XiiI century

RESUMO: O artigo seguinte objetiva investigar o retrato do humanismo do século XIII desenvolvido pelo historiador Walter Ullmann. Busca desse modo oferecer uma contribuição ao debate relacionado ao desenvolvimento contemporâneo da historiografia acerca da filosofia medieval. À luz de pesquisas recentes, o artigo revisa os principais argumentos relativos ao humanismo medieval defendidos por Ullmann na conferência The humanistic thesis: The emergence of the citizen. Palavras-chave: Walter Ullmann; História da filosofia medieval; Humanismo do século XIII. ABSTRACT: The following article aims to investigate the picture of the thirteenth-century humanism developed by historian Walter Ullmann. We seek to offer a contribution to the debate related to the development of contemporary historiography about medieval philosophy. In light of recent literature, the article reviews the main arguments about medieval humanism defended by Ullmann at the conference The humanistic thesis: The emergence of the citizen.

În articolul de față ne-am propus să analizăm lucrările de sinteză referitoare la istoria românilor, fiind discutată ima-ginea spațiului tranislvănean și rolul jucat de el în istoria românilor. Repetatele modificări teritoriale, specifice primei jumătăți a secolului XX, și deflagrațiile majore consumate în această perioadă stârnesc momente de intensă încordare sociopolitică între România și Ungaria. Aceste tensiuni, care mocnesc în rândurile oamenilor politici ai vremii, vor cunoaște și o nuanță socială, însă nici istoricii nu au făcut abstracție de conjunctură. Exercițiul scrierii istorice a cunoscut o linie direcționată în mare parte de situația politică a vremii. Prezenta cercetare are un rol exhaustiv și interpretativ, punând în valoare un bilanț cantitativ și calitativ al lucrărilor care fac referire la Transilvania în secolul al XIII-lea. Se urmărește creionarea liniilor interpretative propuse de istoricii români, în virtutea exigențelor ideologice și politice. Astfel, până la prăbușirea regimului comunist, sunt radiografiate schemele și nuanțele hermeneutice, sub forma Istoriei oficiale. Cuvinte-cheie: istoriografie, comunism, istorici români, sinteze, istorie oficială, ideologie, interpretare.
TRANSYLVANIA OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY IN THE WORKS OF SYNTHESIS. STUDY ON ROMANIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. LOOKING FOR THE OFFICIAL HISTORY The main aim for this research is to analyze the synthesis works on the history of Romanians being discussed the image and role of Transylvania in the Romanian history. Repeated territorial changes which are specific to the first half of the XXth century and major conflicts during this period arouse intense moments of socio-political tension between Romania and Hungary. These tensions that simmer among politicians of the time, will embrace also a social nuance, and historians and their works are also implied. The historical writing experienced a very conplex which is drawn as a mirror for the time and the strained general context. The researches have an exhaustive and interpretive role, highlighting a balance of quantitative and qualitative work that refers to Transylvania in the XIIIth century. One of our targets is to outline the proposed interpretative lines of the Romanian scholars, under the ideological and political exigencies. Thus, until the collapse of the communist regime the researches are analyzed schemes and hermeneutic trend of the so-called Official history.

Cet article propose de retracer les dernières découvertes réalisées sur la tour Lhermitte, composante de l’enceinte urbaine de l’ensemble fortifié de Coucy-le-Château. Deux récentes études archéologiques y ont en effet rencontré des résultats inespérés. Outre la mise au jour d’un intéressant lot mobilier, les fouilles ont permis de mieux appréhender l’aspect primitif de la structure avec la découverte surprise d’une salle basse. De plus, ces opérations ont mis en évidence diverses phases d’évolution visant à adapter la tour au développement de l’artillerie à poudre. Ces phases, très bien fossilisées, sont à mettre en relation directe avec l’histoire de Coucy. Bien qu’entraînant de nouvelles questions, ces découvertes offrent ainsi un aperçu inédit de l’évolution défensive du site, de la fin du XIVe siècle jusqu’au démantèlement final des fortifications, à la suite de La Fronde, en 1652.



The present article recounts the last discoveries from the tour Lhermitte, a component of the urban surrounding walls of the fortified complex in Coucy-le-Château. In this tower, two recent archaeological studies led to unhoped-for findings. Indeed, interesting pieces of furniture were found, and excavations allowed archaeologists to better understand the original appearance of the structure, thanks to the unexpected discovery of a lower room. Furthermore, these operations revealed several phases corresponding to the adaptation of the tower to the development of powder artillery. These phases, in a good fossilized state, are directly related to the history of Coucy. Thus, these discoveries, although they raise new questions, provide a novel overview of the defensive development of the place, from the end of the XIVth century to the final dismantling of the fortifications, after the Fronde, in 1652.


Dieser Artikel hat zum Ziel, die jüngsten Entdeckungen zu schildern, die auf dem Turm Lhermitte gemacht wurden. Der Turm Lhermitte ist Bestandteil der städtischen Ringmauer der Festungsanlage Coucy-le-Château. Zwei neu durchgeführte archäologische Studien haben nämlich zu unverhofften Ergebnissen geführt. Neben der Aufdeckung eines interessanten Mobiliar-Satzes haben die Ausgrabungen erlaubt, die ursprüngliche Gestalt der Baustruktur mit der überraschenden Entdeckung eines Kellerraums besser zu erfassen. Auβerdem haben diese Vorgänge verschiedene Entwicklungsphasen aufgedeckt, um den Turm der Entwicklung der Pulverartillerie anzupassen. Diese Phasen sind sehr gut versteinert und stehen in direktem Zusammenhang mit der Geschichte von Coucy. Wenngleich sich dadurch neue Fragen ergeben, bieten diese Entdeckungen einen einzigartigen Überblick der defensiven Entwicklung der Festungsanlage vom Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts bis zum endgültigen Abbau der Befestigungen nach dem Bürgerkrieg der Fronde im Jahre 1652.

La «Storia di Manfredi» di August Karst . La critica storica sincrona e la sua lettura nel XX secolo.

Il quadro complessivo del saggio di August Karst, che è possibile trarre dai giudizi di storici coevi quali Bene-detto Croce, Karl Hampe e Thomas Frederick Tout, offre una visione chiara delle valenze e di molte discrepan-ze nell’inquadramento della complessa vicenda manfrediana, ma allo stesso tempo inserisce il lettore nella temperie culturale e politica dell’epoca. Tra Otto e Novecento la produzione storiografica germanica è, di fatto, fortemente condizionata dal serrato confronto ideologico tra Piccoli e Grandi tedeschi, dall’influsso della scuola prussiana di Johann Gustav Droysen, dalla fondazione del Reich dopo la guerra franco-prussiana del 1870 e dagli appetiti imperialistici manifestati in maniera pericolosa dopo l’assunzione al trono di Guglielmo II (1888). In antitesi con la serena visione di storici come Friedrich Schirrmaker -e senza dubbio condizionato dal giudizio negativo espresso da Jamsilla su Manfredi-, Karst vede con sospetto ogni attentato all’Impero, giudica Manfredi un traditore e considera gli italiani infidi, ponendosi all’origine di quelle aberrazioni nazionalrazzistiche che avrebbero sorretto ideologicamente l’affermazione del nazionalsocialismo hitleriano. In definitiva, gli anni Novanta dell’Ottocento costituiscono l’obbligato punto di partenza di un disegno di storia della storiografia del Novecento e la storia di Manfredi, edita da Karst nel 1897, rappresenta in tal senso una tessera particolarmente indicativa che, oggi più che mai, è opportuno riconsiderare.

The «History of Manfredi» by August Karst. Historical synchronic criticism and its reading in the 20th century.

The overall picture of August Karst's essay, which can be drawn from the opinions of contemporary historians such as Benedetto Croce, Karl Hampe and Thomas Frederick Tout, offers a clear vision of the valences and of many discrepancies in the framework of the complex Manfredian affair, but at the same time inserts the reader into the cultural and political climate of the time. Between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries Germanic hi-storiographical production is, in fact, strongly influenced by the tight ideological confrontation between Small and Large Germans, the influence of the Prussian school of Johann Gustav Droysen, the Reich foundation after the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 and imperialistic appetites manifested in a dangerous way after the assumption of the throne of William II (1888). In antithesis with the serene vision of historians like Friedrich Schirrmaker - and undoubtedly conditioned by the negative judgment expressed by Jamsilla on Manfred - Karst sees with suspicion every attack on the Empire, judges Manfredi a traitor and considers the Italians treacherous, placing himself at the origin of those national-racial aberrations that would have ideologically supported the affirmation of Hitler's national socialism. Ultimately, the nineties of the nineteenth century constitute the obligatory starting point of a drawing of history of the historiography of the twentieth century and the history of Manfred, published by Karst in 1897, represents in this sense a particularly indicative card that, today more than never, it is advisable to reconsider.

Published in:
Атлантика: Записки по исторической поэтике. Том 12. М.: 2015. С. 38-56.

Summary
Early Middle Low German written sources from Gotland (the treaty of 1269, the oldest Statute of the Hanseatic Peterhof in Novgorod, and the Visby municipal law) were analised to specify the place and role of the Baltic island in shaping the legal foundations and official language of the Hansaetic merchant community in Novgorod. The Low German used for these texts shows the same Westfalian and Low Saxon dialectal features as would be expected from a community founded by immigrants from these parts of Germany. Thanks to the key role of Visby the German written tradition in Novgorod was based on this specific variant of Low German, accompanied by some Scandinavian features, also found in these eraly texts (like the description Skra which was since exclusively used for the statute of the German community in Novgorod). On the other hand, the Visby municipal law differes from the analysed Novgorod documents by lacking Scandinavian graphemes. To explain this contradiction between histotical context and linguistic fact, the Visby municipal law shoul be viewed against the local tradition of Scandinavan law on Gotland.

The 10 th volume of the research series "Rus' , Lithuania, Horde" is a special volume devoted to the XVI International Numismatic Congress in Warsaw (2022). e volume contains publications and analysis of numismatic and sphragistic ndings, as well as academic research and supplementary studies. e series is intended for historians, archeologists, numismatists, sigillographers, and other persons interested in heraldry, economics, and the law of the states of Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages.

Los registros de cancillería constituyen un instrumento de primera mano para reconstruir toda aquella documentación cuyos originales se han perdido. Para el reinado de Jaime I de Aragón (1213-1276) contamos con un treintena comprendidos entre 1252 y 1275, en su inmensa mayoría inéditos, que tratan sobre diversos aspectos de Borja a mediados del siglo XIII: la fiscalidad con las contribuciones ordinarias y extraordinarias que debían pagar los borjanos, los conflictos que el rey mantuvo con la nobleza y que implicaron a todos los lugares de la Corona, la administración interna ejercida por justicias y alfaquíes o incluso la noticia de algunas actividades de índole criminal.

Апстракт. Служба Преполовљењу празника представља саставни део Цветног триода и поје се у среду четврте недеље после Ускрса. До сада је проучен само један њен српски препис, сачуван у рукопису Архива САНУ 361 из средине XIII века. У овом ће раду бити представљен старији препис, вероватно из друге или треће деценије тога столећа, сачуван у српском триоду РНБ, F. п I 68 који се данас чува у Руској националној библиотеци у Санкт Петербургу. Овај старији препис Службе има већи репертоар химнографских састава од Службе у Академијином рукопису, а постоје и значајне разлике у погледу распореда појединих текстова у оквиру Службе. Посебна пажња биће посвећена управо међусобном односу ова два најстарија преписа Службе Преполовљењу.
Кључне речи: Служба Преполовљењу, канон, Андреја Критски, Теодор Грапт, триод, XIII век.

Battaglia della Meloria: gli eventi che conducono al 6 Agosto 1284 • 1º Marzo: il veneziano ​ Alberto Morosini​ eletto Podestà di Pisa. • Primi di Maggio: ​ battaglia di Tavolara​. Vittoria genovese di Enrico De Mari • 5 Aprile (mercoledì santo): Benedetto Zaccaria muove da Genova con trenta galee armate ​ ad apodixias​. • 9 Aprile (domenica di Pasqua): la flotta di Benedetto Zaccaria raggiunge Porto Pisano​ ; quindi si dirige verso Aleria, in Corsica. Lungo il tragitto cattura alcune navi pisane, veneziane e catalane. • Giugno: Alberto Morosini è nominato "Signore Generale de la guerra di mare"; la flotta di Benedetto Zaccaria è avvistata presso la Gorgona. • Giugno/Luglio: Alberto Morosini fa armare 20 galee, portando il numero dei legni disponibili a ​ 72​ (il dato è fornito da ​ Iacopo Doria​) • Luglio: la flotta di Benedetto Zaccaria incrocia al largo di Sassari; intercettata nel porto di Tizzano, nel sud-ovest della Corsica, fa vela verso Genova. • 22 Luglio: la flotta di Alberto Morosini esce da Bocca d'Arno alla volta di Porto Pisano. • 24 Luglio: la flotta di Alberto Morosini prende il mare da Porto Pisano. • 24-30 Luglio: la flotta di Alberto Morosini tenta di intercettare quella di Benedetto Zaccaria puntando verso la Corsica; quindi, in direzione di Albenga. • 31 Luglio: Benedetto Zaccaria, accostatosi a Capo di Monte, scorge verso Ponente la flotta di Alberto Morosini in avvicinamento. Entra in porto in tutta fretta. I Capitani del Popolo, Oberto Doria e Oberto Spinola, fanno armare ​ 58 galee e 8 panfili tra l'ora terza (le 9 del mattino) e il Vespro. La flotta, guidata da Oberto Doria, si rifugia nella cala di Sturla. • 1º Agosto: la flotta genovese scorge la flotta pisana allontanarsi verso Ponente​ ; si decide di fare vela verso Capo di Monte per intercettarla qualora avesse virato verso Porto Pisano. Dopodiché, il Doria decide di fare rotta verso Porto Maurizio. Nel frattempo il Morosini giunge nei pressi di Nizza. Quindi, si volge verso Capo Corso. • 3 Agosto: la flotta di Alberto Morosini fa incetta d'acqua a Capo Corso; di qui, si dirige verso Porto Pisano. • 5 Agosto: la flotta di Oberto Doria tocca Capo Corso; quindi, nel corso della notte, naviga verso Porto Pisano. La si avvista al largo di Piombino. • 6 Agosto: la battaglia ha inizio verso mezzogiorno; termina a sera. • 7 Agosto: verso sera, la flotta genovese giunge a Portovenere. • 9 Agosto: la flotta genovese fa rotta verso il Porto di Genova.

The article deals with the poorly preserved murals of the Empire of Nicaea. There were several centres of art production in the Empire. At the time of the Empire’s foundation the murals of Zoodochos Pege in Monagri on
Kos and of Tavşan Ada (the 4th layer) were created by the same local artists. The next stage (first third of the 13th century) is represented by the paintings in Caria and Ionia: on the Inçekemer Taş rock, in the destroyed church in Punta on Mykale cap, Deesis in the skeuofylakion of St. John church in Ephesos, in the church on Theatre terrace in Pergamon and the frescoes of Latmos (monastic caves outside the Kellibaron gate, cave of Christ above Ancient Latmos, cave of St. Paul of Latmos). Some echoes of the dynamic style of the 12th century are combined in these ensembles with new trends — voluminous characteristic faces, modeled in Kellibaron in live pasty technique. The frescoes of Pergamon and Ephesos look more ordinary.
Next stage, the reign of John III Vatatzes, is represented by the paintings in Kyriakosellia on Crete (1230–1236) attributed to Nicene masters. These are high quality paintings, with much more plasticity and inspiration, however, with some provincialism. They are characterized by spatial compositions, complicated architecture, dynamic poses of saints with voluminous figures and plastic faces, sometimes grotesque. On the
contrary, the third layer of murals of St. Michael at Thari and the first layer in St. Phanourios in the old city of Rhodes (1226–1234) made by Nicene painters demonstrate more archaic elements. The second layer of  the murals in Patmos refectory (1230–1240) must have been created under Nicene influence, while some ensembles on the islands of Crete, Leros and Cos made under the influence of Patmos were painted by Nicene artists themselves, as A. Katsioti suggests. The style of frescoes in the basilica of Anaia and the two pastophoria of St. Sophia in Nicaea continue and develop the trends outlined in Kyriakosellia, demonstrating the third stage in the development of Nicene art at the end of the reign of John III Vatatzes and Theodore III Laskaris (1240–1250s). Their careful consideration reveals high quality of painting, refined colors, monumental scale of figures of saints and angels, obvious emphasis on volume and lively turns. The faces have beautiful classical types with large features. The monumental classicism of these poorly preserved paintings, dating back most likely to around the middle of the 13th century, is impressive. These frescoes should be placed somewhere between the paintings of Mileševa and Sopoćani. To Nicene painters should be also ascribed the frescoes of Bojana (1259), the first layer in the church of Sts. Nicholas and John in Stavropigi, Mesa Mani, and the murals in the monastery of the Virgin Kyriotissa in Constantinople. Appreciating the role of Nicea in the development of art one should consider another important center, Thessaloniki. Yet the art connections between these two centers, Constantinople and The Second Bulgarian Kingdom, were really complex. Poorly preserved and little-known monuments of the Empire of Nicea allow a better understanding of the artistic processes of the 13th century, which led to the appearance of the Early Palaeologan style.

Abdruck in:
Синхрония, диахрония, текстология. Сборник научных статей и переводов: К юбилею Е.М.Чекалиной. Ред.колл. Э.Б.Крылова, Т.А.Михайлова, Е.Р.Сквайрс, Е.Л.Жильцова, И.В.Матыцина. М.:МАКС Пресс, 2016. С. 90-100.
= Synchronie, Diachronie, Textologie. Festschrift für Elena Tschekalina. Hrg. Elvira Krylova, Tatiana Michailova, Catherine Squires, Elena Zhiltsova, Irina Matytsina. Moskau 2016.

Апстракт: Књига триод садржи службе покретног годишњег цилкуса, од Недеље митара и фарисеја до Недеље свих светих тј. до прве недеље после Вазнесења. Књига је добила назив по скраћеним канонима који се састоје од три, ређе и четири песме (оде). Триод се постепено формирао током дугог временског периода, а одликује се нестабилним саставом и богатством химнографског материјала који је у различитим периодима улазио у његов састав. Управо због обима ова се књига дели на два дела-Посни и Цветни триод (Пентикостар). Овакво стање одразило се и на словенске триоде. Сматра се да је превођење триода започето још у Моравском периоду, а затим настављено на јужнословенском подручју после бегства од прогона Методијевих ученика из Паноније. На основу сачуваних извора закључено је да је превођење триода тј. његовог другог дела-Пентикостара) дело Климента Охридског. Српски триод из прве половине XIII века (РНБ F. п. I. 68) близак је најстаријим сачуваним словенским триодима те чува елементе који га приближавају ћирилометодијевској традицији. Овај рукопис садржи најстарији препис службе Првом васељенском сабору која је предмет истраживања.
Кључне речи: триод, служба, Климент Охридски, Први васељенски сабор, типик, рукопис, XIII век.

Nel pannello, realizzato per la mostra "Ecclesia Sancte Marie de Arestano" ospitata nella Galleria delle esposizioni del Museo Diocesano Arborense (6-8 maggio 2016), si propone una "storia per frammenti" della perduta Cattedrale romanica di Oristano. Vengono presentati i due inediti marmorei rinvenuti dallo scrivente, in attesa della imminente pubblicazione di un contributo sull'argomento.