Weed Ecology

Building on the first Lantana Control Manual, produced in 2004, this resource provides a comprehensive source of information on lantana behaviour and biology, as well as important and practical management information. The manual provides vital guidance on the integration of control options and strips away potential confusion by providing a user-friendly Decision Support Tool to help shape management practices. A concerted effort is required to achieve effective and strategic control of this major weed. This manual demonstrates that through planning, appropriate investment and ongoing diligence, the war on controlling lantana can be won.

Weed suppression is a potential benefit of cover crop mixtures, as species diversity may allow for combining early and late-season competition with weeds. Here, we studied if this is possible for only-legume mixtures containing species with different growth rates, by testing two legumes, alsike clover (AC; Trifolium hybridum L.) and black medic (BM; Medicago lupulina L.) in two field trials sown in 2016 and 2017. Five AC:BM ratios (100:0, 67:33, 50:50, 33:67, and 0:100) were grown at three densities (50%, 100%, and 150% of recommended seed density). Cover crop and weed aboveground biomass (CCB and WB, respectively) were harvested three times, after establishment in spring (H1), in summer (H2), and in autumn after mulching (H3). Compared to fallow plots, all monocultures and mixtures showed early-season weed suppression in terms of biomass production and more efficiency over time with an average reduction of 42%, 52%, and 96% in 2016, and 39%, 55%, and 89% in 2017 at H1, H2, and H3, ...

This chapter mainly informed about the management of the weeds of different grain crops, vegetables, flower crops, oil crops, and others. The weeds were very damaging to main product the quality crops/fruits and this paper study on the inform about weed and how to management the weeds in field. Here is also focus on the common crops and their weeds and common name, scientific name and also added the herbicide name to manage weeds in different plants. The farmers used balance fertilizer and also used chemical insecticides to minimize crop damage. It has been estimated that of the average at 36.5% of total losses where 6.2% by weeds. This chapter has efforted the prescription to the weed management in farmer fields. Hence, I think if this book is available for all agriculturists and farmers then they will benefit.

این یک باور عمومی شایع – اگر نه یک توجیه – است که شاهدانه را می‌توان به شیوه‌ی درست و مفیدی در راستای بهبود حالات آگاهی‌ یا ذهنی دگرگون شده‌ (که هوشیاری آگاهانه‌ی ما از خود و جهان پیرامون‌مان را حذف می‌کند) به کار گرفت. آیا این موضع‌گیری قابل دفاع است؟ ما مواد معتادکننده‌ی قانونی از جمله شاهدانه (آیا مصرف قانونی شاهدانه موجب کاهش خشونت در تجارت مواد مخدر می‌گردد؟) و اثرات جانبی اخلاقی آن (حتی اگر استفاده از شاهدانه از نظر اخلاقی مجاز باشد، شاید نباید به دلیل اینکه از آن در کارهای نادرست استفاده شده است، در زمینه‌های اخلاقی مورد استفاده قرار داد؟) را کنار می‌گذاریم و در عوض، همین یک سوال را در نظر می‌گیریم: چه زمانی انگیزش یا ایجاد حالات دگرگون شده‎ که از طریق مصرف درست شاهدانه به وجود می‌آید سالم است و با توجه به ارزش‌های اخلاقی و دینی مجاز می‌باشد؟

Synedrella nodiflora merupakan gulma dari famili Asteraceae. Synedrella dikenal dengan berbagai nama di  berbagai negara. Synedrella awalnya berkembang di daerah Mexico,Amerika Serikat, Caribbia dan Amerika Selatan kemudian perlahan menyebar hingga kawasan Australia bagian utara dan Hawai.

Dispersal of biota by humans is a hallmark of civilization, but the results are often unforeseen and sometimes costly. Like kudzu vine in the American South, some examples become the stuff of regional folklore. In recent decades, “invasion biology,” conservation-motivated scientists and their allies have focused largely on the most negative outcomes and often promoted the perception that introduced species are monsters. However, cases of monstering by scientists preceded the rise of popular environmentalism. The story of tamarisk (Tamarix spp.), flowering trees and shrubs imported to New England sometime before 1818, provides an example of scientific “monstering” and shows how slaying the monster, rather than allaying its impacts, became a goal in itself. Tamarisks’ drought and salt tolerance suggested usefulness for both coastal and inland erosion control, and politicians as well as academic and agency scientists promoted planting them in the southern Great Plains and Southwest. But when erosion control efforts in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas became entangled with water shortages, economic development during the Depression and copper mining for national defense during World War Two, federal hydrologists moved quickly to recast tamarisks as water-wasting foreign monsters. Demonstrating significant water salvage was difficult and became subsidiary to focusing on ways to eradicate the plants, and a federal interagency effort devoted specifically to the latter purpose was organized and continued until it, in turn, conflicted with regional environmental concerns in the late 1960s.

The paper investigates the diversity and the floristic structure of plant life in the Northwest of the Delta, Egypt. Using Biostatistical techniques the author tracked the impact of some environmental factors on the spatial distribution of weeds among 14 sites and their performance within the assemblages associated with a total of 25 crops monitored in the surveyed area. A total of 473 specific and infraspecific taxa were recorded belonging to, 58 families and 268 genera; and the rich-species families were: Poaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Cyperaceae, respectively. The Botanical Nomenclature of the recorded species were updated according to the Plant List created by the Collaboration between the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and Missouri Botanical Garden (Version 1.1 (September 2013) to compare the performance of species and similar in the subsequent studies. The records of weeds declared that winter weeds constitute the bulk of the recorded species (≈ 63%) and the chorological analyses revealed that they fall under 19 chorotypes and the winter weeds are mainly Mediterranean either pure (53 species) or with extensions into other territories (170 species); while the summer weeds are mainly palaeotropical (43 species) and most of the all-the-year-round weeds are either cosmopolitans or paleotropical. The presence was taken to indicate the degree of ecological success and sociological performance of the species. The degree of seasonal bias was calculated as to increase the knowledge about the seasonal performance of weeds and relate to weed control; and the results had declared that: 39 species of the winter weeds and 23 species of the summer-weeds showed tangible growth in the corresponding other half of the year. Sites and their localities were classified according to the 12-major soil textural classes defined by the USDA soil taxonomy. Biostatistical techniques included Clustering, Multivariate analyses and ordination. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) summarizes the effect of some ecological factors that influence the variation in the vegetation of the 14 sites monitored. The first two axes explained 75.42% of the total inertia; and the samples (sites) where the sandy soil dominates were separated along the positive end of PC1; while those where clay and loamy soils dominate were separated along its negative end. The map of the correlation circle showed that the projection of the following initial variables in the factor space was positively linked with PC1: Species richness (S), Mediterranean element, Shannon_H, Rate of weed seasonality, Rate of crop sustainability and Paleotropical chorotype. Four clusters or vegetative sociation groups (AD) were resulted from Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) and the chorological analysis showed that Group D earned the highest score of the Mediterranean species. The Alpha (α) diversity and Beta (β) diversity indices were measured for the four weed communities. The results of α-diversity indices declared that Group C scored the highest Equitability and Dominance and the lowest Species richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity index values; while Group D was on the contrary; and the other groups gained values between them and the results of the pairwise comparisons for the floristic structure of the weed communities were located in a table indicating the β-diversity index, and by the use of DCA; the magnitude of change in species composition among the sites and the total beta diversity have been measured among the gradient. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (HSD) showed that out of the 15 soil variables, 9 variables were of significant variations and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) results showed that most of the inertia is carried by the first axis (Eigenvalue = 0.028 and percentage of inertia (CCA1) = 91.23%); and with the second axis we obtain 98.94%. The CCA axis 1 was positively correlated to the Coarse sand, Fine sand, Mg, K, Cl, Ca, Na, T.S.S. and H.C. with which the frequency was associated for Group D; and it was negatively correlated with Clay and silt with which the frequencies were associated for Group A and B. The CCA axis 2 was strongly correlated with CaCO3; and Group C was the most sensitive for the variable and with which the frequency of species had been associated. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) showed very high strength of linear relationships between paired data: for most of winter crops; for about half of the summer crops and for the two perennial crops. Most of the orchards paired data showed strong correlations and a variable performance with the other agroecosystems and some of them declared strong correlations with weed assemblages associated with some of the winter crops or summer crops. Using NMDS algorithm four floristic sociation groups (A – D) were identified. The results were represented by NMDS data map (2-D-plot) and winter crops (Group A) were ordinated to the positive end of Dim1, summer crops (Group B) to the negative end and perennial crops and orchards (Groups: C & D) in an intermediate position; while crops were separated according to their soil moisture requirements among Dim2.

Herbivory is a fundamental process that controls primary producer abundance and regulates energy and nutrient flows to higher trophic levels. Despite the recent proliferation of small-scale studies on herbivore effects on aquatic plants, there remains limited understanding of the factors that control consumer regulation of vascular plants in aquatic ecosystems. Our current knowledge of the regulation of primary producers has hindered efforts to understand the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems, and to manage such ecosystems effectively. We conducted a global meta-analysis of the outcomes of plant–herbivore interactions using a data set comprised of 326 values from 163 studies, in order to test two mechanistic hypotheses: first, that greater negative changes in plant abundance would be associated with higher herbivore biomass densities; second, that the magnitude of changes in plant abundance would vary with herbivore taxonomic identity. We found evidence that plant abundance declined with increased herbivore density, with plants eliminated at high densities. Significant between-taxa differences in impact were detected, with insects associated with smaller reductions in plant abundance than all other taxa. Similarly, birds caused smaller reductions in plant abundance than echinoderms, fish, or molluscs. Furthermore, larger reductions in plant abundance were detected for fish relative to crustaceans. We found a positive relationship between herbivore species richness and change in plant abundance, with the strongest reductions in plant abundance reported for low herbivore species richness, suggesting that greater herbivore diversity may protect against large reductions in plant abundance. Finally, we found that herbivore–plant nativeness was a key factor affecting the magnitude of herbivore impacts on plant abundance across a wide range of species assemblages. Assemblages comprised of invasive herbivores and native plant assemblages were associated with greater reductions in plant abundance compared with invasive herbivores and invasive plants, native herbivores and invasive plants, native herbivores and mixed-nativeness plants, and native herbivores and native plants. By contrast, assemblages comprised of native herbivores and invasive plants were associated with lower reductions in plant abundance compared with both mixed-nativeness herbivores and native plants, and native herbivores and native plants. However, the effects of herbivore–plant nativeness on changes in plant abundance were reduced at high herbivore densities. Our mean reductions in aquatic plant abundance are greater than those reported in the literature for terrestrial plants, but lower than aquatic algae. Our findings highlight the need for a substantial shift in how biologists incorporate plant–herbivore interactions into theories of aquatic ecosystem structure and functioning. Currently, the failure to incorporate top-down effects continues to hinder our capacity to understand and manage the ecological dynamics of habitats that contain aquatic plants.

The site of Engaruka in northern Tanzania has been the focus of decades of archaeological research regarding the development of terraced field systems in East Africa. Engaruka is a vast agricultural landscape, occupied from the 14th century and abandoned in 18th century. The abandonment of such a large and intensively cultivated area has been interpreted by some policy makers as a response to a failure of the agronomy, as has been argued elsewhere. This PhD research represents the archaeobotanical component of the AAREA (Archaeology of Agricultural Resilience in East Africa) Project, which was focused on establishing the efficacy of applying archaeological results that are in a dynamic state of development to policy decisions regarding agricultural resilience and sustainability. This study focuses on the identification of crops in cultivation at Engaruka during its occupation based on the analysis of archaeobotanical residues (e.g. charred plant remains), as well as historic and ethnographic observations of cultivation throughout the region. The results confirm the presence of sorghum and other millets as well as several pulses, disproving the argument that ancient Engarukans were practicing sorghum monoculture. These data have been queried to address questions about the presence and preservation of millets and pulses and non-crop taxa in both expected and unlikely contexts, providing information on a range of issues including cultivation strategy and practice, specifically relating to harvesting techniques, the role of wild and weedy taxa, and differential use of space. Discussion is based upon detailed investigations of plant cultivation, collection/harvest, and exploitation through quantification of charred plant macrofossils, gathered weeds/wild taxa, and interview data relating to farming practices, thus highlighting the strengths of a multidisciplinary approach for understanding resilience, sustainability, and, more generally, what it means to subsist in a challenging and dynamic agricultural landscape.

Han pasado más de 30 años de la última edición de la obra de Ángel Marzocca " Manual de Malezas " y si bien se han editado numerosos trabajos científicos y/o tecnológicos, informes técnicos y aún capítulos en libros de cultivos relacionados con la temática de las malezas, los mismos abordan aspectos con distinto grado de profundidad, enfoques parciales o bien se encuentran diseminados en múltiples publicaciones. Se estima que la edición de una obra actualizada que abrace buena parte de los conocimientos disponibles en Argentina sobre plantas invasoras, malezas y su manejo en los distintos sistemas de producción del país, representará un significativo aporte al conocimiento y será una fuente permanente de consulta en todas aquellas cuestiones coligadas con la presencia de este tipo de plantas que interfieren con la actividad productiva en los agroecosistemas. Hemos acordado publicar esta obra reconociendo principalmente la necesidad de un texto en idioma español orientado en particular a docentes universitarios y del nivel medio ligados a las ciencias agrarias, estudiantes de agronomía, profesionales y técnicos no sólo estrictamente vinculados con la productividad agropecuaria sino también de interés para toda persona interesada en el conocimiento de los atributos biológicos de las plantas espontáneas. Esta Obra comprende tres tomos. El primero de ellos abarca todos los aspectos relacionados con la ecología de las malezas y su manejo en agroecosistemas. Los mismos incluyen desde aspectos más generales relacionados con la biología y la dinámica de poblaciones vegetales hasta más particulares, como es el manejo de malezas en cultivos extensivos e intensivos, la prevención de invasiones, el uso de modelos en la dinámica espacio-temporal de poblaciones, la residualidad y los efectos ambientales de los herbicidas o el control biológico, entre muchas otras temáticas, que son abordadas por 65 autores en 33 capítulos a lo largo de 950 páginas. En el Tomo II se desarrollan los aspectos relacionados con la clasificación botánica e identificación de unas 600 especies, presentadas en páginas a todo color con una ficha descriptiva asociada, que jerarquiza los caracteres que permiten una rápida identificación en el campo de las especies tratadas. En el Tomo III se abordan los atributos biológicos y eco-fisiológicos que caracterizan y contribuyen al éxito ecológico de una determinada especie. Las secciones incluyen revisiones y puesta al día de conocimientos que contribuyen a optimizar las herramientas de prevención y manejo de una especie. Los contenidos de cada una de ellas son construidos por investigadores que las han estudiado durante varios años, muchos de ellos en el marco de experimentos

Gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.) is a cosmopolitan weed and is traditionally used as a vegetable in Java highland. The study aimed to evaluate agroecology and uses of G. parviflora as an indigenous vegetable in Java. Researches were conducted in Kuningan, Banjarnegara, and Wonosobo districts from June 2015 to July 2017. The distribution map was drawn from field tracks, interviews, and literature studies. Results revealed two Galinsoga species based on leaf and
stem shape, i.e., G. parviflora and G. quadriradiata. Only G. parviflora was selected as a vegetable in Banjarnegara and Wonosobo, but not in Kuningan district. It ranked seventh among 13 traditional vegetables; young shoot with inflorescences was consumed after cooking or boiling, and sometimes used as a diuretic. Although it contributed low to household diet, however, its position on the social relationship among neighbors was important. The wide distribution range of Galinsoga in
Java is potential as a new vegetable. It is important to study the nutrient content of this vegetable to improve utilization.

Abstract
Forty species related to 21 families were identified as the weeds of wheat from village Lahor, District Swabi during
April 2005. Poaceae (7 spp), followed by Brassicaceae (5 spp), Caryophyllaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae (each with 4 spp)
were the important families. The remaining families had single species. The most frequent species with more than 45%
average frequency were Anagallis arvensis L., Arenaria serphyllifolia L., Chenpodium album L., Fumaria indica (Hausskn)
H. N. Pugsley., Melilotus indica (L.) All., Rumex dentatus (Meissn) Rich., and Veronica biloba Linn. Based on importance
value four communities viz., Arenaria -Anagallis-Chenopodium, Fumaria-Rumex-Chenopodium, Fumaria-Chenopodium-
Anagallis, Arenaria-Fumaria-Chenopodium were deciphered. Caryophyllaceae, Fumariaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae,
Poaceae and Primulaceae were the dominant families on the basis of family importance values. The biological spectrum
showed that there were 82.5% therophytes and 12.5% hemicryptophytes. Geophytes and chamaephytes were represented by
one species each. Leaf spectra consisted of 42.5% microphylls, 35% nanophylls and 22.5% leptophylls. Biomass of the
forbs was higher than the grasses. Species diversity was higher in Koz Mulk and Pani owing to crop rotation.

Aquatic plants fulfil a wide range of ecological roles, and make a substantial contribution to the structure, function and service provision of aquatic ecosystems. Given their well-documented importance in aquatic ecosystems, research into aquatic plants continues to blossom. The 14th International Symposium on Aquatic Plants, held in Edinburgh in September 2015, brought together 120 delegates from 28 countries and six continents. This special issue of Hydrobiologia includes a select number of papers on aspects of aquatic plants, covering a wide range of species, systems and issues. In this paper, we present an overview of current trends and future directions in aquatic plant research in the early twenty first century. Our understanding of aquatic plant biology, the range of scientific issues being addressed and the range of techniques available to researchers have all arguably never been greater; however, substantial challenges exist to the conservation and management of both aquatic plants and the ecosystems in which they are found. The range of countries and continents represented by conference delegates and authors of papers in the special issue illustrates the global relevance of aquatic plant research in the early twenty first century but also the many challenges that this burgeoning scientific discipline must address.

The impact of six different land use systems on soil properties were examined in a tropical region. Three
systems based on natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), teak (Tectona grandis), cassava (Manihot esculenta) and
nearby natural forest located between 76o 52' and 77o E longitude and 9o 25' to 9o 30' N latitude, in Kerala,
India were investigated. Representative soil samples were collected and analyzed for organic carbon (OC),
water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), hot water extractable carbon (HWEC), permanganate oxidizable
carbon (POSC), available nutrients (K, Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) and pH. In situ field soil respiration
measurements were also taken from representative sites in the different systems. Carbon management
indices (CMI) were worked out in terms of OC, WSOC, HWEC and POSC of different systems with respect
to forest system. Soil organic matter quantity and quality were found to be declining in all cultivated systems
compared to forest. Nitrogen and available cations such as K, Ca and Mg also had declined in cultivated
systems. Microbial activity indicated by soil respiration rate also had declined in all the land use systems
compared to forest. The declining trends in soil properties were more in the regularly tilled cassava soil
where the crop residue inputs were also negligible. The rubber-Mucuna system had conserved more organic
matter, quantity wise while teak system had conserved more organic matter, quality wise. The teak system
had higher soil respiration rate than all other cultivated systems. The forest and teak systems where
multi-species flora existed had less soil acidity than rubber based land use systems. In rubber based systems,
av.Cu status was found to be higher, probably due to the regularly applied Cu based fungicides. Soil
respiration rate was found to be having significant and positive correlation

A field experiment was conducted at to assess the efficacy of different post emergence herbicides to control weeds in wheat crop and their effect on crop yield. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) and each treatment was repeated three times. Herbicides of different companies were compared to know about their efficacy to control different weeds species grown in association with wheat crop. Different post emergence herbicides such as Isoproturon 500 WP @ 1000 g a.i.ha-1 , Isoproturon 500 WP @ 1000 g a.i.ha-1 , clodinafop + propargyl @ 45 g a.i. ha-1 , clodinafop propargyl @ 45 g a.i. ha-1 , bromoxynil + MCPA @ 500 g a.i. ha-1 , bromoxynil + MCPA @ 500 g lit a.i. ha-1 , Bristal @ 125 g a.i. ha-1 , Puma super @ 93.75 g a.i. ha-1 were sprayed as post emergence herbicides including weedy control. All herbicidal treatments significantly reduced weeds population but level of efficacy was different for each herbicide. Among all weed control treatments clodinafop propargyl @ 300 g a.i. ha-1 effectively controlled weeds which caused increase in crop plant growth and yield. Clodinafop propargyl @ 300 g a.i. ha-1 gave the maximum net profit of Rs. 105955 ha-1. However, maximum MRR (%) of 3311 was obtained by applying clodinafop propargyl @ 300 g a.i. ha-1 followed by Bristal @ 1.25 lit a.i. ha-1 with the MRR (%) of 1480.

The phytosociological researches which intent for studying the performance of weeds and the structure of weed assemblages associated with different crops derives their importance mainly from the adverse effect of weeds on crop productivity. Consequently, it is worth questioning about the ecological preferences of the weed growth in response to three main drivers for weed community structure associated with agronomic, and horticultural crops: crop diversification, crop seasonality, and soil type. A study area was selected comprising farmland of Nile Delta and its adjoining east and west territories, Egypt. A total of 555 species were recorded in 30 agroecosystems monitored and depending on species frequency/ abundance values, 150 species were designated as the most influential weeds in weed community structure associated with agronomic and horticultural crops. The ecological preference of species for crop seasonality was evident through the results of Agglomerative hierarchical clustering. Three weed assemblage groups (WAG) identified: WAG A associated with winter agronomic crops, WAG B associated with summer agronomic crops, and WAG C associated with perennial agronomic crops and horticultural crops (orchards). Their diversity evaluated at different levels. The growth preference of the 150 species which were assigned as most influential weeds was gauged in response to the three environmental variables. 61 species were faithful to WAG A, 45 to WAG B, and 44 to WAG C. Concerning crop diversification, 34-species were significantly affected and scored coefficient of variation ! 100%. As for soil type, indicator species analysis revealed that 66-species show growth preference in fine grained soil while 84-species prefer coarse grained soil. In the three vegetation units (WAG A-C), 12 within-group associations (alliances) were specified of less-common (differential) species. The record of these alliances match to a specific environmental condition (ecological niche) and in them 29 strong indicators are identified. Redundancy analysis was used to extract and summarize the variation in species records in the response matrix (species vs. sites) that can be explained by the three different types of growth preference (explanatory variables), and the partial linear effect of them was evaluated by variation partitioning.

Studies of species within a genus indicate that certain life history traits are prevalent within invasive species.  Traits associated with invasiveness include small seed mass, short juvenile period, high relative growth rate, and short periods between masting events (Grotkopp et al. 2002, Richardson and Rejmánek 2004).  Using a relatively new invasive (spreading in Japan since 1990), our objectives were to determine how life history traits vary within species between ranges and whether a weedy lifestyle has evolved.  We collected populations of a self-fertilizing, short-lived winter annual, hairy bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta) from two countries in its native European range (France and Malta) and two countries within its introduced range (Japan and the United States).  Populations were grown under uniform greenhouse conditions and measured for differences in life history traits such as time between each stage (e.g. seed to seedling) and fecundity.  Collected seeds were sown in a field experiment testing total lifetime fitness and life history traits under varying propagule pressure. High variation was found between the non-native and native genotypes, with non-natives having higher germination, flowering, and fecundity aiding in invasiveness.

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Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) is cultivated as an ornamental and hedge plant in many countries which is native to American tropics. It’s introduc- tion to the Indian subcontinent dates back around 200 years ago. It is an invasive alien species that has a negative impact on native biodiversity. It is evident that management of L. camara is crucial for the conservation of bio- diversity. Studying its phenological characteristics as they adapt to environ- mental circumstances through time and space will aid in the development of management goals and strategies. This study uses BBCH scale firstly to describe the phenology of L. camara, which is represented by nine Pheno- logical Growth Stages (PGS) in response to environmental conditions during a 32-months period in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, representing its growth. To standardise morphological traits and the phenological observation, photo- graphs of certain significant developmental stages in addition to the de- scriptions have been illustrated. Researchers can utilise this uniform label- ling method as a tool to help with weed management efforts. Phenological studies of this invasive weed species may be employed for tracking the gradual impact of climate change on biodiversity and its effect on the key phenological events in the lifecycle.

The study of the extent of variability and the order of importance for the impact of environmental factors on species distribution and weed community structure from one region to the other is an interesting research subject. The present study aimed to discuss the issue to give a comparative view with the author's findings about the impact of the prevailing climate, soil type, crop type, crop sustainability and urbanization on species distribution and weed community structure in the coastal farmland and adjacent territories in northwest delta region (Mahgoub, 2019). A new sample area selected and comprised the reclaimed land of El Ballah region in Isthmus of Suez and adjoining farmland east Nile delta. A total of 245 species were recorded. Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) identified four vegetative sociation groups (VSG). The diversity of the four identified VSG or weed communities was evaluated at different levels. Parincipal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated the influence of the five eco factors on species distribution and variability of weed community structure, summarized the relationships among variables and investigated the proximity among samples and how they related to variables. ANOVA followed by Tukey's test were applied twice for the resulted VSG, one depending on soil variables as explanatory variables and the other on sampling site's indicative scores for the five eco factors. The results of ANOVA (R 2 , F, P), sample variance (S 2) and other multivariate analyses indicated a different order of importance for the impact of the five eco factors in comparable to the former study denoted above. The soil type was the most impacting factor on species distribution and weed community structure, followed by crop type, crop sustainability , prevailing climate and urbanization, respectively.

To study the analysis of weeds of Gandhinagar district the study was carried out for period of 2 years from March '2011 to February '2013. The present study was carried out in 20 selected sites of four talukas of Gandhinagar district. Phytosociological methods were preferred for analysis of weeds. Weed analysis was done with repeated field trips encompassing all the different seasons. During the field work and collection, special attention was given to record the occurrence of weeds. Quantitative analysis of weeds was done by determination of the Total no. of sp., percentage population and density of weeds. Qualitative analysis of weeds was done by types of weeds, Habit wise, Family wise, Genus wise and species wise distribution of weeds.

Weed infestation is among the main biotic factors affecting growth and yield of various crops. This issue is more drastic for cereal crops like wheat which is the staple food crop of over 2.5 billion population of the world. One the control strategies is to investigate the distribution pattern of weeds under field conditions. In this regard, a survey study was conducted to investigate the distribution pattern of weed species in wheat crop during 2016-18 in district Khanewal, Punjab Pakistan. Thirty-six weed species distributed among fifteen different families were collected from the study area. Family Poaceae was the predominant with 10 species, while family Asteraceae was the second most dominant family with four weed species. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. was the most frequently found specie with frequency value of 79.1% while Paspalum distichum had the highest importance value index (6.96) among the weeds of the study area. Based on these findings, it is recommended to create awareness among the farmers about the identified weeds so that weed infestation could be controlled with the recommended practices.

ABSTRACT A characteristic group of obligatory weeds was found in the well of the submerged Pre-Pottery Neolithic C site of Atlit-Yam, Israel. Identifying these finds to species level was crucial for defining them as obligatory weeds. We deal here with the earliest and largest assemblage of obligatory and facultative weeds in the southwest Asian Neolithic. Atlit-Yam may reflect a stage in the establishment of weeds in cultivated fields. Weeds are an important resource for reconstructing the agricultural situation in archaeological sites, as weed-crop interactions reflect an agricultural lifestyle. Some of the weeds of Atlit-Yam grow in fields as well as in Mediterranean herbaceous habitats. This may indicate that the local herbaceous ecosystem was the original habitat of the weeds and the place where the first fields were planted. Presence in a single context of the earliest identified obligatory grain pest beetle (Sitophilus granarius) along with obligatory weeds reflects a novel change made to the ecosystem by the farmers, in which stored crops were invaded by pests.