IS800-7Comp 166

SECTION 7 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
INTRODUCTION TO COLUMN BUCKLING

Introduction Elastic buckling of an ideal column Strength curve for an ideal column Strength of practical column Concepts of effective lengths Torsional and torsional-flexural buckling Conclusions
INTRODUCTION
Compression members: short or long Squashing of short column Buckling of long column Steel members more susceptible to buckling compared to RC and PSC members
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER COLUMN

Assumptions: Material of strut - homogenous and linearly elastic No imperfections (perfectly straight) No eccentricity of loading No residual stresss
ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER COLUMN
Pcr
The governing differential equation is
d 2 y Pcr .y ! 0 2 EI dx
T 2 EI Lowest value of the critical load Pcr ! 2 N
Pcr T 2 E W cr ! ! 2 AN A T 2E r2 T 2E T 2E W cr ! ! ! 2 2 2 (N r ) / P N
5
STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN IDEAL STRUT

axially loaded initially straight pin-ended column f B1 Column fails when the Plastic yield defined compressive stress is greater C by W than or equal to the values fy f = fy d A A defined by ACB. Elastic buckling ( W AC Failure by yielding (Low slenderness ratios) CB Failure by bucking ( u
c
defined by T 2 E / P 2
cr )
)
Pc
P = P /r
STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN IDEAL STRUT

Wf /fy
Plastic yield Elastic buckling
1.0
1.0
P = (fy / Wcr )1/2
Strength curve in a non-dimensional form
FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH OF A COLUMN IN PRACTICE:

Effect of initial out of straightness Effect of eccentricity of applied loading Effect of residual stress Effect of a strain hardening and the absence of clearly defined yield point Effect of all features taken together
8
Residual Stresses
Resi
l stresses i web
Resi i fl
l stresses es
Resi
l stresses istri
tio ( o pplied lo d)
Resi l stresses i el stic sectio s bjected 9 to mean stress Wa (net stress = Wa +Wr)
Effect of all features taken together

Wa
Data fr m c lla se tests fy

vv v v vv vv v v
v
The retical elastic buckling
vvv v vv v v vvv v vv v v v v Lower bound curve
T (E/fy)1/2
/r N
10
SECTION 7 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS 7.1 7.2 7.3 Design Strength Effective Length of Compression Members Design Details 7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4 ]7.4 Thickness of Plate Elements Effective Sectional Area Eccentricity for Stanchions and Columns Splices
Column Bases 7.4.1 Gusseted Bases 7.4.2 Slab Bases Angle Struts 7.5.1 7.5.2 7.5.3 7.5.4 Single Angle Struts Double Angle Struts Continuous Members Combined Stresses Cont...
11
7.5
7.6
SECTION 7 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS Laced Columns 7.6.1 General 7.6.2 Design of Lacings 7.6.3 7.6.4 7.6.5 7.6.6 7.6.7 7.6.8 Width of Lacing Bars Thickness of Lacing Bars Angle of Inclination Spacing Attachment to Main Members End Tie Plates General Design of Battens Spacing of Battens Attachment to Main Members end
7.7
Battened Columns 7.7.1 7.7.2 7.7.3 7.7.4
7.8
Compression Members Composed of Two Components

12
Dr S R Satish Back-to-Back Kumar, IIT Madras
INTRODUCTION
Wc
fy 200
xxx x x xx x x x x x x x
c llapse tests Test data (x) fr n practical c lu ns
Euler curve Design curve

x xx x x
100
50
100
150
Slenderness P (P/r)
Ty ical c lumn design curve

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 13
Cross Section Shapes for Rolled Steel Compression Members
(a) Single Angle
(b) D uble Angle
(c) Tee
(d) Channel
Circular (f) Rectangular H ll (e) H ll Secti n (RHS) Secti n (CHS)
14
Cr ss Secti n Sha es f r Built - u fabricated Com ression Members
(a) B x Secti n
(b) B x Secti n
(c) B x Secti n
(d) Plated I Secti n
(e) Built - up I Secti n (f) Built-up B x Secti n
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7.1 DESIGN STRENGTH

7.1.2 The design compressive strength of a member is given by
Pd ! Ae f cd f y / K m0 f cd ! 2 P 2 0 .5 J J
J = 0.5[1+E (P - 0.2)+ P2]
G f y / K m0
e f y / K m0
fcd = the design compressive stress, = non-dimensional effective slenderness ratio, f y fcc = Euler buckling stress = T2E/(KL/r)2
E = imperfection factor as in Table 7 G = stress reduction factor as in Table 8
f cc !
2 2 T E f y KL r
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Table 10 Buckling Class of Cross-sections

Cross Section Rolled I-Sections Limits h/b > 1.2 : tf 40 mm 40 < tf <100 tf <40 mm tf >40 mm Hollow Section Welded Box Section, built-up Channel, Angle, T and Solid Sections
Buckling about Buckling Curve axis z-z y-y z-z y-y z-z y-y z-z y-y Any Any Any Any Any a b b c b c c d a b b c c
Welded I-Section
Hot rolled Cold formed Generally
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7.1 DESIGN STRENGTH

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
fcd/fy
a b c d
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5

Lamda
2.5
TABLE 7.1 IMPERFECTION FACTOR, Buckling Class

E
a
0. 1
b
0.34
c
0.49
d
0.76
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7.2 Effective Length of Compression Members (Table 11)

Boundary Conditions At one end At the other end Effective Length Schematic represen -tation
Translation
Rotation
Translation
Rotation
Restrained
Restrained
Free
Free 2.0L
Free
Restrained
Restrained
Free
Restrained
Free
Restrained
Free
1.0L
Restrained
Restrained
Free
Restrained
1.2L
Restrained
Restrained
Restrained
Free
0.8L
Restrained
Restrained
Restrained
Restrained
0.65 L 19
7.4 COLUMN BASES 7.4.2 Gusseted Bases 7.4.3 Slab Bases
t s ! 2.5 w (a 0.3b )K m 0 / f y
" tf
20
STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

Design steps: Assume a trial section of area A = P/150 Make sure the section is at least semi-compact ! Arrive at the effective length of the column. Calculate the slenderness ratios. Calculate fcd values along both major and minor axes. Calculate design compressive strength Pd = (fcd A). Check P < Pd
21
BEHAVIOUR OF ANGLE COMPRESSION MEMBERS U Angles under compression Concentric loading - Axial force 1. Local buckling 2. Flexural buckling about v-v axis V 3. Torsional - Flexural buckling about u-u axis Eccentric loading - Axial force & bi-axial moments Most practical case U May fail by bi-axial bending or FTB (Equal 1, 2, 3 & Unequal 1, 3) V
U
22
7.5 ANGLE STRUTS Basic compressive strength curve
Curve C of Eurocode 3 Slenderness Ratio:

concentric loading Single leg Connection kL/r (kl/r)eq
2 J
Equivalent normalised slenderness ratio
P ! k1 k 2 P k 3 P
2 e
2 vv
Where, k1, k2, k3 are constants to account for different end conditions and type of angle.
Pvv
KL r ! vv T 2E I 250
PJ !
b1 b2
T E I v 2t 250
2
Where L = laterally unsupported length of the member rvv = radius of gyration about the minor axis b1, b2 = width of the two legs of the angle t = thickness of the leg = yield stress ratio ( 250/fy)0.5
7.5
ANGLE STRUTS
7.5.1.2 Loaded through one leg k1, k2, k3 = constants depending upon the end condition (Table 12)
2 Pe ! k1 k 2 P2 k3PJ vv
No. of bolts at the each end connection
Gusset/Connec -ting member Fixity Fixed
k1 0.20 0.70 0.75 1.25
k2 0.35 0.60 0.35 0.50
k3 20 5 20 60
>2 Hinged Fixed 1 Hinged
Design ?
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR LACED AND BATTENED COLUMNS
(a) Single Lacing
(b) D uble Lacing
(c) Battens
Built-u column members

LACED AND BATTENED COLUMNS

7.6.1.5 The effective slenderness ratio, (KL/r)e = 1.05 (KL/r)0, to account for shear deformation effects. 7.7.1.4 The effective slenderness ratio of battened column, shall be taken as 1.1 times the (KL/r)0, where (KL/r)0 is the maximum actual slenderness ratio of the column, to account for shear deformation effects.
27
Dr S R Satish Kumar Department of Civil Engineering IIT Madras Chennai 600 036 sr.satishkumar@gmail.com
28

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SECTION 7 DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras

INTRODUCTION TO COLUMN BUCKLING

ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER COLUMN

ELASTIC BUCKLING OF EULER COLUMN

The governing differential equation is

STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN IDEAL STRUT

STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN IDEAL STRUT

Plastic yield Elastic buckling

P = (fy / Wcr )1/2

Strength curve in a non-dimensional form

FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH OF A COLUMN IN PRACTICE:

Effect of all features taken together

Data fr m c lla se tests fy

The retical elastic buckling

vvv v vv v v vvv v vv v v v v Lower bound curve

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras

Battened Columns 7.7.1 7.7.2 7.7.3 7.7.4

Compression Members Composed of Two Components

Dr S R Satish Back-to-Back Kumar, IIT Madras

c llapse tests Test data (x) fr n practical c lu ns

Euler curve Design curve

Ty ical c lumn design curve

Cross Section Shapes for Rolled Steel Compression Members

(a) Single Angle

(b) D uble Angle

Circular (f) Rectangular H ll (e) H ll Secti n (RHS) Secti n (CHS)

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras

Cr ss Secti n Sha es f r Built - u fabricated Com ression Members

(d) Plated I Secti n

(e) Built - up I Secti n (f) Built-up B x Secti n

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras

7.1 DESIGN STRENGTH

Table 10 Buckling Class of Cross-sections

Hot rolled Cold formed Generally

7.1 DESIGN STRENGTH

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5

TABLE 7.1 IMPERFECTION FACTOR, Buckling Class

7.2 Effective Length of Compression Members (Table 11)

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras

7.4 COLUMN BASES 7.4.2 Gusseted Bases 7.4.3 Slab Bases

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras

STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras

7.5 ANGLE STRUTS Basic compressive strength curve

Curve C of Eurocode 3 Slenderness Ratio:

Equivalent normalised slenderness ratio

No. of bolts at the each end connection

Gusset/Connec -ting member Fixity Fixed

k1 0.20 0.70 0.75 1.25

k2 0.35 0.60 0.35 0.50

>2 Hinged Fixed 1 Hinged

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR LACED AND BATTENED COLUMNS

(a) Single Lacing

(b) D uble Lacing

Built-u column members

LACED AND BATTENED COLUMNS

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras