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    XX Yy ZZ RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR R+ R+ RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR

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    mpssassygirl
    The document derives the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates by starting with the continuity equation and equations for the transport of momentum in Cartesian coordinates. It uses the continuity equation and expressions for the rates of inflow and outflow of a small control volume to derive conservation of mass/the continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates. Similar steps are taken to derive conservation of momentum equations in cylindrical coordinates by considering forces and rates of change of momentum. Viscosity terms are introduced using definitions of shear stress terms. The resulting equations are the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates.

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    XX Yy ZZ RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR R+ R+ RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR

    Uploaded by

    mpssassygirl
    17 views20 pages
    The document derives the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates by starting with the continuity equation and equations for the transport of momentum in Cartesian coordinates. It uses the continuity equation and expressions for the rates of inflow and outflow of a small control volume to derive conservation of mass/the continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates. Similar steps are taken to derive conservation of momentum equations in cylindrical coordinates by considering forces and rates of change of momentum. Viscosity terms are introduced using definitions of shear stress terms. The resulting equations are the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates.

    Original Title

    Lecture 4

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    The document derives the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates by starting with the continuity equation and equations for the transport of momentum in Cartesian coordinates. It uses the continuity equation and expressions for the rates of inflow and outflow of a small control volume to derive conservation of mass/the continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates. Similar steps are taken to derive conservation of momentum equations in cylindrical coordinates by considering forces and rates of change of momentum. Viscosity terms are introduced using definitions of shear stress terms. The resulting equations are the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views20 pages

    XX Yy ZZ RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR R+ R+ RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR

    Uploaded by

    mpssassygirl
    The document derives the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates by starting with the continuity equation and equations for the transport of momentum in Cartesian coordinates. It uses the continuity equation and expressions for the rates of inflow and outflow of a small control volume to derive conservation of mass/the continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates. Similar steps are taken to derive conservation of momentum equations in cylindrical coordinates by considering forces and rates of change of momentum. Viscosity terms are introduced using definitions of shear stress terms. The resulting equations are the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates.

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    If the fluid is incompressible D

    D/Dt = 0
    Hence vx /x + vy /y + vz /z = 0
    Continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates
    inr = mr A = mr r q z = vr r q z outr+
    r+r
    = (mr + ( mr /r)
    /r)
    r) (r + r ) q z
    = mr (r + r ) q z + ( mr /r) r. r q z
    = vr r q z + vr r q z + /r (
    (vr) r r
    q z
    inr - outr+
    r+r = vr r q z - vr r q z - vr r
    q z - /r ((
    vr) r r q z
    = - ( vr r q z - /r ((
    vr) r r q z)
    = - (/r (r
    (rvr) r q z)

    inr outr+
    (r
    vr) r q z)
    r+r = - (/r (r
    Similarly, inq = vq r r z
    outq+q = ((
    vq + ((
    ((vq) /
    /q
    q) q) r z
    inq - outq+ q = - ((
    ((
    vq) /q
    /q) q r z
    inz = vz r q r
    outz+ z = (
    (v z + ((
    ((vz) /z) z) r r q
    inz - outz+ z = - ((
    ((
    vz) /z.) r z r q
    Adding in out = - [((r
    [((r
    vr) /r) r q
    z + ((
    ((vq) /q
    /q) q r z + ((
    ((vz)
    /z) r z r q]

    Accumulation = (
    (
    /t) r r q z
    Equating, r
    /t + (r
    (rvr) / r + (
    (vq)
    /q
    /
    q + ((
    ((vz) /z) r = 0
    Or,
    /t + ((r
    ((rvr) /r)/r + ((
    ((
    vq) /
    /q
    q)/r +
    (
    (
    vz) /z = 0

    Continuity equation in spherical


    coordinate
    /t + ((r2vr) / r)/r2 + (1/r Sin). (
    (v
    Sin) / + (1/r.Sin). (
    (vq) /
    /q
    q=0
    Partial derivative
    /t
    Total derivative
    d /dt =
    / t +
    /x. x /t +
    /y. y
    /t +
    /z . z /t
    Substantial derivative
    Dr/Dt =
    /t + vx /x + vy /y +
    vz /z

    Molecular transport -:
    Rate of x component of momentum on face x =
    xx |x
    Rate of x component of momentum on face y =
    yx |y
    Rate of x component of momentum on face z =
    zx |z

    Taking x , y , z as sides of the cube and


    the change can be written as
    (vx vx |x - vx vx |x+ x ) y z + ((
    vy vx |y - vy vx
    |y+ y) x z + ((
    vz vx |z - vz vx |z+ z ) y x
    (xx |x - xx | x+ x ) y z + (
    (yx |y - yx | y+ y ) x
    z + (
    (zx |z - zx | z+ z ) x y

    Forces:-Forces:
    Pressure forceforce- (p |x - p |

    x+ x

    ) y z

    Gravity forceforce- gx x y z
    Accumulation -:
    Rate of accumulation of x component of
    momentum
    = ( ((
    vx) / t) x y z
    Equating and dividing both sides by x y
    z

    (vx vx |x - vx vx |x+ x )/x + ((


    vy vx |y - vy
    vx |y+ y )/y + ((
    vz vx |z - vz vx |z+ z )/ z
    + ((xx |x - xx | x+ x )/ x + (
    (yx |y - yx | y+ y
    )/ y + (
    (zx |z - zx | z+ z )/ z + (p |x - p |
    (vx) / t
    x+ x )/ x + gx = (
    Or,
    ((
    vx) / t = -[ (
    (vx vx) / x + (
    (vy vx) /
    y + (
    ( vz vx) / z]z]-[ xx / x + yx / y
    +
    zx /z] - p /x + gx ..
    (1)

    Similarly, for the other two components, y and


    z:
    (
    (
    vy) /t = -[(
    [(vx vy) /x + (
    (vy vy) /y +
    (
    (
    vz vy) /z] - [xy /x + yy /y + zy /z] p /y + gy .. (2)
    and
    (
    (
    vz) /t = - [(
    [(
    vx vz) /x + (
    (vy vz) /y +
    (
    (
    vz vz) /z] - [ xz /x + yz /y + zz /z p /z + gz .. (3)

    Now we know that,


    (
    (
    vx) /t = vx /t + vx /t
    and from equation of continuity
    / t = - [(
    [(
    vx) /x + (
    (vy) /y + (
    (vz) /z]
    (
    (
    vx) /t = vx /t vx [(
    [(
    vx) /x + (
    (vy) /y +
    (
    (
    vz) /z]
    The right hand side of equation (1) becomes
    equal to
    - [(
    [(
    vx vx) /x + (
    (vy vx) /y + (
    (vz vx) /z] [xx /x + yx /y +
    [
    zx /z] - p /x + gx
    The first term can be expanded as
    -vx vx/x vy vx/y - vzvx/z
    /z-- vx[(
    [(
    vx) /x +
    (
    (
    vy) /y + (
    (vz) /z]

    Eq. (1) can be written as


    vx /t = -vx[(
    [(
    vx) /x + (
    (vy) /y +
    (
    (
    vz) /z]/z]- [vx vx /x - vyvy/y vzvz/z] vx [(
    [(
    vx) /x + (
    (vy) /y +
    (
    (
    vz) /z] - [
    [xx /x +
    yx /y +
    zx
    /z]-- p /x + gx
    /z]
    or,
    [vx /t + vx vx /x - vyvy/y - vzvz/z]
    = - [
    [xx /x +
    yx /y +
    zx /z]
    /z]-- p /x +
    gx

    Or, Dvx/Dt = - [
    [xx /x +
    yx /y +
    zx /z] p/x + gx
    Similarly,
    Dvy/Dt = - [
    [xy /x +
    yy /y +
    zy /z]
    - p/y + gy
    Dvz/Dt = - [
    [xz /x +
    yz/y +
    zz /z]
    - p /z + gz

    Using xx = - vx/x,
    /x,yx = - vx/y ,

    zx = - vx/z
    xy = - vy/x,
    /x,yy = - vy/y, zy = - vy/z
    xz = - vz/x,
    /x,yz = - vz/y, zz= - vz/z
    Navior stokes equation
    [vx/t + vx vx/x + vy vy/y + vz vz/z]=
    [2vx/x2+ 2vx/y2 + 2vx/z2 ] - p/x + gx
    [vy/t + vx vy/x + vy vy/y + vz vy/z] =
    [2vy /x2+ 2vy/y2 + 2vy/z2 ] - p/y + gy
    [vz/t + vx vz/x + vy vz/y + vz vz/z]=
    [2vz/x2+ 2vz /y2 + 2vz/z2 ] - p/z + gz

    Navior stokes equation in cylindrical


    coordinate
    [vr/t + vr (vr/r) + v/r (vr/
    /
    ) - v2/r + vz
    (vr /z) ] = [/r (1/r( /r(rvr))) + 1/r2
    (2vr/ 2) - 2/r2 (vq/
    /
    ) + 2vr/z2] - p/r +
    gr
    [v/t + vr v/r + v/r.(v/
    /
    ) - vr.v/r + vz
    (v/z)] = [/r(1/r(/r(rv))) + (1/r2)
    2v/
    /
    2 + 2/r2 (vr/
    /
    ) + 2v/ z2] (1/r)
    p/
    p/
    + g
    [vz/t + vr (vz/r) + (v/r) vz/
    /
    + vz
    (vz/z)] = [(1/r)/r(r(vz/r)) + (1/r2)
    2vz/
    /
    2 + 2vz/z2] - p/z + gz

    Problem 1:
    1:-- determine the velocity for the
    tangential laminar flow of an
    incompressible fluid between two vertical
    coaxial cylindrical , the outer one of which
    rotating with an amplitude velocity
    Solution: from physical understanding of the
    problem vr = vt = 0 , and v/
    /
    =0
    From navior stokes equation - v2/r = - p
    /r

    0 = d/dr (1/r.
    (1/r. /r(rv))
    And 0 = - p /z + gz
    d/dr ((1/r.
    1/r. /r (rv)) = 0
    Or, 1/r. /r(rv) = A
    /r (r.v) = A r
    Or, r.v = A r2/2 + B
    v = A r/2 + B/r
    Apply B.C v = 0, at r =R v = 0kr at r = kR
    0 = A R/2 + B/R
    0kr = AkR/2 + B/kR
    Or, 0 = AkR/2 + Bk/R
    0kr = AkR/2 + B/kR
    0kr = B/kR - Bk/R = B(1/kR - k/R)

    B = 0kR / (1/kR - k/R)= 0kR/ (1(1- k2)/kR= 0k2R2/


    (1-- k2)
    (1
    Similarly 0kr = AkR/2 + B/kR
    0 = AR/k2 + B/kR
    0kr = AkR/2 + AR/2k
    = AR/2 ( k 1/k )
    A = 20k / ( k 1/k )
    v = 0k r/ (k 1/k) + 0k2R2/ (1(1- k2)r
    = 0k2 r/ (k2 1) + 0k2R2/ (1
    (1-- k2)r
    = 0k2R2/ (1
    (1-- k2)r - 0k2 r/ (1
    (1--k2)
    = 0k2R2 - 0k2 r2/ (1
    (1-- k2)r
    = 0k2 [ R2 r2/ (1
    (1-- k2)r ]
    Example 2: A fluid of constant density and viscosity
    is in a cylindrical container of radius R. the
    container is caused to rotate about its own axis at
    an angular velocity . Find the shape of the free
    surface when steady state has been established.

    Solution:- as in the previous problem


    Solution:vr = vz = 0 , and v/
    /
    =0
    v2/r = - p /r
    0 = d/dr (1/r.
    (1/r. /r(rv)
    0 = - p /z gz
    d/dr ((1/r.
    1/r. /r (rv) = 0
    Or, 1/r. /r(rv) = A
    /r (r.v) = A r
    Or, r.v = A r2/2 + B
    v = A r/2 + B/r
    At r = 0 v =
    B=0
    At r= R v = 0R

    0R = AR/2
    Or, A = 20
    v = 0r
    v2/r = - p /r
    02r = p /r
    p /z = gz
    dp = p /r.dr + p /z .dz
    = 02r .dr gzdz
    P = 02r2/2 + c gzz
    P=p0 at z = z0 and r = 0
    P0 = gzz0 +c
    Or, c = p0 + gzz0
    P = 02r2/2 + p0 + gzz0 gzz
    P-P0 = 02r2/2 + gz(z0 zz)

    P-P0 = 0 at all points on the surface


    So gz(z0 zz) = 02r2/2
    (z0 zz) = 02r2/2g
    Shell momentum balance inside a pipe
    Rate of momentum in - Rate of momentum out +
    sum of forces = rate of accumulation of
    momentum
    Momentum in by convection = Momentum out by
    convection
    Momentum in by molecular transport = rx .2
    .2
    r x
    |r
    Momentum out by molecular transport = rx .2
    .2
    r
    x |r+ r
    Pressure force in = PA |x = p. 2r r |x

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