Planning Load-conforming pump selection for standard central heating installations > Planning for new installations > Pump duty selection to be based on heat demand and pipe friction loss calculation
> Replacement of existing circulating pumps > Pump duty selection to be based on the specific heat demand of the building, provided that the following values for the heated effective floor areas are not exceeded:
> 100 W/m for freestanding residential buildings with not more than 2 apartments > 70 W/m for buildings with more than 2 apartments
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Planning Rule-of-thumb pump selection for standard central heating installations > Formula for the heat demand QN
QN =
AN . Qspec 1000
[kW]
> AN
= residential floor area served by the pump [m]
> Qspez = max. specific heat demand to HeizAnIV: 70 W/m 100 W/m residential buildings with more than 2 apartments freestanding residential building with not more than 2 apartments
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Planning Rule-of-thumb pump selection for standard central heating installations > Formula for the volume flow VPu
VPU = > 1.16 = > > QN = = =
QN 1.16 .
[m/h]
specific heating capacity [Wh/kgK] ( 1,16 W = 1 Kcal/h ) design flow/return temperature difference [K] 10 - 20 K for standard installations heat demand [kW]
> Important: The optimum operating range is within the middle third of the pump duty curve 6 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Planning Rule-of-thumb pump selection for standard central heating installations, Qspez to HeizAnIV (part 1) > Formula for the volume flow VspecPu or TV
Vspec =
Qspec 1.16 . 70 W/m 1.16 . 20K
[l/(h . m)]
Vspec =
3.0 l/h
> For residential buildings with more than 2 apartments
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Planning Rule-of-thump flow rate estimate based on the specific heating load Specific heat demand/m2 floor area Residential buildings with ... max. 2 apartments more than 2 apartments low-energy building standard Qspez Specifc volume flow/m2 floor area at Vspez at 20 K 100 W/m2 70 W/m2 < 40 W/m2 4.3 l/h 3.0 l/h < 1.7 l/h Vspez at 15 K 5.7 l/h 4.0 l/h < 2.3 l/h Vspez at 10 K 8.6 l/h 6.0 l/h < 3.4 l/h Vspez at 5 K 17.2 l/h 12.0 l/h < 6.8 l/h
QPU QPU Qspec Vspec AN
8
= VPU or TV = AN . Vspec [l/h] = max. specific heat demand per m2 effective floor area to HeizAnIV X = required volume flow per m2 heated effective floor area = effective floor area served by the pump in [m]
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Planning Operation point in the family of characteristics: volume flow VPU Range I (left-hand third) A smaller pump must be selected if the operation point is within this range.
pumping head H [m]
I II III
Range II (mid-third) The pump is optimally selected if the operation point is within this range. Range III (right-hand third) A larger pump must be selected if the operation point is within this range.
1/3
1/3
1/3
volume flow Q [m/h]
Applicable only to installations with non-variable volume flow.
9 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Efficiency of pump Characteristic of pump and the behaviour curve of the efficiency
pumping head H [m]
volume flow Q [m/h]
10
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Planning Operation point in the family of characteristics: volume flow VPU Range I (left-hand third) A smaller pump must be selected if the operation point is within this range. Range II (mid-third) The pump is operate in 98% of her running time in the optimally operating range. Range III (right-hand third) 1/3 1/3 1/3
I pumping head H [m]
II III
volume flow Q [m/h]
The regulated pump operate only in the dimensioning point (warmest day/coldest day of the year) in the adverse range. That means 2% of her running time.
Applicable only to installations with variable volume flow.
11 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Planning Rule-of-thumb head calculation for standard central heating installations
HPU = >R >I > ZF
R . I . ZF 10000
[m]
= friction loss in straight pipes [Pa/m] empirical value R = 50 to 150 Pa/m = lengths of the least favourable (index) pipe circuit [m] (flow and return pipe) = additional factors for fittings/forms thermostatic valve fittings/forms mixer/gravity break thermostatic valve 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.7
2.2 2.6
> 10000 = constant of = 1000 kg/m at 4 C and g = 9.81 m/s
12 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Planning, Worksheet: Multi-unit apartment building
1.1 Calculate the required flow rate
VPumpe = Vspec . AN
70 W / m2 No. of units Floor area Total floor areas Built Floor height 50 80 m2 4000 m2 1978 3.0 m 10 floors Basement Ground plan Low temp. boiler 13 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
1.2 Frictional head loss in pipe system
HPU = R . I . ZF / 10000 [m]
1.3 Select a pump (planning with system)
1.4 Automatic controls
22 x 20 70/50
pc
pv
Planning, Worksheet: Multi-unit apartment building
Planning, Worksheet: Multi-unit apartment building
Total pumping head HPU > Example: Multi-unit residential building with 50 apartments
HPU R I ZF Max.
R . I . ZF 10000
[m]
Min.
Anlage
100 Pa/m 150 m index circuit 2.6 = 100 . 150 . 2,6 10000 3.9 m
HPU
selected pump: Stratos 40/ 1-8
16 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
The ABC of hydraulics
For a efficiently operation of a pump: Hydraulic balance !
possible lack of supply
possible excess supply
17
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Planning Planning software fr pumps, pumping systems and components Wilo-Select Classic > Calculations > Design > Catalogue & article search > Pump replacements > Documentation > Power costs and write-off calculations > Life Cycle Costs > Data export to Acrobat PDF, DXF, GAEB, Datanorm, VDMA, VDI, CEF > Automatic internet update 18 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Basic technics of pumps
19
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Advantage of heating systems with pumps
> tube with less diameter less quantity of pumping medium > fast reaction at variation of temperature
flow
return
20
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
10
Characteristic of pump
pumping head H [m]
zero-delivery pressure H0
ch
ara c
ter is
tic o
fp
um p
theoretical gradient 0 volume flow Q [m/h]
21
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Figure of characteristics of pump
Different steepness H0 pumping head H [m]
steep (for examble 2,900 1/min)
H0 flat (for examble 1,450 1/min)
volume flow Q [m/h]
22 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
11
Figure of characteristics of pump: different steepness
> flat run > steep run H0
= high changing of volume flow, little changing of pressure = little changing of volume flow, high changing of pressure
pumping head H [m]
H0 p
volume flow Q [m/h]
23 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
System characteristic / tube system characteristic
> change the resistance square to the volume flow
H1 H2 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 pumping head H [m]
( ) Q1 Q2
H2
H1 Q1 1 2 3 4 volume flow Q [m/h] Q2
24
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
12
Operation point The pumping head is always so high as the flow resistance of the tube system. only one thermostatic valve is open c ha r ac teri s tic o
pumping head H [m]
f pu
mp
intersecting point = new operation point
tic
c em c ara yst risti m ch s e e w t ne arac syst ch
is ter
volume flow Q [m/h]
25
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Efficiency of pump Efficiency of pump = ( pressure x volumeflow) / Power
p = > p > Q [m/h] > H [m] > P2 [kW] > 367 >g > [kg/m]
QHg 3600 P2
QH 367 P2
= efficiency of pump = = = = = = volume flow pumping head power at the pump shaft conversion factor 9,81 m/s density of the pumping medium
26
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
13
Efficiency of pump Characteristic of pump and the behaviour curve of the efficiency
pumping head H [m]
volume flow Q [m/h]
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Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Efficiency of pump efficiencies of standard wet running pumps (approximate value) pumps with motor power P2 - 100 W 100 - 500 W 500 - 2500 W
* variations dependent on structural shape, nominal width. The minor value is in general for pumps with extreme less volume flow and big pumping head. ** limiting from total. or rather pump need not corresponding
28
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
14
Adjustment of the pumping capacity
Changing the speed
n1 H1
Q1 Q2 H1 H2 P1 P2
n1 n2
n2
H2 pumping head H [m]
() () n1 n2 n1 n2
Q2 29 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Q1
volume flow Q [m/h]
Planning
Twin-Head Pumps: Standby Operation I / II
Standby operation I / II > One of two pump heads in the standby mode ensures that the pump duty can be taken over by the standby pump in the case of a fault event thus avoiding a severe lack of heat supply e.g. in public buildings.
Pump I or Pump II operating
30
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
15
Planning
Twin-Head Pumps: Parallel Operation I + II
Parallel operation I + II > Both pump heads are selected to cover design load in parallel pump operation. > Low load duties can be covered by one of the two pump head operating only resulting in an additional power savings potential.
Both pumps operating
31
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Speed control Non-regulated pump
pumping head H [m]
H2
transitional period: new operation point
H1
coldest day of the year: operation point = maximum point
Q1 Q2 volume flow Q [m/h]
32 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
16
Speed control Hand gear shift > motors have varying winding packets for speed changing (wet running pumps) nmax transitional period: new operation point
pumping head H [m]
H3 H2 nmin H1
coldest day of the year: operation point = maximum point
Q1 Q2 Q3 33 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
volume flow Q[m/h]
Speed control Hand gear shift
34
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
17
Speed control Electronic continuous speed control > automatic control with varying control system > electronic pumps have a lot of speed steps > family of characteristics
35
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Speed control Electronic continuous speed control > automatic differential pressure control nmax nregel nregel nregel nregel nregel nregel 3 1. The sensory analysis deter mined the actual pumping head. (actual value)
H2
non-regulated pump
2. The electronic discerened the difference between the set value (point 1) and the actual value. (point 2) 3. The controller reduced the speed and move the pumping head at the actual value now. (point 3)
pumping head H [m]
H1
Q1 36 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Q2
volume flow Q [m/h]
18
Speed control Electronic continuous speed control > control modes > p-c > p-v > p-T
differential pressure constant differential pressure variable temperature guided differential pressure control
> p-cv combination from differential pressure constant (second and third area of characteristic) and differential pressure variable (first area of characteristics) > Operation modes > Automatic night setback (let down function) > manual regulator > DDC (Direct Digital Control)
37
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Speed control p-c differential pressure constant > From the pump produced differential pressure maintained constant over-all the permitted volume flow area tuned-in differential pressure-set value (Hset value ). > The resistance of tube is little in comparison to the resistance of the thermostatic valve and mountings. > Independent of the number of the opened thermostatic valve the same differential pressure is required as a rule. > Wilo-factory set 38 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
19
Speed control p-c differential pressure constant pumping head H [m] nmax 2 ncontrolled 3 Hset value p-c 1
Hset value-min volume flow Q [m/h]
39
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Speed control p-v differential pressure variable > The maintained differential pressure-set value of the pump is changing linear between Hset value and Hset value .
> The resistance of the tube is bigger than the resistance of the thermostatic valve and mountings.
> The required differential pressure decreases strongly at less flow.
> possible lack of supply in worst cases
40
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
20
Speed control p-v differential pressure variable pumping head H [m] nmax 2
ncontrolled p-v
Hset value Hset value Hset value-min
1 3
volume flow Q [m/h]
41
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Speed control p-T temperature guided differential pressure control > From the pump maintained differential pressure-set value change in dependance on the measured temperature of the pumping medium. > exercise: > in constant volume heating systems (for example: one-pipe system) > in variable volume heating systems with sliding flow temperature > condensing value boiler (with inversed control direction and assembly of the pump in the return) 42 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
21
Speed control p-T temperature guided differential pressure control
pumping head H [m]
Hmax
pos. control direction
Hvar. Hmin neg. control direction
Tmin
Tmax
Tmed
Qmin Qmax volume flow Q [m/h]
43
Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Speed control Comparison of the power consumption
max.-characteristic (non-regulated)
power draw P1 [W]
p constant
p variabel
volume flow Q [m/h]
44 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
22
Operation mode Auto night setback (let down function) > During the reduction of the flow temperature move the pump of a reduced constant speed (light load operation). pumping head H [m]
> fuzzy control
p-c
Hset value
Hset value-min volume flow Q [m/h]
45 Wilo-Basic technics of pumps
Operation mode Auto night setback (let down function) power consumption power consumption [%] Vorlauftemperatur Uhrzeit
