Water Treatment Plants

Urban population growth, particularly in developing countries, places immense pressure on water and land resources; it also results in the huge water usage most of it not potable at all. So, water treatment is increasingly necessary due to potable water shortages and growing needs of global population. Today, it is not safe to directly use the water from rivers, reservoirs, and lakes as it contains various microorganisms , pathogens, and other contaminants that have an adverse effect on the health of humans, plants, and animals. This situation of unhealthy and unsafe surface water has generated the need for the Water Treatment Plant. This study aimed at assessing Construction Project Management practice of Water Treatment Plant of capacity 5.5 MLD for the supply of potable water to 30 villages in Shegaon, Maharashtra. Therefore, the function of construction project management which includes defining the requirement of work, establishing the extent of work, monitoring the progress and adjusting deviations of work. This aims to achieve goals of project leading to completed construction by virtue of planning, executing and controlling time, funds with human and technical resources for the construction of water treatment plant. Data for the study was obtained through well-structured questionnaire administered to executive engineer, contractor, client and site engineer working on the project. This study is carried out for the knowledge of implementing, assessing and adapting the construction project management of water treatment plant.

A number of seawater desalination plants have been built during last several decades increasing water supply in arid regions of the world. Due to the constraints of high desalination costs, many countries are unable to afford these technologies as a fresh water resource. However, the increasing usage of seawater desalination has demonstrated that desalination plant is a feasible water source free from the variations in rainfall.

Panglao Island, Bohol is suffering from water shortage due to lack of a proper water desalination and waste water treatment.  This paper examines the need for a sustainable water development program and infrastructure particularly in Panglao Island. It also focuses on case studies determining water quality and its negative effects to the local community and environment, the need to operate a desalination plant and wastewater treatment plant to augment the water shortage.

Methodology of the study was also considered based on its data source and sampling. Panglao Island needs immediate access to drinking water yet the construction of the water plant is taking into consideration the environmental impact it will do to the island like waste reduction, energy production of the desalination plants and compliance to Clean Water Act and Solid Waste Management Act.

Kebutuhan air sangat penting bagi semua makhluk hidup, salah satunya adalah air permukaan. Air permukaan tidak bisa langsung di konsumsi tetapi harus melalui pengolahan terlebih dahulu. Salah satu instalasi pengolahan air baku di PDAM Giri Tirta Kabupaten Gresik saat ini yang berada di Legundi dan Krikilan Kecamatan Driyorejo kapasitas sudah maksimal dan hanya bisa melayani 11 kecamatan. Saat ini di Kabupaten Gresik ada 5 kecamatan yang belum terlayani oleh PDAM Gresik, yaitu Kec. Bungah, Sidayu, Panceng, Dukun dan Ujungpangkah. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya pengembangan baru untuk peningkatan kapasitas. PDAM Gresik merencanakan pengembangan instalasi pengolahan air pada kecamatan bungah tepatnya berada pada Bendung Gerak Sembayat. Pada perhitungan studi ini didapatkan kebutuhan air sebesar 840 liter/detik dan kapasitas pengolahan sebesar 924 liter/detik pada tahun 2036. Air baku berasal dari sungai Bengawan Solo bagian hilir. Sistem pengaliran air dari intake ke proses pengolahan dilakukan dengan bantuan pompa. Perencanaan yang akan digunakan adalah bak pengumpul, aerasi, koagulasi, flokulasi, flotasi, sedimentasi, filtasi. Perencanaan ini dilengkapi dengan rumah pembubuh tawas, kaporit, kapur serta saluran penguras dan bak sirkulasi.

As it is quite obvious that there is day to day increase in population, the major challenge faced by the civil engineers is t o provide a better space for living at cities and to deal with the burning issues of water scarcity. Where urban planning is used to promote environmental sustainability. With good planning, urban heritage is a key sustainable resource that need promoting as part of the existing territorial competitiveness in a scenario marked by an increase in rivalry between cities. This requires the development of a conceptual framework that on a global, holistic and integrative approach covers equality and social justice, environment an d public health, among other aspect. Public health is an important aspect to be considered in any development process because a stable living environment can be created only with healthy habitant. Increasing pollution is a factor that polluting water an d environment which effects human life. Available supply of potable, clean water within the city helps to stabilize this healthy environment to an extent. A functioning water treatment plant in a city can achieve this goal. The properties of water change s based on its surface sources. Average total water demand on the particular area was estimated as 5 MLD. Design of 5 MLD water treatment plant is proposed in this project accordance to 2050 population. Some proposals to lacking facilities at the site is also made in this project to conserve the energy and to promote optimum utilization of renewable resources such as solar street light, biogas plant and the necessity of a proper solid waste management system is also indicated in this report .

Resultados de la revisión de la literatura, con la recopilación de las definiciones fundamentales, las tecnologías más adecuadas, el fundamento de las mismas, experiencias tomadas de la literatura seleccionada, algunos métodos de cálculo y reglas aproximadas. El material está en inglés y español y se señalan las fuentes donde se han tomado los datos y definiciones. Se elaboró como fundamento teórico para un proyecto presentado en Puerto Rico para el tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas (versión preliminar de trabajo)

Water treatment is a process of changing the quality of for potable drinking water & domestic uses. The water treatment plant is designed for the city of Mithi district Tharparkar. The source of water is Naukot canal near Naukot city and the water is supplied to the Mithi city through a big pipeline. The treated water will be supplied to the residents of Mithi city and the treatment plant is designed for 30 years. The treatment units of water treatment plant (WTP) were designed with step-by-step calculations and according to the quality of the water. The future population of the Mithi city from 2025 to 2055 was projected as 449,677.32 and the average discharge for the population of 30 years was estimated as 210,448.8 m 3 /d. The detailed calculations and drawings were displayed, the results of each unit of WTP were tabulated. It is concluded that it is possible to use this work as a source for other WTP units to build. The removal performance of the WTP units was significantly affected by a variety of factors, such as the age of WTP, repair, economic and political circumstances, technical problems, and water demand.

The cost of construction project is a fundamental input for decision making process set by owner during procurement stage. The paper identifies the cost drivers that are used in parametric cost estimation model for water treatment plants. Cost estimation at planning stage of projects is important for the success of the next stages in the projects. It is also very useful at the design stage of a project when information is incomplete and detailed designs are limited in such an early stage. Literature has been reviewed and interviews were conducted with experts and officials in water treatment plants to explore all variables that influence the construction cost of water treatment plants. A questionnaire survey was then conducted to assess the impact of the identified factors on construction costs of water treatment plants. Datasets that consist of 160 water treatment plant projects in Egypt were collected. Construction cost drivers have been nominated through two different procedures. The first technique is descriptive statistics ranking of variables by evaluating Mean Score and Relative Importance Index based on re-spondents' feedback in conducting questionnaire. The second technique utilizes exploratory factor analysis on the collected dataset. These cost drivers are used to construct two predictive models for estimating the construction cost of water treatment plants models using artificial neural networks. Analysis of results was performed to validate the models and demonstrate their effectiveness. The proposed methodology aids public authorities to perform comparative analysis and evaluate the different alternatives of water treatment plant projects.

Moss plant is an interesting plant because they can live in emerged and submerged. Vesicularia Reticulata is one of an interesting moss plant. It also called Erect Moss. Many Aquascaping Hobbies planted it in his tank. It will grow maximal in high light, but it can live in low lighting too. Please visit http://aquascaper.org for more information about aquarium plant

In Saudi Arabia, as population growth increases, the need for safe drinking water is more and more increasing for
both human use and industrial applications. These requires highly efficient processing plants that meet the growing needs of
customers and their expectations of providing more service to all segments of the society at the lowest possible cost. On the other
hand, these stations consume high amounts of energy in addition to the high maintenance and operating costs due to emergency
breakdowns, which in turn result in lower production and the exit of some units from operation. This research aims to enhance
the operational procedures of the stations and to study the possibility of reducing the high consumption of electric power and
work to increase the performance of the plants by reducing the costs of maintenance and operation through the application of
Quality Tools (QTs). This work focused on: (1) collecting data, equipment inventory, maintenance and operation costs and
energy consumption rate of the equipment; (2) analyzing these data using the Seven QTs and the New QTs for Management and
Planning; (3) finding solutions and presenting the results using the Minitab software; and, (4) the obtained results will be then
generalized to the other stations in other Saudi Arabia regions.

Water supply system is a basic infrastructure needed in any human habitation. Therefore, government needs to develop drinking water supply scheme in every human habitation. Keeping this in view, different programs are initiated by central and state governments in India to construct drinking water supply schemes. But, urban local bodies and government agencies involved in construction of water supply schemes lack adequate skills to plan and design the schemes in an efficient manner. This is due to the fact that multi disciplinary skills are needed to plan and design piped drinking water supply scheme. In the research paper, the author high lights the major activities to be performed in preparing detailed project report of a piped water supply scheme. The paper can be an useful guidance to concerned officials of government agencies, urban local bodies and engineering students involved in planning and design of piped water supply schemes. Keywords: Source of water, intake works, raw water pumping station, raw water transmission main, water treatment plant, treated water pumping station, feeder mains, storage reservoir, distribution network. I. INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT Drinking water supply system is the most important infrastructure needed in any human habitations. To supply drinking water to every household in India, central and state governments in India have taken up several programs. Some of these programs are under implementation. Success of any water supply scheme depends on adequate planning, engineering design and construction of the scheme. At the same time, planning and design of piped water supply scheme is multi disciplinary in nature and therefore need diverse skills. To plan and design any piped water supply scheme, inputs are needed from water resource engineer, water treatment plant engineer, hydraulic engineer for design of water supply distribution network, structural engineer, mechanical engineer, electrical and instrumentation engineer and quantity surveyor. A team of engineers having different skills as mentioned above needs to work together. In the research paper, the author highlights the different major activities to be performed by the planning and design team in preparing detailed project report of a water supply scheme. The author separately highlights the design criteria to be used in design of major components of a water supply scheme along with selection of material for the water supply scheme.

The purpose of this research is to determine the feasibility of supplying photovoltaic solar energy for the electrical requirements of drinking water and wastewater treatment plants, in six regions of Colombia, with different geographic and climatological conditions: Andean Region, Amazon Region, Orinoquía Region, Caribbean Region, Pacific Region, and Insular Region. The study revealed that the costs of the photovoltaic systems oscillate between USD 32,486.86 and USD 40,716.86, without using a storage system with batteries, since the price of these makes the investment recovery unfeasible. Instead of using batteries to store energy, a water storage system is used. The total daily load of the sanitation systems is 57 kWh/day, which would avoid 7120.44 kg CO2 per year. Besides, during the entire useful life of the 20-year project, 142.4 tCO2 would not be released into the environment.

Performance assessment of water supply and wastewater services is today a major issue. Over the past six years, the National Civil Engineering Laboratory (Portugal) has been developing performance assessment systems for drinking water treatment plants (WTPs) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In 2009, a national field-test was launched in Portugal, ‘PASt21’, involving 27 plants (10 WTPs and 17 WWTPs). This paper presents an overview of the second generation of the performance indicator (PI) systems for the overall performance assessment of WTPs and WWTPs, the extent to which the systems were applied in the 5-year study period (2006–2010), and the aggregated results (average, median, percentiles 25 and 75, maximum and minimum) of representative PIs in each assessment group. It was concluded that all indicators are relevant, and the results show the ability of the proposed PI systems to assess the overall performance of a given treatment plant. The aggregated results are very im...

Performance assessment of water supply and wastewater services is today a major issue. Over the past six years, the National Civil Engineering Laboratory (Portugal) has been developing performance assessment systems for drinking water treatment plants (WTPs) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In 2009, a national field-test was launched in Portugal, ‘PASt21’, involving 27 plants (10 WTPs and 17 WWTPs). This paper presents an overview of the second generation of the performance indicator (PI) systems for the overall performance assessment of WTPs and WWTPs, the extent to which the systems were applied in the 5-year study period (2006–2010), and the aggregated results (average, median, percentiles 25 and 75, maximum and minimum) of representative PIs in each assessment group. It was concluded that all indicators are relevant, and the results show the ability of the proposed PI systems to assess the overall performance of a given treatment plant. The aggregated results are very im...

Karangpilang II Water Treatment Plant (WTP) is a part of Karangpilang WTP of Surabaya City Water Company, (PDAM Surya Sembada), that serves the water supply for Surabaya City. Karangpilang II WTP has the biggest clean water production capacity in Karangpilang WTP, which is 2500 L/s. Using conventional treatment to remove turbidity, the treatment plant in Karangpilang II WTP consists of pre-sedimentation unit, clearator unit and filter unit. In this study, evaluation of turbidity quality in production water and turbidity removal efficiency were conducted to analyze the Karangpilang II WTP performance in turbidity treatment. The evaluation is conducted using 2016 data, by comparing the turbidity of production water with the Water Quality Standard of PDAM, and by comparing the turbidity of raw water, each treatment units effluents and production water. The evaluation result shows that in the case of Karangpilang II WTP turbidity removal performance, there were some occurrences that the turbidity in production water still not fulfilled the standard quality. The evaluation result also shows that there was a unit in the Karang Pilang II WTP with inadequate performance in turbidity removal, which was the pre-sedimentation unit. The solution that may be given to solve the problem of turbidity removal in Karangpilang II WTP are: increase the maintenance schedule for pre-sedimentation unit; determine the proper turbidity reference in determination of coagulant dose; optimize the coagulant dose; using produced sludge from water treatment as coagulant aid along with Al2SO4; and using capping material in filter unit.

Forecasting is the process that uses statistical tools to make predictions based on past and present data. In the water treatment plant systems, forecasting is useful to increase the efficiency of energy-water units by forecasting the amount of energy used in the current and future time. Fuzzy time-series (FTS) employs an algorithm or statistical model to predict the future condition. By analysing the patterns of data, fuzzy time-series forecasting can forecast the future condition of a system. The FTS approaches have been increasingly popular in recent years, as there are so many methods available for a researcher to apply to forecast the future based on the needs of the user. This paper proposed the modification of the classical fuzzy time series by applying weighted subsethood Fuzzy Time Series (WeSuFTS) in the water management industry. 2 sets of monthly data, which are water production and energy consumption data from January 2017 to December 2020, are used in this study. To measure the performance of the proposed model, the forecast results of the proposed model were compared with the forecast results of Chen and Cheng models. This study compares 3 different models using Absolute Percentage Error (APE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The WeSuFTS model delivers a good performance in the evaluation part with MAPE 0.9252% and APE value between 0.02226% and 1.7877%.

This work provides an original design of joints for underwater pipelines, capable of reducing the foundation problems due to soil subsidence. Typical configurations of pipelines were examined varying in material, loads, etc and relationships were established between the required distance of the ring-shaped joints and the estimated length of the problematic foundation. The results are discussed and the advantages and disadvantages of the design shown.

This document is my desk research related to WSS (Water Supply System) or SPAM in West Java Indonesia and will be use as a source in Risk Management section on running WSS Projects. The content does not belong to me, all i do is collect the informations.

Background & Aims of the Study: Spent filter backwash water (SFBW) consists of 1-5%
of the total treated water typically and it has a high turbidity. Because of the scarcity of
water resources and in order to prevent the environmental contamination, effluent treatment
of rapid sand filter backwashing is unavoidable. One of the new technologies for removal
of turbidity from the effluent is ElectroCoagulation (EC) processes. This study aimed to
examine the efficiency of continuous electrocoagulation in turbidity removal from spent
filter backwash water.
Materials & Methods: This study was non-continuous experiment. A rectangular cube
electrocoagulation tank in 24 cm×17 cm×18 cm dimensions from Plexiglas with the volume
of 7.35 liter was made. In this tank there were 4 metal plates (electrode) (15× 22× 0.1cm);
two electrodes as cathode and anode which were made of aluminum and iron, respectively.
All of the tests were done in continuous flow. According to the study criteria (Time,
Turbidity and pH), 126 sample got with the turbidity 320, 350, 400 NTU from rapid sand
filter backwashing water, so they were tested in current density; 1, 1.4, 1.8, 2, 2.4, 2.8 and
3.2 ampere in 3 selected detention times (10, 20 and 30 min). Each experiment was
repeated two times. In this research the space of electrode and pH is fixed at 1.5 cm and
8.2.
Results: In this case the highest turbidity removal for Al electrode from rapid sand filter
backwashing occurred in the current density 3.2 ampere, 30 min detention time and 320
NTU turbidity. The percent of removal for Al was 95.12. The highest removal for Fe
electrode from rapid sand filter backwashing occur in the current density 3.2 ampere, 30
min detention time and 320 NTU turbidity. The percent of removal for Fe was 87.40.
Conclusion: Regarding to the results of the tests, using electrocoagulation has an
appropriate efficiency in turbidity removal

Solid waste from a surface water treatment plant (WTP sludge) was used as a fluoride adsorbent material for the treatment of water from underground sources by applying the concept of circular flow of materials. The sludge can be used as an alternative economic mineral resource and can be employed in drinking water collection, treatment, and distribution services. Physical and chemical characterization of the WTP sludge was performed via the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TGA), and particle size analysis. The structural characterization indicated that the dominant phases of WTP sludge were quartz, kaolinite, and illite. Chemical analysis demonstrated that the distributions of elements such as aluminum, iron, and silicon in the WTP sludge were identical to those in a clayey residue. Thermal analysis revealed a mass loss of approximately 30% in the sample. The WTP sludge exhibited a fluoride removal ability of approximately 28% as determined by adsorption assays. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were both adequate for representing the removal, particularly the Langmuir model. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model represented the results well, with R2 = 0.9986 and an experimental adsorption capacity () of 0.206 mg/g. The experimental design was based on three factors (pH, initial fluorine concentration, and initial ion concentration) and showed (95% confidence, α = 0.05) that the interaction between the three factors was significant in the response variable. However, these individual parameters were not statistically significant. This study demonstrates the potential of WTP sludge as a groundwater fluoride adsorbent.

In this qualitative paper, a method for technical and operational hazard identification of a water treatment plant is described. Here, fault tree analysis is applied to a physicochemical ultrafiltration (UF) membrane train, with the objectives of developing a systematic approach for organizing and improving our understanding of the hazards at the treatment plant operational level that affect the risk of infection from the pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum. The approach was successful in identifying many technical and operational hazards. The fault tree shows that water treatment plant operation is a complex task where many factors must be taken into account. Regarding the removal of C. parvum oocysts, most initiating events relate to the filtration step in the UF system. In the future, quantification of the probability of fault events may help to prioritize interventions at the operational level.