corner truncated, T shape & H shape are designed using Ansoft HFSS software. These antennas are designed on Rogers RO 4003 substrate material at dielectric constant 3.5. This material is suitable at high frequency range after analysis in last paper [1].The different performance parameter such as return loss, VSWR, gain & bandwidth of these antennas are compared. The operating frequency is taken as 6 GHz. It is found that H-shaped patch antenna has a better result as compared to other shapes. KeywordsMicrostrip Antenna, Different Shapes of Patch, HFSS, Dielectric Substrate, Gain, Return Loss, VSWR

A Microstrip or Patch Antenna [2][6] is a low profile Antenna that has a number of advantages over other antennas it is lightweight, inexpensive, and easy to integrate with accompanying electronics. While the antenna can be 3D in structure (wrapped around an object, for ...

A stack arrangement of square patch antenna is proposed and analyzed in this paper. An antenna is designed on a glass epoxy FR-4 substrate. In the proposed stack arrangement there are two patches: lower & upper patch, both patches having the same dimension. There is an air gap of 0.5 mm between two patches. The lower patch is fed through probe feed with sub miniature version A (SMA) connector and the upper structure is parasitically coupled to the lower patch. Simulation results which are analyzed in this paper are return loss, input impedance, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and 2-D radiation pattern. Simulation results obtained are compared with single square patch antenna of same size. This proposed antenna operates at two resonant frequencies and also has a relatively very broad impedance bandwidth (32.54%). The proposed structure is simulated using IE3D simulator software.

International Telecommunication Union Radio Communication Sector (ITU-R) has assigned 1.176 GHz and 2.487 GHz respectively in L and S band to Regional Navigational Satellite System (RNSS) for satellite navigation purpose. In this paper attempt has been made to design a novel, low profile compact microstrip antenna which achieves required specification such as gain of -4 dBi up to ±50° and bandwidth of 30 MHz. The design of S band antenna was carried out using Ansoft Designer software, was fabricated and the required performance of antenna was measured in terms of its return loss, VSWR and gain radiation pattern. The return loss of the developed antenna was measured with the vector network analyzer and its gain radiation pattern in anechoic chamber and the performance of its measurements were compared with the analyzed results.