Water Resources (Geography)

This research work evaluates the impact of stormwater infiltration on the removal of organics, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus in a LECA-based horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. Stormwater runoff for the period between January 2008 and June 2010 (30 months) was estimated for the drainage basin of the Vila Fernando wastewater treatment plant (constructed wetland system) and it was observed proportionality between the increase in surface runoff and the infiltration flow rate that reached the plant. The average stormwater infiltration rate that reached the plant was 67.4 m(3) d(-1) (77% of the influent flow rate into the plant). The 30 month monitoring campaign set up at one of the reed beds showed that stormwater infiltration led to a high variation of the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) throughout the bed, which affected its performance in the removal of organic matter, suspended solids and nitrogen. For a HLR below 20 cm d-1 the removal efficiencies for BOD5, COD and TSS doubled. The removal of nitrogen was too low and was associated with the weak development of nitrifying biofilm and the poor growth of reeds. However, it was observed a good relationship between the applied and removed loads for most of the parameters, which seems to indicate that the organic, solid, nitrogen and phosphorus loading rates influenced the respective removal rates. The use of a bed material with high specific surface area, such as LECA, can only improve the treatment capacity of horizontal subsurface flow systems if the organic and solid loading rates, as well as the HLR, can be effectively controlled.

Reclaimed water from small wastewater treatment facilities in the rural areas of the Beira Interior region (Portugal) may constitute an alternative water source for aquifer recharge. A 21-month monitoring period in a constructed wetland treatment system has shown that 21,500 m3 year−1 of treated wastewater
(reclaimed water) could be used for aquifer recharge. A GIS-based multi-criteria analysis was performed, combining ten thematic maps and economic, environmental and technical criteria, in order to produce a suitability map for the location of sites for reclaimed water infiltration. The areas chosen for aquifer
recharge with infiltration basins are mainly composed of anthrosol with more than 1 m deep and fine sand texture, which allows an average infiltration velocity of up to 1 m d−1. These characteristics will provide a final polishing treatment of the reclaimed water after infiltration (soil aquifer treatment (SAT)),
suitable for the removal of the residual load (trace organics, nutrients, heavy metals and pathogens).
The risk of groundwater contamination is low since the water table in the anthrosol areas ranges from 10 m to 50 m. On the other hand, these depths allow a guaranteed unsaturated area suitable for SAT. An area of 13,944 ha was selected for study, but only 1607 ha are suitable for reclaimed water infiltration.
Approximately 1280 m2 were considered enough to set up 4 infiltration basins to work in flooding and
drying cycles.

Increasingly, governments are experimenting with ways to provide public goods by involving the private sector in the planning, financing, building and operating of a range of services, facilities, infrastructure, etc. In the geographical literature on neoliberalism this entanglement of the state and markets has been loosely conceptualized as a process of marketization. This concept describes the insertion of markets or market forces into the state and public sector. In this paper we unpack this concept by highlighting the need to think about a range of marketization processes at play across a range of geographies.

Overcoming hunger and meeting the nutritional needs of almost 7 billion people, rising to over 9 billion people by 2050, is a central challenge for this generation. Equally critical will be to achieve this in a way that keeps humanity’s footprint within planetary boundaries. Water scarcity is self-evidently one of the key factors that will limit food production. This is especially
the case in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where malnutrition and food insecurity are already widespread. In these areas, the livelihoods and well-being of poor communities are critically dependent on their farm produce and the ecosystem services from the local landscape that support their livelihoods and income.
This synthesis and background document on Ecosystems for Water and Food Security is part of UNEP’s contribution to the global food crisis, pledged to the United Nations Secretary-General and developed in collaboration with the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and other partners. Together, we identified and explored the links between ecosystems, water and food, and illustrate how resilient ecosystems can support and increase food security. It is clear that enormous opportunities exist to increase food production in ways that make optimal and sustainable use of water and other resources. This means that we can feed a global population
without massive and irreversible damage to our ecosystems. It also means that ensuring food security, managing water resources and protecting ecosystems must be considered as a single policy rather than as separate, and sometimes competing, choices.

Mounding often occurs beneath engineering structures designed to infiltrate reuse water. AQTESOLV software and a spreadsheet solution for Hantush, together with soil moisture water balance (SWAGMAN farm model), were used for quantitatively predicting the height and extent of groundwater mounding underground to assess the groundwater-flow simulations of infiltration from a hypothetical irrigation site. Horizontal and vertical permeability, aquifer thickness, specific yield, and basin geometry are among the aquifer and recharge properties inputs. For 2.2 ha sites, the maximum heights of the simulated groundwater mound ranges up to 0.29 m. The maximum areal extent of groundwater mounding measured from the edge of the infiltration basins of 0.24 m ranges from 0 to 75 m. Additionally, the simulated height and extent of the groundwater mounding associated with a hypothetical irrigation infiltration basin for 2.2 ha development may be applicable to sites of different sizes, using the recharge rate estimated from the SWAGMAN farm model. For example, for a 2.2 ha site with a 0.0002 m/day recharge rate, the irrigation infiltration basin design capacity (and associated groundwater mound) would be the same as for a 1.1 ha site with a 0.0004 m/day recharge rate if the physical characteristics of the aquifer are unchanged. The study claimed that the present modelling approach overcomes the complications of solving the Hantush equation for transient flow. The approach utilised in this study can be applied for other purposes such as measuring the feasibility of infiltrating water, attenuation zone, risk mitigation essential for decision-makers and planning regulators in terms of environmental effects and water use efficiency.

Throughout the world, 785 million people lack a basic drinking-water service and at least 2 billion people consume contaminated drinking water. At the same time, numerous global water charities fronted by 'caring', politicized celebrity figures-dubbed the 'high priests' of global development by the authors of this article-have sought to 'solve' inequalities in access to clean water through market-based solutions and charity donations. This article engages with the fields of critical social theory, political theology, political ecology and celebrity studies to analyse the interrelationship between capitalism and religion, to interrogate the drivers of international development, and to historically situate the work of celebrity-led water charities and the growing role of these 'high priests'. It takes the case of Matt Damon's Water.org to examine the increasingly religious nature of these neoliberalized charity processes, and outlines the main elements of what the authors term a contemporary political economy of sacrifice. They argue that this results in charities that, rather than reducing inequalities, actually reproduce, normalize and legitimize the very system and exploitative relations that are responsible for these inequalities and environmental problems in the first place, while scattered and localized fixes sustain the illusion that things are getting better.

The paper shows how error statistical theory can be deployed to grasp the deeper epistemic logic of the peer-review process. The intent is to provide the readers with a novel lens through which to make sense of the practices of academic publishing.

Osun drainage basin is one of the regions in Nigeria experiencing increasing population growth and rapid urbanization; and about 70% of the inhabitants rely on shallow groundwater resources of the region. Change in land use/land cover is one of the significant factors controlling regional hydrology and groundwater resources, thus the continuous change in land use and land cover of the drainage basin will significantly affect the basin's groundwater resources. There are 7 classified land use/land cover in the study area which are bare surfaces, built up area, crops/shrubs, forest, rock outcrops, water bodies and wetland. Applying WetSpass-M hydrological model, we predicted the effect of land use/land cover change on the groundwater recharge in Osun drainage basin, Nigeria between 1984-2015. The results revealed that the highest groundwater recharge of 48.56%, 33.64% and 37.29% occurred in forested area in 1984, 2000 and 2015, respectively. This result might be due to the influence of vegetation in slowing down the speed of running water across the forest area, that allows more infiltration and deep percolation into the water table to recharge the groundwater system. On the other hand, the least groundwater recharge of the total annual was on the rock outcrops, which are about 4% in 1984, 3% in 2000 and 2% in 2015. The least recharge found on rock outcrops is expected and may be attributed to the fact that infiltration can only occur around or on decomposed rock outcrop, which may result in minute recharge to the groundwater system. The mean annual groundwater recharge of the basin for the land use/land cover of 1984, 2000 and 2015 are 476.54, 411.07 and 430.06 mm/y, respectively. Overall, for the 32 years period of investigation, change in land use/land cover accounts for only 10% reduction in mean groundwater recharge occurrence between 1984 and 2015. Also, there is a change in recharge pattern in the study area during this period because most often, change in land use/land cover is a transition from one land use/land cover class to another, and the recharge pattern is influenced based on the degree of transition that took place and the characteristics of the dominant land use/land cover at a particular area of the basin. Although, the 10% reduction in mean annual recharge appears minute, this might become pronounced if the current rate of deforestation in the drainage basin continues unabated. Therefore, proper land use allocation, regulated land development and afforestation in terms of planting of native trees that were lost through anthropogenic activities in the basin should be policy option for groundwater sustainability. Вплив землекористування (зміни земного покриву) на поповнення запасів підземних вод в басейні річки Осун, Нігерія Е. Д. Ашаолу*, Дж. Ф. Олорунфемі, І. П. Іфабії Кафедра географії управління навколишнім середовищем, факультет соціальних наук, Університет Ілорін, Нігерія, *damash007@yahoo.com Анотація. Перші зВодосховище Осуна є одним з регіонів Нігерії, де спостерігається зростання населення і швидка урбанізація; і близько 70% жителів покладаються на неглибокі ресурси ґрунтових вод регіону. Зміна умов землекористування є одним з важливих факторів, що контролюють регіональну гідрологію та ресурси підземних вод. Таким чином, безперервна зміна використання землі та земельного покриву водозбірного басейну суттєво впливає на ресурси ґрунтових вод басейну. У досліджуваному районі є 7 класифікованих земельних ділянок (землекористування), якими є відкриті поверхні, забудовані території, сільськогосподарські угіддя, чагарники, ліси, відслонення гірських порід, водоймища та водно-болотні угіддя. За-стосовуючи гідрологічну модель WetSpass-M, ми прогнозували вплив зміни землекористування на живлення підземних вод

The focus of this ethnographic study is to examine the sociocultural aspects of water usage amongst the Chagga of North East Kilimanjaro. 

Issues concerning water access involving economic and geographical inequalities, as well as threats to water access in the form of alcoholism will be considered, and various aspects of water usage practice will be explored in detail. A discussion of these findings will follow with reference to trachoma control programmes which are being implemented throughout the region.

The study will conclude with some recommendations for said programmes based on the insights gained from this research

Water Resources have close relationship with precipitation and runoff in the watershed, and rainfall that coming on watershed, support water consuming by plants. Drinking water, industry and agriculture from ways including infiltration in soil, surface and subsurface flow. On this basis, studies about rainfall and ground  water has been aimed in Bouin watershed with area 290.95 Km2 Located in Isfahan province. This watershed has a good situation from rainfall and surface and ground water aspects in Isfahan province. But in some recent years because of annual and rainfall reduction over exploration of water resources, resulting in water shortage in agriculture thus it is necessary that to investigate rainfall changes, wet and dry period predication and their effects on water resources changes (surface and ground water). In this study , with investigation of rainfall trend changes , flood discharge determination by manning , fuller , SCS methods and flood hydrograph in different return period , determined flood situation in watershed , after that with investigation of ground water level changes, determined rainfall changes effects on ground water changes in study area using correlation coefficient in lag time 0,1,2,3,4,5, and 6 monthly for recent years (2000-2003) in 36 month duration .Result shoes that is a significant relationship between rainfall and ground water level changes in study area, and it can be described that a for majoring of station is a 3 monthly lag time from rainfall occurrence to ground water changes. Additional, common trend of ground water level changes has a Descending status.

What does the experience of living with future submergence entail? How do multiple and intersecting temporalities shape the politics of dam building? This article examines the practices and imaginaries through which its inhabitants currently experience the future submergence of the landscapes they dwell in. I shift attention from anti-dam movements – the topic that critical scholarship has primarily focused on (Baviskar 1995; Ghosh 2006; Sneddon and Fox 2008) – to the everyday lives of those who continue living under the shadow of a planned and already accepted inundation. Dam building engenders an experience of inescapability shaped at the intersection of the past, the present, and the future (Bromber, Féaux de la Croix, and Lange 2014; Evren 2021). The process of waiting for the future submergence, I show, is not an eventless present. It is a time frame during which sacrifice and its politics acquire significance for the town inhabitants in their efforts to navigate the changes in the landscape.

Full text available at https://pomeps.org/living-with-a-future-submergence-dams-temporality-and-sacrifice-in-northeastern-turkey

The main objective of the furrow irrigation is appropriate selection of planning and managerial variables. These variables are: the furrow length, flow rate to the furrow and cut-off time. These variables are computed through optimization based on minimizing the total irrigation cost and maximizing the application efficiency of irrigation. The objective function has been formed based on costs of the water, worker and head ditch and furrow digging. Therefore, in the objective function, an equation should be
considered for computing the water advance period in a clear and precise manner. Since none of the exact methods used for planning furrow irrigation like zero inertia, compute the advance time explicitly, thus in this research the Valiatzas equation has been used which has been deduced from the results of the zero inertia model. In the objective function, in addition to the planning variables, soil characteristics, furrow and net irrigation requirement have been included. Therefore, the design variables and
irrigation efficiency can be computed for each type of soil and specific plant. A sample of this design has been presented in this paper.

Overcoming hunger and meeting the nutritional needs of almost 7 billion people, rising to over 9 billion people by 2050, is a central challenge for this generation. Equally critical will be to achieve this in a way that keeps humanity’s footprint within
planetary boundaries. Water scarcity is self-evidently one of the key factors that will limit food production. This is especially the case in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, where malnutrition and food insecurity are already widespread. In these areas, the livelihoods and well-being of poor communities are critically
dependent on their farm produce and the ecosystem services from the local landscape that support their livelihoods and income.

This background document and synthesis on An Ecosystem Services Approach to Water and Food Security is part of UNEP’s contribution to the global food crisis, pledged to the United Nations Secretary-General and developed in collaboration
with the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and other partners. Together, we identified and explored the links between ecosystems, water and food, and illustrate how resilient ecosystems can support and increase food security.
It is clear that enormous opportunities exist to increase food production in ways that make optimal and sustainable use of water and other resources. This means that we can feed a global population without massive and irreversible damage to our
ecosystems. It also means that ensuring food security, managing water resources and protecting ecosystems must be considered as a single policy rather than as separate, and sometimes competing, choices.

This approach calls for a fundamental shift in perspective and a deeper understanding of the enormous economic importance of ecosystems and the broad suite of services they provide. For
example, well-managed agroecosystems not only provide food, fiber and animal products, they also generate services such as flood mitigation, groundwater recharge, erosion control and habitats for plants, birds, fish and other animals.It also requires intersectoral collaboration, because only then can policies and practices change. The overarching recommendation of this synthesis is that future sustainability requires an integrated approach to managing multipurpose agroecosystems in a
landscape or river basin setting. These ecosystems–whether they are wetlands or forests, arid pastoral lands or rice fields–represent the future of food security and resilience against
shocks while offering a way towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and beyond.

This document does not come in isolation. It is also a
contribution to UNEP’s wider work and partnership on The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) and a transition to a low-carbon, resourceefficient Green Economy. Together they are all part of the urgency to evolve the sustainable development agenda forged in a previous century to reflect the new challenges and also the emerging opportunities of the 21st century.

Throughout the world, 785 million people lack a basic drinking-water service and at least 2 billion people consume contaminated drinking water. At the same time, numerous global water charities fronted by 'caring', politicized celebrity figures-dubbed the 'high priests' of global development by the authors of this article-have sought to 'solve' inequalities in access to clean water through market-based solutions and charity donations. This article engages with the fields of critical social theory, political theology, political ecology and celebrity studies to analyse the interrelationship between capitalism and religion, to interrogate the drivers of international development, and to historically situate the work of celebrity-led water charities and the growing role of these 'high priests'. It takes the case of Matt Damon's Water.org to examine the increasingly religious nature of these neoliberalized charity processes, and outlines the main elements of what the authors term a contemporary political economy of sacrifice. They argue that this results in charities that, rather than reducing inequalities, actually reproduce, normalize and legitimize the very system and exploitative relations that are responsible for these inequalities and environmental problems in the first place, while scattered and localized fixes sustain the illusion that things are getting better. 1. CNBC, 'Matt Damon's not acting. There's a water crisis': www.cnbc.com/2014/01/22/mattdamons-not-acting-theres-a-water-crisis.html/ (accessed 13 January 2021).

Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. The Study Area is located between Latitude 15º57′58′′ N to 16º11′25.6′′ N and 77º18′1′′ E to77º32′5.3′′ E Longitude and covers area of 360.97 km 2 , having maximum length of 26.17 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 533 m and 323 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 311.469 m 3 /s. The final cumulative discharge is 1458.55 m 3 /s.

Water is an important factor in the hydrological environment and is one of the most direct and important factors in climate change. Climate change will cause changes in the global hydrological environment, which increases the vulnerability of ecosystems and human societies. Studies on the hydrological mechanism and assessment of the security of water resources are put forward to tackle climate change and adaptive management strategy of the water resources, which is of important and practical significance for reasonable use of water resources and planning management. This special issue, which brings together 13 articles on 'Water resources and climate change', discusses the development and utilization of water resources; water resources and sustainable development; ecological environment construction and the protection and utilization of water resources; water pollution prevention and control and wastewater reuse; the impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources; and evaluation of the latest research progress. On behalf of the guest editors of this special issue, we would like to thank all the published authors for their hard work, as well as the referees who contributed their valuable time during the peer review process to ensure the high scientific quality of each paper. We hope the readers of Journal of Water and Climate Change find these papers useful in advancing 'Water resources and climate change' and are of interest for industrial purposes.

Nitrogen (N) cycle involves a complex set of potential biochemical pathways with reactions catalyzed by different microorganisms. Elementary mass balances for COD, DO, NH4-N and alkalinity were conducted and stoichiometric relationships were investigated to explain possible pathways of the nitrogen removal mechanisms in a lab-scale submerged down flow biological packed bed (BPB) reactor. Four sets of experiments were performed by modifying the organic loading and C/N ratio in comparison with steady-state conditions. Approximately 90% of COD and NH4-N removal occurred in two upper sections occupying 1/5 of the reactor height. The elementary
mass balances could not explain all the experimental results with respect to nitrogen removal and oxygen consumption by known mechanisms. The mass balance calculations, excluding the possibility of nitrification, were in general in accordance with the observations indicating no or minimal NO3-N production. The theoretical stoichiometric requirements for nitrification reaction
were satisfied in 6 experiments and in another 8 experiments nitrification may have occurred, but stoichiometry was not satisfied. Using C/N ratio as the variable, only at C/N ratio = 10, the predictions confirmed the possibility of nitrification in the same 3 (out of 4) assays as observed in practice. The results of this study reveal that the nitrogen transformations occurring in the studied reactor are complex and cannot be explained by simple mechanisms of microbial assimilation and nitrification.

Regarding the importance of water and lack of water resources in the country, the use of available water resources is one of the most important strategies for the optimal use of water resources in the agricultural sector. Using irrigation systems under pressure and principled management can be an effective step in saving water reserves. Also, the quantitative and qualitative crisis of resources necessitates the use of new irrigation systems. Therefore, qualitative identification of the water resources of the area in question, planning and prioritizing suitable areas of these irrigation methods seems necessary. In this research, using the land statistics methods, the zoning of each parameter in accordance with the FAO water quality standard No. 29 was studied and the degree of limitation of each factor for the water resources of the desert salt basin was presented. Then, the qualitative water quality map was carried out using a combination of zoning traits. Finally, it was shown that 66% of the agricultural land in the basin is unrestricted and with limited constraints and 34% on the floor with a high constraint.

Barnes and Sheppard (2009) assume that an anti-monist and anti-reductionist economic geography is desirable and that this desirability is so obvious that no argument needs to be advanced in its support. This commentary challenges this assumption and suggests that a monist and reductionist economic geography organized around the idea of truth-seeking is neither unthinkable nor unpalatable. In order to flesh out this idea, the commentary builds on recent work in the philosophy of scientific induction to show why one of its less publicized advances – error statistical theory – holds far more promise for the future development of economic geography than Barnes and Sheppard's vague and nebulous 'engaged pluralism'.

The study examines the levels of contamination of domestic water sources in Maiduguri Metropolis area of Borno State based on their physicochemical and bacteriological properties.  It was informed by the global concern on good drinking water quality which is an indicator of development level; hence the focus on domestic water sources to ascertain safety as water from unhygienic sources pose serious health challenges. The study dwelt on physicochemical and bacteriological parameters believed to have health implications. Experimental design was adopted, where water samples derived from four different sources i.e. from treated surface water, deep boreholes, wash boreholes and harvested rainwater were tested in the laboratory for  pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cupper (Cu), cyanide (Cn), lead (Pb), fluoride (Fl) and nitrate (NO3). Also tested were faecal coliform (E. coli) and total coliform counts in the...

The minimum, moderate and maximum temperature trends at seasonal time scale in 5 climatic zones using 37 meteorological stations in Zayandehrud river basin was studied regionally and the relationship to water resources, water uses of each zone and its possible effects were determined. The results showed that the majority of the climatic zones will have an increasing trend in spring, summer and fall and a decreasing trend in winter. The highest growth rate occurs in overnight temperature in spring and summer and daily temperature in fall. In winter, there is no significant difference between the slopes of temperature variables trend. The Most increasing slopes of the trend are seen in the northern part of the basin and during summer and the least decreasing slopes are in the northern and Northwestern parts of the basin during winter. The temperature rise in fall, spring and summer affect the reduction of water resources and increasing consumption in different areas. Among the various zones, the Eastern part of the basin will be faced with more water stress to meet their needs. The findings of this study can be effective for an identification of sensitive areas to climate change in the basin and planning to control water stress and achieving sustainable river basin management. Cloud coverage and rainfall associated defectively with the subtractive temperature span. Detailing long-term tendencys or determined moves in temperature and precipitation is significant for considerate the present and future alterations in nature. Monthly precipitation alterations may be optimistic or undesirable in various months of the year. While heating can possibly abridge the crop growth period, crop production and water efficiency of all crops are anticipated to reduction due to lower precipitation and higher water prerequisites under higher temperature. The Zayandeh-Rud River basin, Iran, is anticipated to encounter spatiotemporally heterogeneous temperature rise and precipitation decrease that will reduction water supply by mid-century. consequences propose that infrastructural recoveries, strict water request management and ecosystem-based regulatory prioritization, integrated by supply increase can temporarily reduce water stress in a basin.

In many regions in Iran, groundwater is withdrawn in an exceeded manner. In more than 200 plainsfrom 620 plainsin this country, the level of groundwater is declining. Since 1972, artificial feeding projects have become a major concern with the objective of maintaining the balance of groundwater. As to the structure and construct, it can be claimed that the most common methods of artificial feeding structures the basin and earthworks applied. The water price per m³varies in various areas, whilein the West of Iran, where due to high precipitation water abundance is prevailing, thus, lower price compared to arid and semi-arid areas. According to this study, the average price of extracted water per m³ is about 500 Rls. The findings of this study indicate that, in many aquifers (about 200 aquifers) the groundwater withdrawal should be reduced. The artificial feeding projects should be implemented in areas that have been subject to study and are economically efficient. It is recommended to consider the issues related with hydrogeology and hydrology in these studies and to discharge the sediments periodically in order to enhance the efficiency of the projects. Since the aquifers are very deep in Iran,by considering the volume of pores, the feeding should be in a volume that it may increase the groundwater level.

A monitoring campaign in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland under the influence of transient loads of flow-rate, organic matter, nitrogen and suspended solids showed an irregular removal of COD and TSS and lower both removal efficiencies and mass removal rates than the ones observed in other studies for similar operating conditions. This circumstance is associated to the presence of large amount of particulate organic matter from non-point sources. The mass removal rate of ammonia increased 39% as both the water and soil temperatures increased from weeks 1–8 to weeks 9–14. A good correlation between mass load and mass removal rate was observed for all measured parameters, which attests a satisfactory response of the bed under to transient loads.