Youth Unemployment

Unemployment has for a long time been assumed to be a symptom of poor economic progress until resent studies that show the two are not dependent on each other. It is quite possible to have rapid economic growth and experience high levels of unemployment in a country. This has brought to question the nature of unemployment especially in developing countries where conceptualizing the problem is difficult due to lack of research data and opperating almost purely on assumption. It was suggested that perhaps we could look at as the time of the great depression when industrialized countries faced unemployment levels that rivaled what we see in developing countries today. The idea lost favor because the conditions were very different. While unemployment meant machinery and labor were both underutilized in the industrialized economy for us it means people are not able to meet their basic needs and lack the capital to do so. Unemployment for developing nations is not cushioned by a government scheme to provide for those who cannot make ends meet. In my country the government estimated that one in five youth in Kenya is unemployed. It was a topic of great debate but it did not go further to describe what qualified as unemployment. My friends and I were determined to find out just that so we rolled out a blog which is the chepest way to take a poll. The topics we chose were centered around child welfare, unemployment and the LGBT community. It was no surprise that unemployment was the most viewed topic. It was so popular a media company did an expose' on the occupations we had chosen. What was surprising was that we had romantisized the idea of self employment in the topic and it resonated with so many people. This helped us see the psychology of the country now on employment. People are not keen on national development as they are on individual advancement. We also came up with a classification of types of unemployment. We had those that moved from the rural areas attracted by the opportunities perceived to be in urban areas, those that were partially employed like hawkers, graduates holding out for a job they trained for and the laborers who had cyclic employment and unemployment. In an article written 30 years ago David A Morse outlined the possible underlying causes and I believe they still stand true. Capital is not readily available and poorely managed. He believed developing countries should adopt capital saving economic strategies and policies as opposed to labor saving ones adopted by industrialized countries. If we did manage to produce goods there is limited market because of low purchasing power of the struggling unemployed. If labor intensive production was enforced then we

This essay will investigate the issue of youth unemployment, beginning from the European Union and moving towards a forgotten part of it, which is North Cyprus. Primarily, this paper will try to give an explanation of what is youth unemployment? Then the essay will seek for policies may had taken place, before or prior to the issue, in EU and NC and SC (South Cyprus or Republic of Cyprus), in order to tackle youth unemployment. Providing data from all the three actors and examine them. After that, this paper will focus on describing the situation that Turkish Cypriots are forced to be in, embargoes and isolations put on them from the rest of the world, and how it affects our issue, the youth unemployment, for TC youth. Than through these findings, explain the consequences of the issue both economically and socially.

This study aims to examine the impact of economic freedom on youth un-employment in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates during 2005–2019. Theoretically, it is assumed that the improvement of economic freedom reduces the unemployment rate. In this paper, we seek to verify this hypothesis for youth population in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Specifically, we will determine which specific component of economic freedom has the strongest effect on youth unemployment. Using the Panel Ordinary Least Square approach with fixed effects, we find that the greater the economic freedom score, the lower the youth unemployment rate. In addition, the results suggest that only six of the ten components of economic freedom have a significant effect on the youth unemployment rate, name-ly, property rights, government spending, monetary, trade, investment and, financial freedom. These areas should be targeted by policymakers in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries to develop appropriate policies aimed at enhancement of youth employment

Education has always been linked to success. However, after the global economic crisis (in 2008) young people all over the world (especially in developing countries) have started questioning if the mentioned idea is a proven fact. In order to view if a diploma is a guarantee of a bright future in both developing and developed countries, this article is focused on examining the relationship between tertiary education and work attainment in Europe.

The paper provides theoretical perspectives concerning the latest employment realities and issues of the European youth. The statistic data presented in the work reflects on aspects like how much time is needed for a young person to find job and if the level of formal education defies success on the job market. The theoretical assessments of the European Union's youth education and employment enables to analyze current transformations in the learning system that the young Europeans are faced with. The conclusions drawn from the article will be the foundation of the examination of the youth employments trends in a developing country, like Georgia (to be discussed in the upcoming article).

Currently, Botswana is one of high income economies in Africa. Since independence in 1966, the government has put emphasis on the development of human capital through education and skills development of the citizens. The country has dedicated much of the government funds to education to the extent possible while the contribution and payoffs of education expenditure have been limited. This study examines data from 1960-2013 and attempts to link GDP and education expenditure in a long run framework. It has been noted that member states of the United Nations are under pressure to achieve development goals and countries like Botswana need to estimate not only public spending requirements and the macroeconomic implications of financing them, but also the potential social and economic rewards associated with education. Estimations show that at least 40% of people in developing economies are illiterate and governments intend to leave no stone unturned in eliminating this problem. This study applies the Johansen cointegration test and Granger causality procedure to examine the long run affiliations of the variables. Astoundingly, for Botswana economy, there is no long run comovement between GDP and education expenditure for the period 1960-2013. It is advised to review the quality of education and the programmes offered by the local institutions. Jel code:

La diseguaglianza generazionale legata ai meccanismi che regolano il mercato del lavoro italiano affonda le radici nella bassa mobilità sociale, nella mancata propensione del sistema produttivo a investire nell'innovazione, nella domanda di lavoro flessibile e a basso costo espressa dalle imprese, ma trova alimento nella debolezza e inadeguatezza delle politiche pubbliche. L'articolo analizza il sistema di regole che determina l'accesso al sostegno economico previsto per i lavoratori e le lavoratrici dipendenti che perdono involontariamente il lavoro. L'analisi evidenzia l'effetto discriminatorio di tali regole sui giovani. Attraverso i microdati di fonte CICO, Campione integrato delle comunicazioni obbligatorie, predisposto e messo a disposizione dal Ministero del Lavoro e delle politiche sociali, viene verificata e quantificata la difficoltà dei giovani disoccupati ad accedere ai trattamenti di sostegno al reddito della Nuova assicurazione sociale per l'impiego.

Esta investigación tiene por objetivo determinar los factores que explican el desempleo en los jóvenes de 18 a 29 años de edad en el Área Metropolitana de San Salvador a través de la caracterización de la misma y de la identificación de los determinantes del desempleo.
La situación laboral en El Salvador y en los países latinoamericanos en general va en detrimento del nivel de ocupación de las personas jóvenes, por ello en esta investigación se pretende distinguir cuáles son los factores que determinan esta condición desde el lado de la oferta del mercado laboral. Ante la cantidad y calidad de la información este documento representa un reto metodológico.
Para la consecución de los objetivos realizó un esbozo general de las variables clave para toda la población joven en estudio, posteriormente se identificaron las diferencias de comportamiento entre los grupos ocupacionales y finalmente se hizo uso de un modelo de regresión logística binaria que permitiera distinguir entre personas empleadas y personas desempleadas, dando como resultado que los determinantes están vinculados a los ingresos del hogar, las características educativas de la persona, su estado familiar y su papel dentro del hogar.

Art and entrepreneurship, individually, are not new area of investigation, but are far from constituting consolidated topic 'Artrepreneurship', especially in start-up India and Skill India. Despite the perceptible similarities in processes, as they unfold in the business context, the two areas remained ramified in terms of research and in practice as well. Unemployment, especially among the Indian artists, has become exigency of Indian Government and Education System, to focus on 'Artrepreneurship Skill' development among 'Artists'. This research paper sheds light on the present scenario of raising unemployment among Indian Artists, its adverse effect on economy and developing artrepreneurship skills as possible solution. The results of pilot investigation from artists in selected cities of Maharashtra outlines the field of research. Possible other forms of introducing artrepreneurial thinking, behavior, skills in education system with special reference to Skill India is also discussed. The article ends by outlining the areas of further research.

Objectives: Fixed-term school exclusions are disciplinary sanctions on pupils in response to serious aggressive or disruptive behaviour in schools. It is unclear whether these sanctions aggravate future problems. Here we assess what impact fixed term exclusions have on later unemployment.Methods: We use data from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE), a prospective cohort study of over 15,000 adolescents. We treat school exclusion as an ‘intervention’ and apply propensity score matching to assess whether it has a treatment effect on unemployment.Results: We find a consistent difference between excluded and non-excluded children in their likelihood of being unemployed at aged 18/19. This effect ranges between 6-16 percentage points depending on the methodological approach taken. Conclusions: Our results suggest an independent effect of school exclusion on the probability of being unemployed two years later, over and above numerous baseline individual/family characteristics. To truly understand the effect exclusion has on young people, we suggest that high-quality cluster randomised trials are needed.

The persistent problem of unemployment in Greece should be recognised as one of the most significant socioeconomic problems of the country. The aim of this paper is to analyse the situation of the disadvantaged groups on the labour market in Greece. We investigate patterns across the following groups: women, young people, long-term unemployed, immigrants and low skilled using cross-dimensional analysis with the following main variables: gender, age, level of education and immigration status. Our analysis relies on the European Labour Force Survey reported by Eurostat using data for the last ten years. Comparing the results with the main targets set by European Union in the field of employment, we concluded that Greece not only did not meet these objectives, but the gaps in employment and unemployment levels were explored during the economic crisis.

By ratifying the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions in June 2013, Morocco reiterates its determination as to enter the era of the democratization of culture by promoting and disseminating it and undertake this democratization really taking into account the factors of human, social and economic concealed in culture in its broad sense. If Morocco's cultural resources are of abundant richness, accessibility to these various forms of cultural expression and interest in these forms of expression by Moroccan 'regular' citizens remains unknown. Current urban trends and neo-arts are booming, creativity is at the rendez-vous. But the lack of resources, places of distributions and mechanisms of assistance and promoting culture stifles any independent energy. Creative industries are struggling to emerge, with the exception perhaps of the film industry that shows positive figures in terms of numbers in annual productions, along with the issue of distribution posed by the introduction of multiplexes and the closing of cinemas. In the absence of a real collective awareness of the importance of the integration of culture in the development process, culture and the creation in Morocco will find themselves always constrained to take their true rise and will never see their potential exploited as he could really. But fortunately, there are other alternatives to continue to stimulate artistic and cultural creativity of the Moroccan specifically that of young Moroccan. These take place for the most part in line. Indeed, one can find several internet sites, blogs, forums and platforms dedicated to culture and its derivatives. Moreover, increasingly large libraries and museums are adopting online digitized formats in order to attract more visitors and communicate about their institutions. In this graduation project, and from the experience that we have gathered at the Fotografi'Art association we will account for the way in which we worked on this project. How we chose to use and work on this resource to address a social theme, namely youth unemployment, through mediation introducing the medium of the virtual exhibition.

Language: French

Keywords: audiovisual expression, unemployment, youth, culture, audience mediation

[NOTE: this is the executive summary of the full 146 page document]
The intention of this community based training needs analysis is to provide an empirical knowledge base for the planning of adult and community education and training within the Mount Alexander Shire. In response to the initiative of the Shire’s three Learn Local providers, Castlemaine Continuing Education, Castlemaine Community House and Maldon Neighbourhood House to achieve this through collaboration, the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development provided funding to facilitate the formation of MATCH as a representation of a community focussed partnership and to jointly undertake the
training needs analysis.
The objectives were to:
• understand skill requirements of employers, including staff development and for new entrant staff;
• identify barriers to training for business and learners;
• differentiate pre-accredited against accredited training requirements;
• identify future training needs for business and industry, and provide data analysis; and
• determine how Learn Local providers and MATCH partners can meet current and future training needs of local industry / business.

Unemployment is one of the dilemmas that have entangled the Pakistani society. Its negative impact on the economic development of a country is undeniable. It hinders the economic growth by squandering the abilities of youth. The research aims to identify the social and psychological effects of unemployment on the youth. It also examines the response of their families towards them and the consequent problems being faced by the unemployed youth. The area of the research was Faisal Colony in Rawalpindi, from where a sample of one hundred and five was selected by using purposive sampling technique. The research sheds light on diverse repercussions of unemployment on the individual and family level such as skill deterioration, reduced self-esteem, confidence and disturbance in familial life.

This study relied on conducting two surveys carried out by “The Project of Database Establishment for Comprehensive Labor and Employment Polices” carried out by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Labor in cooperation with the UNDP and the Central Bureau for statistics. The first survey addressed the study of labor force supply and the second, the study of workforce demand.
The labor force survey is one of the important surveys that provide an essential database of the labor force for the planners, policy- makers and researchers interested in the features of workforce and the trends of its development. The survey of the work labor supply aims at the following:
a) Measuring the size of manpower and labor force and its distribution in the governorates;
b) Measuring the employment level and the size of unemployment in the country;
c) Identifying the occupational structure of labor force and its distribution among the various
economic activities;
d) Identifying the demographic, social and economic features of labor force;
e) Recognition of the workforce distribution by sector;
f) Measuring the labor market indicators with the various criteria (international and local).

Work is changing profoundly in new digital age. The whole world of work is in evolution. The old employment system of secure, lifelong jobs with predictable advancement and stable pay is dead. For some time now we’ve observed a greater focus on flexibility, mobility, and the ability of quick adaptation of workers. The new era of Work 2.0 is coming driven by: work virtualisation, nonroutine creativity, hyperspecialisation, and reduction of communication, coordination and interactions costs. This calls for a different approach to management and work. However, technology is a double-edged sword, with the power to both liberate and enslave.

The recession is said to be over, but you’ll never get your old job back – it’s disappeared and you can’t even blame the Chinese! Your job no longer exists – it’s been automated. Book "Work 2.0” isn’t just a description of what is happening to the labor market, how we're working nowadays, it’s a complete how-to guide for successfully navigating today’s treacherous jobs environment, mitigating the risks of job loss, job insecurity, and increasing automation. Book is discussing the repercussions of automation, changes in the economic balance between East and West in terms of work, the growing importance of innovation and creativity for creating value, how companies can take advantage of the new situation and how can individuals stay competitive on the labour market.

How do you survive and thrive in the new labour market? How can workers cope in an economy which doesn’t generate stable lifelong careers? How can companies remain competitive and manage armies of dispersed hyperspecialists? You’ve become the newest victim of Work 2.0, a force you can’t possibly fight – but you can join it! If you are looking for a job – why not create one for yourself? If your company is losing its best talent – why not listen to what your workers are saying. Let them work anywhen. After all, there is nowhere to hide from the wave of creative destruction.

This paper is a comparative analysis of the N-Power programme and unemployment in Akwa Ibom State. The study compares unemployment rate in the state before N-Power (2005-2015) and during N-Power (2016-2018Q3). Trend analysis was adopted and the average unemployment for the two periods were compared. The average unemployment before the N-Power programme stood at 22.23% while that during N-power programme stood at 33.45%. This shows that unemployment has still been on the increase in Akwa Ibom despite the adoption of the N-Power programme across states in the federation. To further proof this, the Student's t-test was employed and the result shows that there is no significant difference between unemployment before N-Power and unemployment during N-Power in Akwa Ibom State. It was therefore recommended that efforts geared towards long-term employment in the state should be adopted rather than short-term empowerment programmes. Also, beneficiaries of the N-Power should be made to stay on the programme until they find paid employment rather than laying them off after two years to join the mass unemployed paupers.

“Diplomalı işsizliğinin küresel bir sorun olduğu ve hatta gelecekte dünyanın gündemini daha fazla meşgul edeceği aşikâr. Ancak diplomalı işsizliğini bir politik kavrayış olarak sadece ‘küresel’ ve ‘kaçınılmaz’ sorun alanları torbasına atmak, yaşanan tahribatın toplumsal ve politik sorumluluğunu örtmek anlamına da gelir. Meselenin sadece yapısallığını ve ölçeğini öne çıkaran bu nevi yaklaşımlar sonuç olarak işsizliğin tekil olarak diplomalıların sorunu olduğu kanaatini yeniden üretir.”

İşsizlik 21. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde istikrarlı biçimde artarken, “diplomalı işsizliği” de kitlesel bir olgu olarak yerleşik hale geldi. Esra Kaya, diplomalı işsizliğini bir toplumsal deneyim olarak bütün yönleriyle mercek altına alıyor. Bu deneyimin yaşa ve toplumsal cinsiyete göre nasıl yapılandığına da bakarak, geçim sorununun ötesinde çok yönlü bir tahribata yol açtığını gösteriyor.

Derinlemesine görüşme ve gözlemlere dayanan çalışma, işsizlik deneyiminin birçok cephesini veya aşamasını canlı bir şekilde tasvir ediyor: “Sallantılı işlerde” çalışmanın gerginliği, işten çıkarılma, iş arama ve iş görüşmesi tecrübeleri, işsiz geçen zamanın “ölü zamana” dönüşmesi... “Muhtaç ve mahçup” bir ruh haline giren işsizin fiilen ergenleştirilmesi... Sorunun yakıcı bir noktası, özellikle diplomalı işsizlerin, kendi işsiz oluşlarının suçlusu olarak görülmesi, kendilerini öyle hissetmeleri. Oysa, hiç de istisnai, bireysel bir durum değil bu. Kitabın adı, işte onların bunun bilincine varmasının ifadesi: “Bayağı Kalabalığız.”

Unemployment is a challenging matter for all countries especially for developing countries. Unemployment creates both economic and social problems. Youth unemployment is also serious and growing problem in the world. Global economic crisis made it clear that youth unemployment is more sensible than adult unemployment to crisis. Since youth unemployment has an impact on both today and future in terms of economies, it brings a priority to focus on youth unemployment. As an indicator of inefficiencies for economies, youth unemployment can be seen as loss of resources. Increases in youth unemployment creates hopeless generation and reserve army of unemployed and it harms economies deeply now and future. The aim of this paper is to explain the importance, causes and consequences of youth unemployment and policies to fight against it.

The increasing number of young people who are inactive and not engaged in education, employment or training (NEETs) in the UK over the last years bears severe implications both for individual young people and for the society. This study explores the processes underlying the effects of neighborhood context on young people who experience NEET status. It relies on quantitative data from a nationally representative study, the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE), linked with the seven decomposed English Indices of Deprivation. Drawing on previous sociological theories this study puts forward an original theoretical framework, the Ecological Model of Neighbourhood Effects that proposes four pathways that mediate the direct effect of neighbourhoods on young people: a) individual characteristics and attitudes; b) parental characteristics and relationships; c) school experiences and attitudes to schooling, and; d) social epidemics. Potential causal pathways between neighbou...

Annotation. The authors examine the importance of creative industries and creative economy in general in fighting unemployment. Strategically nurturing creative industries increase economic growth and development, provide country with competitive advantages, diminish social exclusion and ignite innovation. Providing sustainable development for the whole society, creative industries require special attention and " soft " measures. Analyzing core conditions for the development of the creative industries and its interrelation with decreasing unemployment, authors conclude that encouraging employment in the fast growing creative industries impacts overall unemployment and provides a basis for further economic, technological and societal development.

Genç işsizliği ülkelerin önemli sosyal sorunları arasındadır. Genel olarak genç işsizliğinin genel işsizlik seviyesinin yaklaşık iki katı bir düzeyde seyrettiği bilinmektedir. Covid-19 salgını dünyada ve Türkiye’de hem halk sağlığı açısından hem de sosyoekonomik açıdan ciddi bir yıkıma yol açmıştır. Bu yazıda Covid-19 salgınının genç işsizliği üzerindeki farklı boyutları ele alınmıştır.

ABSTRACT
This paper is on the place of volunteerism in Social Development of Nigeria. Effort has been made to espouse the concept of volunteerism which came to have a special recognition following the proclamation by the United Nations General Assembly in November 20, 1997 that 2001 he observed as International Year of Volunteers. The characteristics of volunteerism have equally been explained leading to the benefits derivable from it. The social situation existing in Nigeria for and which volunteerism is given special projection has been fully analyzed and the way youths can be enlisted as volunteers to tackle the numerous social problems are fully explained.

Keywords: Volunteerism, Social Development, Youth, Unemployment, HIV/AIDS

The aim of this study was to determine some of the key factors affecting youth employment from 2000-2015. Youth unemployment rate (YU) was the dependent variable while consumer price index (INF), domestic gross savings (GS), labor productivity (LP) and economic growth rate (GR) were the independent variables. Data from 31 OECD countries were obtained from World Bank (WB) and OECD databases. Panel Data Analysis was used to analyze the data. The results show that growth, inflation, and savings affect youth unemployment negatively while labor productivity affects youth employment positively. It is therefore concluded that growth, inflation, savings and labor productivity are among the key determinants of youth unemployment. JEL classification: C33, E21, E23, E31, F43, O40.

Résumé
Des déterminants du choix du futur diplômé de l'Université de Lomé (UL) sont identifiés, testes empiriquement et compares à partir de données d'enquêtes d'intention et d'opinion effectuées en 1988 et en 2003. La mauvaise performance de l'économie nationale et le manque d'opportunités de création de richesse ont défavorisé le choix du futur diplômé à vouloir s'auto employer à la sortie. L'environnement économique, le secteur d'activité choisi pour s'auto employer dans "le futur, l'expérience du marché du travail, la connaissance d:aines auto employés ou entrepreneurs et le niveau d'éducation de la mère ressortent comme étant les déterminants les plus significatifs de ce choix.



Abstract
The determinants of Université de Lomé (UL) future graduates' choice to self-employment are investigated based on 1988 and 2003 intentions and opinions surveys data. The ongoing socio political crisis and ensuing bad macroeconomic performance reduced the opportunities for wealth creation and thus future graduates' motivation to self-employment and entrepreneurship. The economic environment, the projected sector for self-employment, the professional experience, the links between future graduates and self-employed former graduates, and the future graduate mother's education level are the most significant determinants.

The purpose of the study is to find out the effects of youth unemployment in Mogadishu.
The study will find out answers to the following research questions:
• What are the effect(s) of unemployment among the youths in Mogadishu?
• What is the youth dream with regards to employment opportunities in Mogadishu?

Over the past few decades, Bhutan has made remarkable progress in socio-economic development, and the kingdom has been identified by the UN as one of the early achievers of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2018. Yet, Bhutan continues to confront a raft of development challenges. One of the most pressing challenges is in the area of youth unemployment, particularly among school and university leavers. Just as school participation has increased in recent years within the kingdom, so too has the number of unemployed graduates. Remarkably, the high levels of unemployed graduates exist alongside a large number of job openings, mostly in the fields of science and engineering, teaching, business administration and commercial management. These positions are usually filled instead by foreign, tertiary-educated workers. Thus, this research thesis intends to study this labour market paradox of graduate unemployment by mapping the lived experiences of unemployed graduates in Bhutan. It relies on primary data collected through a combination of unstructured face-to-face and semi-structured interviews with three unemployed graduates aged between 19-25 years old. The thesis poses two core research questions: firstly, to what degree is there a systemic skill mismatch and jobs, from the perspective of unemployed graduates, and secondly, what is the role of Bhutan Civil Service Examination (BCSE) in the job search strategy and labour market readiness of graduates. The results of the analysis are presented in a narrative form. The findings of this research study reveal that graduate unemployment issues in Bhutan are shaped by a range of issues including the role of the BCSE, a mismatch in wage expectations, the lack of entrenched labour market institutions, and the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of graduates.

Key Word: Graduate Unemployment, Bhutan, Labour Market Paradox, Qualitative Analysis

In different countries, unemployment is a major problem. This study aims to analyze the factors that determine the growth of youth unemployment in ASEAN. Period of analysis between 2001 to 2017. Gross Domestic Product, Foreign Direct Investment, Openness, Human Development Index and Population aged 0-14 years are the variables used in this analysis. This study is using quantitative research techniques with the Least Square Dummy Variable (LSDV) estimator for panel data regression analysis.The results of this study show that for the youth unemployment rate, GDP, FDI, and inflation are negative and significant. While Openness, the Human Development Index and population aged 0-14 years have a positive and significant effect on youth unemployment rates.

Youth unemployment remains a global threat pushing youths to participate in various unlawful and dangerous activities. In Zimbabwe, a weak economy and domestic sociopolitical challenges have pushed youth unemployment rates to one of the highest in the continent and globally. Despite accounting for the largest population, Zimbabwean youths continue to be marginalized from the national development discourse, and this has had a general negative impact on the Zimbabwean national development agenda. The National Youth Policy, enacted in 2000 by the government to address youth unemployment through a multi-sectoral framework, has resulted in minimal progress. This paper adopts an in-depth qualitative literature review of academic articles, government reports, World Bank and IMF reports to conduct an analysis of the root causes of high youth unemployment rates in Zimbabwe, its effects and the performance of the measures undertaken by the government to address the problem. This study has identified frequent economic crises, weak education system, and poor implementation of macroeconomic policies by the government as some of the challenges increasing the rates of youth unemployment.

The present study intends to highlight the issues and policies of government and its impact on tribal youth in particular and their families in general to develop their educational as well as their economic status. At the same time the study, also focus on the factors responsible for their unemployment along with the suggestions for improvement in the present status. To explore all these ideas four objectives are framed along with same number of research questions. After a critical analysis we find that the present policies and issues made by the government are praise worthy but the implementation level is not at all fruitful in the grass root level. For that we have made some suggestions for up-gradation of the present situation for tribals like: strict implementation of reservation of seats in public sector employment, proper looking into reservation of seats in institutions of higher learning, formulation of proper welfare schemes for prosperity of tribals based on fact data, in private sector also these should be reservations for schedule tribes. The present 7.5% of reservation for government services should be increased whenever necessary.

This paper focuses on various concepts and studies associated with child labour, their socioeconomic issues, the World and Indian scenario of child labour. It analyses the driving factors responsible for child labour in India and World. The various forms of child labour and health hazards they are faced. Various causes of child labour like the curse of poverty, lack of educational resources, Social and economic backwardness, Addiction, disease or disability, The lure of cheap labour, Family tradition, Discrimination between boys and girls. Consequences of Child Labour such as General child injuries and abuses like cuts, burns, and lacerations, fractures, tiredness and dizziness, excessive fears and nightmares. Sexual abuse, particularly sexual exploitation of girls by adults, rape, prostitution, early and unwanted pregnancy, abortion, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS, drugs and alcoholism. Physical abuse involves corporal punishment, emotional maltreatment such as blaming, belittling, verbal attacks, and bad remarks. Emotional neglect such as deprivation of family love and affection, resulting in loneliness, and hopelessness. Physical neglect like lack of adequate provision of food, clothing, shelter and medical treatment. Lack of schooling results in missing educational qualifications and higher skills thus perpetuating their life in poverty. We suggest for a new approach that puts people and the work they do at the center of economic and social policy and business practice: a human-centered agenda for the future of work.

Youth in Africa are living a much challenging period in a very changing environment with 200 million people aged between 15 and 24 years of age. This young population of Africa particularly in Sub Saharan Africa is facing the highest unemployment challenge of history with 10 to 12 million youth entering the workforce each year while only 3.1 million jobs are created.  The main objective of this research is to highlight the actual status of youth challenges and available solutions to the imminent unemployment facing young people in Africa.

Today the first and foremost economic problem is derived from youth unemployment rates. It is
obvious that this problem will cause more serious troubles in the long run in our country where large
majority of the population formed by young generation. In this study the phenomenon of the growing
unemployment among young people is drawn attention and Turkey's youth unemployment profile is
investigated. In this context national employment policy applied in our country is evaluated and
positive consequences of concentrating on those of which effectiveness is relatively high among these
policies such as vocational training, spurring entrepreneurial activities, employment consultancy
services are explained. Nevertheless, it is expressed that the national active employment policies
applied in Turkey are not sufficent to prevent young unemployment on their own.

Cette thèse analyse les déterminants du chômage des jeunes ainsi que les inégalités d’insertion sur le marché du travail en Algérie, en particulier sous l’angle du genre.
La première hypothèse de recherche retient certaines des caractéristiques individuelles comme facteurs prédisposant les actifs au risque de chômage. La typologie dégagée de l’échantillon de chômeurs (Bejaia, Tizi-Ouzou et Tlemcen) à travers l’Analyse des Correspondances Multiples associée à une Classification Ascendante Hiérarchique, révèle un chômage juvénile plutôt urbain se recrutant principalement parmi les femmes et les diplômés de l’enseignement supérieur. Nous montrons ensuite, au moyen d’un modèle Logit, que l’âge, le capital humain ainsi que le genre influent significativement sur la probabilité des actifs d’être au chômage plutôt qu’en emploi dans la wilaya de Tizi-Ouzou.
La deuxième hypothèse posée se fonde sur l’aspect « volontaire » de l’inactivité des femmes. Les résultats de la régression logistique réalisée sur l’échantillon des femmes de la région de Tizi-Ouzou indiquent que l’âge, le capital humain ainsi que la situation matrimoniale constituent les variables les plus déterminantes dans l’orientation des femmes vers l’inactivité.
La troisième hypothèse suggère que la discrimination à l’égard des femmes est susceptible d’être à l’origine des inégalités de genre constatées sur le marché du travail algérien. Nous explorons la question de la discrimination à l’embauche à travers le tout premier testing réalisé en Algérie (Oran). Contrairement à ce qui est souvent admis, la discrimination brute et conditionnelle révèlent un net favoritisme à l’égard des candidatures féminines pour les différents postes considérés de la profession comptable.

Youth unemployment in Ghana has been on a sturdy rise for the past 10 years. Concurrently, the widespread usage of the internet among young Ghanaians has risen unprecedentedly, exposing them to an impressive range of opportunities both locally and internationally. This study aims at filling the gaps in knowledge on the causes of youth unemployment in the Greater Accra Region as well as the effects of making money online on youth unemployment. These objectives will be achieved by reviewing existing literature on youth unemployment and online money making which will demonstrate without a shred of doubt that there is a causal link between online money-making opportunities and reduced unemployment. It will also be discovered that major causes of youth unemployment in the nation’s capital, Accra, are a chronic lack of white-collar jobs, unattainable requirements demanded by prospective employers, and the inability of the government to absorb more young people into the public sector. The effect of online money-making ventures on youth unemployment in Accra is that, apart from being a reliable source of cash flow, many of these ventures reduce or eradicate youth unemployment by opening local and international virtual opportunities for gainful employment. The study recommends new government policies and internet infrastructural expansion in order to utilize the full potentials derived from online money-making ventures and their capacity to completely eradicate unemployment among the youth in Ghana.

Keywords: Internet, Youth, Unemployment, Effect, Making Money Online

Одной из самых актуальных социально-экономических проблем экономики Украины остается молодежная безработица. Это явление постоянно находится в поле зрения исследователей, но вопреки этому в последнее время наблюдается рост числа безработной молодежи. Большое количество безработных молодых людей в современных условиях социально-экономического развития Украины — это угроза для национальной безопасности, поскольку длительная безработица приводит к социальным беспорядкам, увеличении преступности. В Украине, состоянием на 1 сентября 2011г. количество зарегистрированной безработной молодежи в возрасте до 35 лет составляла 179,3 тыс. человек по сравнению с 1 сентября 2010г. этот показатель вырос на 11,4%. Мировой экономический кризис лишь обострил проблемы молодежной занятости во всем мире.

The education system in Lebanon has three stages in education that include pre-school, basic, and secondary stages. The secondary level allows merited students to progress to vocational training and tertiary institutions (Bagchi, 2018). However, the level of youth unemployment in the country is quite high due to the region's political instability. The government has made it compulsory for every citizen to at least acquire basic education. A large number of the Lebanese population are educated, with most of them having acquired secondary education. The weak education system policies coupled with high levels of youth unemployment are some of the main issues of the global economic crisis that have hit the ailing economy of Lebanon.  The Lebanon labor market constitutes an essential component for the country's stability,  but it is unable to absorb the large number of educated youths who are desperately looking for job opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to discuss Lebanon’s youth unemployment issue in the context of the socio-economic effects. This will be exemplified by using the major theories such as the human capital theory and youth unemployment theory to understand youth perceptions about employability and the causes of unemployment in Lebanon

It is quite clear when the Nigerians youths are ill equipped they tend to make little or no change in the economic development of their country. The youths are the leader of tomorrow. The outcome of unemployment has led to security challenges, poverty, wars, and lots of social vices. This is considering the fact that about 70% of the entire Nigeria’s 150 Million populace are Youths which about 71% are unemployed majorly graduates who are from 20 years and above, affecting adversely the workforce utility of the country (Okoye-Nebo Chidiebere, 2014: Kenneth Iloanya, 2014: Ugochukwu Udunze, 2014).  It’s also a pity that these youths and graduate who are qualified, willing and able to work cannot find a job and as such earns nothing. There the purpose of entrepreneurship was to reduce unemployment through self-employment, thereby making Nigeria rich and powerful economy. As obvious as it is that entrepreneurship is the magic wand that can change the story overtime, yet government inability to provide an enabling environment, infrastructure, investment policies and education advance has made this journey a difficult one. However many scholars, commentators and observers have argued that lack of capital is what drives very many people who are unemployed and wants to be self-reliant and self-employed hence inadequate access to loan schemes couple with the issue of collateral and high interest rate on loan from financial institutions, and others arguing that the problem is lack of managerial prowess and the zeal and will to take risks. Therefore government and policy makers must ensure that all the policy programs aimed at stimulating entrepreneurial activity to avoid being hijacked by politicians to rich themselves but rather the Nigerian youth and the country in whole. Finally, sustained education and enlightenment programs on the opportunities that abound in the environment should be put in place because if the Nigerian government must revitalize its economy, reduce unemployment progressively, and generate more employment opportunities, a paradigm shift in policy that is critical to effective entrepreneurship development becomes imperative (Okoye-Nebo Chidiebere, 2014: Kenneth Iloanya, 2014: Ugochukwu Udunze, 2014).
The above facts purely and clearly explain the role of cooperative society and the benefits of cooperative entrepreneurship because they do more good than damage to the economic development of the state and we should agree that the establishment of cooperative societies does not just solve the problem of youth unemployment but also encourages and builds up great entrepreneurs, and through their distinctive focus on values have proven themselves as resilient and variable business models that can prosper even during difficult times.