kf7\of+z zLif{s M bf];|f] efiffsf] ¿kdf g]kfnL lzIf0f -cGtlj{ifos kf7\of+z_

k"0ff{ª\s M %)
kf7\of+z ;+Vof M g]kf=lz= %@& pQL0ff{ª\s
M @)
kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts k|ltxKtf
kf73G6L M #
tx M Pd=P8= k|ltkf73G6L M %
% ld=
jif{ M bf];|f] hDdf kf73G6L M &%
!= kf7of+z kl/ro
of] kf7\of+z lzIffzf:q :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P8=_ txdf cGtlj{ifos P]lR5s -On]lS6e_
kf7\of+zsf ¿kdf g]kfnL lzIff ljifo lng rfxg] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o;af6
g]kfnL efiffnfO{ bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf lzIf0f ug{] ;Lksf] ljsf; x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
 g]kfndf bf];|f] efiffsf] ¿kdf g]kfnL lzIf0fsf] l:ylt / k|of]hg atfpg ;Ifd t'Nofpg],
 bf];|f] efiffsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfg{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{],
 bf];|f] efiffsf k|efjs tŒjx¿sf] j0f{g ug{ ;Sg] ;'emsf] lgsf; ug{],
 efiff lzIf0fsf k4lt tyf ljlwx¿sf] j0f{g ug{;Sg] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{],
 eflifs ;Lkx¿ lzIf0f ;DaGwL k|ljlw tyf sfo{snfkx¿af/] hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{ ;Ifd
agfpg],
 sfo{qmda4 l;sfOsf] kl/ro lbg ;Sg] 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{],
 efiff k|of]uzfnf / bf];|f] efiff lzIf0fsf pkof]uL z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿sf] lgdf{0f / k|
of]uljlwaf/] aofg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{],
 bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL lzIf0fsf] cf}lrTo lgwf{/0f ug{] ts{zlStsf] ljsf; ug{],
#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
 g]kfndf ax'eflifs l:yltsf] kl/ro lbg, PsfO Ps M g]kfndf ax'eflifs l:ylt
 g]kfnsf] eflifs tYofª\s s]nfP/ -*_
efiffsf] ef}uf]lns / ;fdflhs l:yltsf] !=! g]kfnsf] eflifs tYofª\s
jofg ug{, !=@ g]kfnsf efiffsf] ef}uf]lns tyf ;fdflhs l:ylt
 låeflifs / ax'eflifs l:ylt s]nfpg, !=# låeflifs tyf ax'eflifs l:ylt
 g]kfnsf] efiff ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs !=$ efiff;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg / /fli6«o
k|fjwfg tyf /fli6«o efiffgLlt ;'emfj efiff gLlt ;'emfj cfof]u @)%) tyf To;kl5sf
cfof]u / ljleGg ;dosf lzIff cfof]usf ljleGg lzIff cfof]usf l;kmfl/;x¿sf] cWoog
l;kmfl/;x¿sf] ljj/0f k|:t't ug{ .
 klxnf] efiff / bf];|f] efiff l;sfOsf k| PsfO b'O{ M bf];|f] efiffsf] ;}4flGts
lqmof 7Dofpg, cjwf/0ff -*_
 klxnf] / bf];|f] efiff l;sfOdf kfOg] @=! klxnf] efiff l;sfO k|lqmof

254
 ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
leGgtf 5'6\6\ofpg, @=@ bf];|f] efiff l;sfO k|lqmof
 g]kfnL efiff bf];|f] / ljb]zL efiffsf] @=# klxnf] / bf];|f] efiff l;sfOdf kfOg] leGgtf
¿kdf lzIf0f ug{'kg{] k|of]hg @=$ bf];|f] / ljb]zL efiffsf] ¿kdf g]kfnL efiffsf]
atfpg / lzIf0f k|ljlwnfO{ k|of]udf lzIf0f
Nofpg . @=% låeflifs lzIff M k|lqmof / k4lt
 bf];|f] efiff l;sfOsf sf/s PsfO tLg M bf];|f] efiffl;sfOsf k|efjs tŒjx¿
tŒjx¿ s]nfpg, -*_
 bf];|f] efiff l;sfOdf dgf]j}1flgs k| #=! eflifs leGgtf
efjsf] e"ldsf :ki6 kfg{, #=@ ;fdflhs bjfj
 dgf]j}1flgs k|efjsf] pkof]lutf atfpg #=# jftfj/0fLo leGgtf
. #=$ hg;ª\Vof
#=% dgf]j}1flgs kIf
#=%=! pd]/
#=%=@ pTk|]/0ff
#=%=# a'l4
#=%=$ JolQmTj
#=%=% :d/0fzlQm
#=%=^ tTk/tf
#=%=& clej[lQ
 efiff lzIf0fsf k|d'v k4ltx¿sf] pNn]v PsfO rf/ M bf];|f] efifflzIf0fsf k|d'v k4lt /
ug{, ljlwx¿
 efiff lzIf0fsf ljleGg k4ltsf] ljz]iftf -!%_
atfpg / d"Nof+sg ug{, $=! k|d'v lzIf0f k4ltx¿
 bf];|f] efiff lzIf0fsf k|d'v ljlwx¿sf] $=!=! lgudgfTds k4lt
pNn]v ug{, $=!=@ cfudgfTds k4lt
 k|d'v ljlwx¿sf] lzIf0fdf b]vfkg{] $=!=# >'lteflifs k4lt
dxŒj :ki6 kfg{, $=!=$ ;+1fTds k4lt
 pQm ljlwx¿sf] d"Nof+sg ug{ . $=!=% k|fst k4lt
$=!=^ k|sfof{Tds k4lt
$=@ bf];|f] efiff lzIf0fsf k|d'v ljlw / ltgLx¿sf]
dxŒj Pj+ d"Nofª\sg
$=@=! lzIf0f
$=@=@ cg'jfb ljlw
$=@=# Jofs/0ffg'jfb ljlw
$=@=$ k|ToIf ljlw
$=@=% WjGofTds ljlw
$=@=^ ;+/rgf ;Gbe{ ljlw
$=@=& efiff lgoGq0f ljlw
$=@=* k7g ljlw

255
 ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
$=@=( df}g ljlw
 bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf k|of]udf PsfO kfFr M bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf eflifs
NofOg] ljleGg eflifs ;Lk lzIf0f ;Lkx¿sf] lzIf0f
ljlw, k|ljlw tyf ltgsf -*_
lqmofsnfkx¿ :ki6 kfg{ . %=! >j0f tyf >'ltaf]w lzIf0f
%=@ df}lvs cleJolQm / pRrf/0f lzIf0f
%=# k7g tyf jfrg lzIf0f
%=$ n]vg lzIf0f
 sfo{qmda4 l;sfOsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff PsfO 5 M sfo{qmda4 l;sfO -*_
k|:6 kfg{, ^=! ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff
 sfo{qmda4 lgdf{0fsf tl/sf / cEof; ^=@ sfo{qmd lgdf{0fsf tl/sf / cEof;
atfpg, ^=# sfo{qmd lgdf{0fsf pkof]lutf / cEof;
 sfo{qmd lgdf{0fsf pkof]lutf / cEof; ^=$ sfo{qmda4 lzIf0fsf pkof]lutf / ;Ldfx¿
atfpg,
 sfo{qmdj4 l;sfOsf pkof]lutf / ;Ldf
lgwf{/0f ug{ .
 bf];|f] efiff lzIf0fdf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] PsfO ;ft M z}lIfs ;fdu|L / efiff k|of]uzfnf
k|of]u jtfpg, -*_
 bf];|f] efiff lzIf0fsf qmddf k|of]udf &=! bf];|f] efiff lzIf0fdf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u
cfpg] z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f / k| &=@ bf];|f] efiff lzIf0fdf k|of]uf cfpg] z}lIfs
of]uljlw 7Dofpg, ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f ug{] tl/sf / k|of]u ljlw
 bf];|f] efiff lzIf0fdf z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] &=#bf];|f] efiff lzIf0fdf pQm ;fdu|Lx¿sf] dxŒj
dxŒj atfpg, &=$ efiff k|of]uzfnfsf] cy{ / pkof]lutf
 efiff k|of]uzfnfsf] cy{ / pkof]lutf &=% bf];|f] efiff lzIf0fdf efiff k|of]uzfnfsf]
lgwf{/0f ug{, e"ldsf
 bf];|f] efiff lzIf0fdf efiff k| &=^ efiff k|of]uzfnfsf] k|of]uljlw
of]uzfnfsf] e"ldsf k|:6 kfg{,
 efiff k|of]uzfnfsf] k|of]uljlw
lgwf{/0f ug{ .
 bf];|f] efiff lzIf0fsf] tx lgwf{/0f PsfO cf7 M bf];|f] efiffsf] ¿kdf g]kfnL
ug{, lzIf0fsf] sfo{qmd
 k|fylds txdf bf];|f] efiff lzIf0f -!@_
sfo{qmd tof/ kfg{, *=! bf];|f] efiff lzIf0f s'g tx;Dd cfjZos 5 <
 klxnf] efiff / bf];|f] efiff lzIf0fsf] *=@ k|fylds txdf bf];|f] efiff lzIf0f sfo{qmd
kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] of]hgf *=# klxnf] efiff / bf];|f] efiff lzIf0fsf] kf7\oqmd
lgdf{0f ug{ . tyf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] of]hgf

$= lzIf0f k|ljlw M k|To]s PsfOdf cfjZostfcg';f/ ;fwf/0f / ljlzi6 k|ljlwsf] pkof]u

256
$=! ;fwf/0f lzIf0fk|ljlw M
PsfOsf] k|s[ltcg'¿k kf7\ok':ts, ;xfos k':ts, ;Gbe{ k':ts, kf7kq, tflnsf / cf/]vx¿sf]
cfwf/df JofVofg, k|Zgf]Q/, 5nkmn tyf lzIfs k|:t'tLs/0fsf] k|of]u ul/g]5 .
$=@ ljlzi6 lzIf0f k|ljlw M
PsfO @ df lzIf0f k4lt / ljlwnfO{ sIffdf k|of]u ug{ / PsfO & df /x]sf lzIf0f
;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]u ug{ nufOg]5 .
%= d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof M lzIf0f l;sfOsf] cjlwdf kf7\oj:t'sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ lnlvt
k/LIff, ;d"xsfo{, df}lvs tyf lnlvt k|:t'ltaf6 d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg]5 . o; k|sf/sf] d"Nofª\sg
ljBfyl{x¿nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg dfq k|of]u ul/g] 5 . o; kf7\of+zsf] clGtd d"Nofª\sg
lq=lj= jflif{s k/LIff k|0ffnLcg';f/ lnlvt k/LIffåf/f ul/g]5 .
jflif{s k/LIffdf ;f]lwg] k|Zgsf] k|s[lt, k|Zg9fFrf / To;sf] cª\sef/ lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 –
k|Zgsf] k|s[lt hDdf k|Zg ;ª\Vof pQ/ lbg'kg{] k|Zg cª\sef/
;ª\Vof
;d"x …sÚ M ax'j}slNks * k|Zg * * cª\s
k|Zg
;d"x …vÚ M 5f]6f @ ljsNk;lxt % k|Zg %×^ #) cª\s
pt/fTds k|Zg
;d"x …uÚ M nfdf] ! k|Zg !@×! !@ cª\s
pt/fTds k|Zg

^= l;kmfl/; ul/Psf k':ts tyf ;Gbe{;fdu|Lx¿

;Gbe{;fdu|Lx¿
PN;, lyof] efg / cGo -;g\ !(*$_, PKnfO8 lnlª\Ujl:6S; ofG8 nlg{ª ofG8 l6lrª km/]g
Nofª\Uj]h, nG8g M P8jf8{ cfgf{]N8 .

257
sf]O/fnf, ljBfgfy -@)%$_, dft[efiff lzIf0f M g]kfnsf] eflifs ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] tl/sf
-ljsf;sf lglDt lzIff k[i7 !!)–!@)_, sf7df8f}+ M lq=lj= lzIff ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg
s]Gb| .
Uof;, ;';g Pd= / nf/L ;]lnª\s/ -;g\ @))(_, ;]s]G8 Nofª\Uj]h PlSjlh;g, nG8g M ?6n]h .
h}g, dxfjL/ ;/g -;g\ !(^^_, cGo efiff lzIf0f, cfu|f M ljgf]b k':ts dlGb/ .
8'n], a6{ q]m;g -;g\ !(*@_, Nofª\Uj]h, Go'of]s{ M cS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L k|]; .
g'gg, 8]le8 -;g\ !((*_, Nofª\Uj]h l6lrª d]yf]8f]nhL, Go'of]s{ M k|]lG6; xn .
g]kfn /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u -;g\ !(%%_, g]kfndf lzIff, sf7df8f}+ M sn]h ckm Ph's];g .
kf08], /fdzsn -;g\ !(&^_, lxGbL lzIf0f, cfu/f M ljgf]b k':ts e08f/ .
a]gL, c/ -;g\ !(^^_, c sf];{ Og Nofª\Uj]h l6lrª, SoflDa|h M SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|]; .
dfNof{G8, dfOsn -;+=_ -;g\ !(&&_, Nofª\Uj]h Pqm; / sl/s'nd, nG8g M Pr=O=aL= .
ldr]n, /f]hfdG8 / ˆnf]/]G; dfON; -;g\ @))$_, ;]s]G8 Nofª\Uj]h nlg{ª Yof]l/h, nG8g
M xf]8/ cfgf{]8 .
l/r8{;, h] ofG8 6L /f]h;{ -;g\ !(*%_, cfk|f]r]h PG8 d]y8\; Og Nofª\Uj]h l6lrª,
SoflDa|h M SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|]; .
________ -;g\ !(()_, lb NofªUj]h l6lrª Dofl6«S;, SoflDa|h M SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L
k|]; .
l/e;{, 8ANo'=Pd -;g\ !(*!_, l6lrª km/]g Nofª\Uj]h l:sN;, -bf]=;+=_, l;sfuf] M l;sfuf]
o'lgel;{6L k|]; .
nx/L, /hgLsfGt -;g\ !(^_, lxGbL lzIf0f, cfu/f M /fdk|;fb PG8 ;G; .
nfh/, lulnog -;g\ !((#_, ln6/]r/ ofG8 Nofª\Uj]h l6lrª, cS;kmf]8{ M cS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;
{6L k]]|; .
Nof8f], /a6{ -;g\ !(^$_, Nofª\Uj]h l6lrª c ;fOlG6lkms Pk|f]r, Go'of]s{ M Dofju|lxn .
NofG6f]km h]=kL= -;g\ @)))_, ;f]l;of] sNr/n Yof}/L PG8 ;]s]G8 Nofª\Uj]h nlg{ª,
cS;kmf]8{ M cf]o'kL .
ljlNsG;, 8L=P= -;g\ !(&@_, lnlª\lUjl:6S; Og Nofª\Uj]h l6lrª, nG8g M P8jf8{ cfgf]
{N8 .
zdf{, s]bf/k|;fb -;g\ !((%_, P lqml6sn OefNo'P;g ckm lb k|fOd/L n]en ueg{d]G6
6]S:6 a'S; ckm lb g]kfnL Nofª\Uj]h, lkPr=8L, zf]wkq, lq=lj= .
zdf{, s]bf/k|;fb / dfwjk|;fb kf}8]n -@)^)_, g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTo lzIf0f, sf7df8f}+ M
Go' lx/f a'S; OG6/k|fOh]h, sLlt{k'/ .
zdf{, uf]kLgfy -;g\ !(*)_, :s"n sl/s'nd Og g]kfn, sf7df8f}+ M x]ds'df/L zdf{ .
_______ -@)$#_, g]kfndf lzIffsf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+ M x]ds'df/L zdf{ .
kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| -;Dkf=_, lzIff -@)^)_, eQmk'/ M ;fgf]l7dL .
>Ljf:tj, /jLGb|gfy -;g\ !(&(_, efiff lzIf0f, gO{lbNnL M lb d}sldng sDkgL ckm
OlG8of lnld6]8 .
;A;, dfOs]n -;g\ !(*^_, Ph's]zgn lnlª\Ujl:6S;, cS;kmf]8{ M al;n ANofsa]n .

258
;]l/8 -!((@_, dlN6ln·'jn Nofª\Uj]h Og g]kfn, sf7df8f}+ M lzIff ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg
s]Gb .
Xofln8] Pd=P=s]= / cGo -;g\ !(^$_, lb lnlª\Ujl:6S; ;fOG;]h ofG8 NofªUj]h l6lrª,
nG8gM nª\Dofg .
Xo'h]8, cy{/ -;g\ !(*(_, 6]l:6ª km/ Nofª\Ujh l6r/, Go'of]s{ M SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L
k|]; .

259