Transformer Proection
Transformer Proection
TCE. M6-EL-PI-GTF-6508
SECTION: TITLE
PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS
SHEET ( i ) OF (iii)
PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS
TATA CONSULTING ENGINEERS 73/1, ST. MARKS ROAD BANGALORE 560 001
: TCE.M6-EL-FP-DOC-005 : M6-6508.DOC
REV.NO
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R1
1982-10-30
1999-01-22
FORM NO. 020R2
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PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS
CONTENTS
SHEET NO. 1 1 18
TABLE-1
PROTECTION OF TWO WINDING TRANSFORMERS OF 500 TO 5000 KVA RATING PROTECTION OF TWO WINDING TRANSFORMERS OF 5000 TO 10,000 KVA RATING PROTECTION OF TWO WINDING TRANSFORMERS OF MORE THAN 10,000 KVA RATING PROTECTION OF THREE WINDING TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION OF AUTO TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION OF EARTHING TRANSFORMERS APPENDIX
TABLE-2
TABLE-3
10
TABLE-4
14 16 18
TABLE-5 TABLE-6
APPENDIX-1
TRANSFORMERS OF 500 KVA AND BELOW PROVIDED WITH FUSES ON H.V. SIDE
24
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REVISION STATUS SHEET REV NO. R1 DATE 1998-12-15 DESCRIPTION DOC. GENERALLY REVISED
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1.0
SCOPE This guide gives recommended protections for two winding or three winding transformers, auto transformers and earthing transformers which are controlled by circuit breakers and protected by relays. Protection of transformers provided with fuses on HV side is covered separately in Appendix-1.
2.0
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE Transformers are classified into the following groups for the purpose of defining their protection requirements (which are given in the tables to follow)
2.1
Two winding transformers (a) Transformers of rating 500 to 5000 kVA Table-1
(b)
Transformers of rating 5000 to 10000 kVA Table-2 (c) Transformers of rating 10,000 kVA and above Table-3
2.2
Three winding transformers of all ratings Table-4. Generally such transformers do not have ratings below 10,000 kVA in practical applications. Auto-transformers of all ratings Table-5. These are generally used as interconnecting transformers between two system voltages such as 220 kV to 110 kV. Earthing transformers of all ratings Table-6 Ratings of earthing transformers are decided by desired ground fault level of the system to which they are connected.
2.3
2.4
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1.2
51
Relay should be provided on all three phases. Relay should have very inverse normal time characteristics
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TABLE 1 (contd)
SR. NO. 1.3 DESCRIPTION Ground fault protection on HV side DEVICE NO. 50N DETAILS Applicable only for delta connected winding on HV side Instantaneous overcurrent relay connected in residual mode should have series stabilising resistor to ensure stability for magnetising inrush currents and LV through fault currents. For high impedance earthed system the relay shall be with adjustable time delay of 01. 1 sec. and shall be connected to core balance C.T. Applicable for star connected HV winding. Normal inverse time characteristic relay connected in residual mode is recommended SETTING RANGE Range 2080% for effectively earthed system. 10-40% for system with ground fault current limited to rated current / impedance earthed system REMARKS Consider 3 phase fault on secondary terminals of transformer for selection of stabilising resistor
1.4
51N
Range 2080% for effectively earthed system and 10-40% for system with ground fault current limited to rated current
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TABLE 1 (contd)
SR. NO. 1.5 DESCRIPTION Backup over current protection on LV side for phase faults DEVICE NO. 51 DETAILS SETTING RANGE Protection should 50-200% be provided on all three phases. Very inverse time characteristics recommended for co-ordination with relay protected outgoing feeders and extremely inverse time characteristics to be used when co-ordination with fuse protected feeders is required Protection to be 20-80% connected to CT in Neutral CT the transformer ratio shall neutral connection. be same as of Normal inverse time that characteristic relay phase CTs is recommended. This protection is required even where all the outgoing feeders are fuse protected. Relay to be 10-40% connected to CT ratio neutral CT. Long same as inverse time phase CTs characteristic relay if Ig Irated is recommended. In other (Relay 51N above cases may either be select CT deleted or ratio based connected to on ground residual connection fault current of phase CTs if Ig < value IR Range 10 to 40% REMARKS See discussions for use of breaker series trips in place of these relays in case of 415V systems
1.6
Backup ground fault protection for LV systems with neutral directly earthed
51N
See discussion for 415V systems where outgoing feeders are provided with fuses and LV circuit breaker is provided with series trip device
1.7
Standby ground fault protection for LV system with neutral earthed through low resistances
515N
Relay time setting should be co-ordinated with short time rating of grounding resistance
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TABLE 1 (contd)
SR. NO. 1.8 DESCRIPTION Gas protection DEVICE NO. 63G DETAILS Two stages buchholz relay with one alarm stage and one tripping stage. This is supplied along with the transformer. Each stage will actuate an auxiliary relay with four pairs of self reset contacts (Alarm) or Hand reset contacts (Trip) Oil temperature indicators are usually provided with two contacts, one for alarm on Oil temperature high and other for trip on Oil temperature very high Winding temp. indicators are provided with two stages, one for alarm on winding temp. high and the other for trip on winding temperature very high Pressure relief device supplied with the transformer shall be provided with auxiliary relay with four pairs of hand reset contacts for tripping SETTING RANGE REMARKS For transformers protected by fuse, trip stage without any switching device cannot be used as tripping device is not available. Only alarm stage may be used.
1.9
OTI
1.10
WTI
- DO -
1.11
PRD
NOTE:
1.
Items 1.8, 1.9 & 1.11 are not applicable for dry type transformers.
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2.2
2.3
Instantaneous short circuit protection for phase faults on HV side Backup over current protection for phase faults on HV side
50
51
Range 200%
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TABLE 2 (contd)
SR. NO. 2.4 DESCRIPTION Earth fault protection on HV side DEVICE NO. 50N DETAILS Applicable only for delta connected HV. Protection same as item 1.3 SETTING REMARKS RANGE 20-80% for effectively earthed systems and 10-40% for low resistance earthed system 20-80% for effectively earthed system and 10-40% for system with low resistance earthing 50-200%
2.5
51N
2.6
2.7
Backup overcurrent protection on LV side for phase faults Backup ground fault protection for LV side
51
51N
2.8
Restricted earth fault protection of LV side when LV neutral is grounded through low resistance
64
20-80% for effectively earthed system and 10-40% for system with low resistance earthing CT ratio for phase and 10-40% neutral CTs should be range, Stand. same values of stabilising resistor are 50 ohm for 5 A CT and 200 ohm for 1 A CT Relay to be connected to neutral CT. CT ratio same as phase CTs when Ig IR
Design stabilising resistance value on the basis of 3 phase through fault. RCT should be kept low to limit value of Vk & stabilising resistor. Recommended setting is 10%.
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TABLE 2 (contd)
SR. NO. 2.9 DESCRIPTION Standby earth fault protection for LV side when neutral is grounded through low resistance DEVICE NO. 515N DETAILS Relay connected to neutral CT. Long inverse time characteristic relay is recommended. (Relay 51N in 2.8 above should be connected to residual connection of phase CTs in this case) SETTING RANGE CT ratio same as phase CTs if Ig IR. In other cases select CT ratio based on designed ground fault current value. Range 1040% REMARKS Relay time setting should be co-ordinated with short time rating of grounding resistance
2.13
Gas protection Winding temperature trip Transformer oil temperature high Oil pressure trip
Same as 1.8 Same as item 1.10 Same as item 1.9 Same as item 1.11
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TABLE 3 PROTECTION OF TWO WINDING TRANSFORMERS OF RATING MORE THAN 10,000 KVA
SR. NO. 3.1 DESCRIPTION Differential protection DEVICE NO. 87T DETAILS Relay should be connected on all three phases. Relay shall be high speed type incorporating (a) 2nd & 5th harmonic restraint / zero current sensing for magnetising inrush currents (b) Adjustable percentage bias for through fault stability (c) Auxiliary CT on both sides for ratio matching and compensation for line CT mismatch (d) High set instantaneous unit in differential circuit Same as item 1.1 Range 5002000% SETTING RANGE REMARKS
3.2
50
(i)
This protection shall not provided for generator transformers (ii) Same as in 1.1
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TABLE 3 (contd)
SR. NO. 3.3 DESCRIPTION Backup overcurrent protection for phase faults on HV side Instantaneous ground fault protection on HV side DEVICE NO. 51 DETAILS Same as item 1.2 SETTING RANGE Range 50200% REMARKS
3.4
50N
3.5
51N
3.6
51
Applicable only when Range 20HV is delta connected 80% for Same as item 1.3 effectively earthed system and 1040% for system with ground fault currents limited to rated current/ impedance earthed systems Applicable for star Range 20connected HV 80% for effectively winding earthed Same as item 1.4 system and 1040% for systems with limited ground fault current Same as item 1.5 Range 50200%
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TABLE 3 (contd)
SR. NO. 3.7 DESCRIPTION Backup overcurrent protection for ground fault on LV side DEVICE NO. 51N DETAILS Same as item 2.7 SETTING RANGE Range 2080% for effectively earthed system and 1040% for system with low resistance earthing 10-40% range REMARKS
3.8
3.9
Restricted earth fault protection of LV side when LV neutral is grounded through low resistance Standby earth fault protection of LV side when LV neutral is grounded through low resistance Gas protection Winding temperature trip Transformer oil temperature trip Oil pressure trip
64
51SN
Same as 1.8 Same as item 1.10 Same as item 1.9 Same as item 1.11
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4.2
4.3
4.4
Short circuit protection with instantaneous o/c relays on HV side (source side) Backup overcurrent protection for phase faults on HV side Instantaneous ground fault protection on HV side
50
Relay should be connected to all three phases. Relay shall have bias from all the three windings. If tertiary is not loaded and brought out, then the bias shall be taken from HV & LV sides only. Other requirements same as 3.1 Same as item 1.1 Range 5002000%
51
Range 200%
50-
50N
Range 2080% for effectively earthed system and 10-40% for systems with restricted ground fault current
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TABLE 4 (contd)
SR. NO. 4.5 DESCRIPTION Backup ground fault protection on HV side DEVICE NO. 51N DETAILS SETTING REMARKS RANGE Applicable for star Range 20-80% connected HV for effectively winding earthed system Same as item 1.4 and 10-40% for systems with limited ground fault current Same as item 1.5 Range 50-200% Both LV windings shall have separate protections Same as item 2.7 Range 20-80% or - do 10-40% depending on available fault current Same as item 2.8 10-40% range - do -
4.6
4.7
Backup o/c protection on LV side, for phase faults Backup o/c protections for ground fault on LV side Restricted E/F protection of LV side when LV is grounded through a resistance Standby E/F protection when LV is grounded through a resistance Gas protections
51
51N
4.8
64
4.9
51SN
- do -
4.10
63G
Two stage Buchholz protection is part of transformer Same as 1.8 Same as item 1.10 Same as item 1.9 Same as item 1.11
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5.2
Restricted protection
E/F 64
5.3
67/5150
Single phase instantaneo us current operated relay. Alt-2 9CT method Range 2080% See fig.2 All CT ratios should be equal. One CT is Three phase required on each instantaneo current phase at neutral end us of common winding. operated This alternative also relay covers phase faults Range 2080% inside transformers Protection shall be 3 relays provided on all one per phases. phase. Directionalisation is Range 50required as power 200% for flow can be both inverse ways. Additional high current set instantaneous unit element and can be provided to 500-2000% clear internal faults for high set unit
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TABLE 5 (contd)
SR. NO. 5.4 DESCRIPTION Backup o/c protection for ground faults (Directional) on HV side Backup o/c protection for phase faults on LV side (Directional) DEVICE NO. 67/51N DETAILS Directionalisation is required as current flow can be in both directions. Adopt potential polarisation Similar to 5.3 above SETTING RANGE Directional o/c relay Range 2080% Directional o/c relay - 3 relays Range 50200% for inverse time o/c & 5002000% for high set unit Range 2080% REMARKS
5.5
67/5150
5.6
5.7
Backup o/c protection for ground faults (Directional) Overload relay (for alarm) for HT winding
67/51N
50/OL
Definite time o/c relay. Range 50200% Time 1-10 sec. High DO/Pu ratio
5.8
5.9
50/OL
63G
To be connected to CTs at the neutral - do end of phase winding Two stage Buchholz protection is part of transformer Same as 1.8
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TABLE 5 (contd)
SR. NO. 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 DESCRIPTION Winding temperature trip Oil temperature trip Oil pressure trip For very large transformer (above 100 MVA) comprehensive numerical protection in one group & conventional protection in another group shall be provided Over fluxing protection (for grid transformers) In cases where trans-formers are continuously operated at full load, and in addition, are likely to be subjected to short time overloads, (which may raise the winding temp. to more than 100C temp. time integrators should be provided to enable estimation of degree of aging. DEVICE NO. WTI OTI PRD DETAILS SETTING RANGE REMARKS
5.14
5.15
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6.2
Gas protections
63G
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3.0 3.1
DISCUSSIONS Transformers below 500 kVA are generally used for distribution systems and are usually protected by fuses. Hence this range of power rating is not included in the recommendations. Appendix-1 gives such a typical system for general guidance. For particular applications where H.V. circuit breakers are provided table I may be followed. LV side of the transformers may have circuit breakers or fuses. In case of fuses, LV backup overcurrent and ground fault protections are not applicable. Ground fault protections to be provided for the transformers depend on the type of earthing of the systems to which the transformer is connected and also the way in which transformer neutrals are grounded. Following types of system earthing are possible. (a) (b) Effective earthing System neutral earthed through a resistance to limit the fault current to a value equal to the rating of the transformer. In some cases this limit may be further reduced to provide only adequate current for ground fault relaying.
3.2
(c) System neutral earthed through resistance loaded distribution transformer to limit ground fault current to very small values. Earthing discussed in (c) above is usually adopted in power station for unit and station transformer earthing. In this case two types of relaying are possible. (i) To provide ground fault alarm by a voltage relay connected across the resistor of grounding transformer secondary. No further discriminative ground fault relaying is done on outgoing feeders. (ii) To provide sensitive core balance CTs on the outgoing feeders in addition to the voltage relay in (i) above and ensure time discrimination on the voltage relay. This scheme is adopted in TCE power station practice. The ground fault current available depends on the total capacitance in the connected system. Core balance CTs are specified to give a primary sensitivity of 5 to 10 A. In such systems the outgoing transformer feeders should be
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provided with core balance CTs and instantaneous over current relays for ground fault protection in place of 50N and 51N relays. A small time delay of 50 100 min is desirable. 3.3 Most of the indigenous make differential relays do not incorporate ratio matching taps in the relay. Hence separate auxiliary CTs should be provided wherever adopted relays do not have this builtin facility. Even with built-in ratio matching feature in therelay auxiliar CTs are required for vector correction. Protections recommended in tables 1 to 4 are on the basis that the source is connected to HV side of transformer only. Most of the applications fall under this category and hence the generalisation. If particular applications have additional source on the LV side also then backup over current protection for phase faults on the LV side should be made directional over current protection. Additional directional ground fault protection should be added and connected to residual connections of the phase CTs. When two transformers are operated in parallel, and they are not provided with differential protection, directional over current phase and ground fault relaying mentioned in 3.4 should be provided for selective isolation of faulty transformer (internal fault). Transformers of smaller rating usually have percentage impedance value of about 5%. The current for secondary three phase fault in this case will be 20 times rated current. The instantaneous phase over current relay on HV side should be set atleast 1.5 times this value. Since the maximum setting is 2000%, CT ratio will have to be increased to reach this setting. Phase over current elements have 50-200% range thus permitting the raised CT ratio. A common high speed, hand reset trip relay should be used for simultaneous tripping of both HV and LV breakers whenever the protections operate. Buchholz trip should be routed through a shunt connected auxiliary relay with hand reset contacts. The auxiliary relays shall provide necessary flag indication. Winding temperature, alarm and trip, oil temperature alarm & trip normally form part of transformer and are covered here for the sake
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3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
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3.10
of completeness. These trips also should be routed through auxiliary relays to obtain flag indication / remote indication. In case of transformers feeding to 415 V auxiliary supply system, the LV side may be provided with time delayed electromagnetic releases for short circuit protection and thermal overload relays in place of CT connected time over current protections. In such systems where secondary neutral is directly grounded, no separate ground fault relaying is envisaged. Under the presumption that the phase connected releases will operate for ground faults also, since fault current is not limited by neutral resistances. Even with all fuse protected O/G feeders it is desirable to have E/F relay 51N. (a) For transformers with solidly earthed neutral residually connected earth fault relay shall be provided. For transformers with resistance earthed neutral to restrict earth fault current to about rated current of the transformer, residually connected earth fault relay or earth fault relay connected to transformer neutral CT or core balance CT shall be provided. For transformers with resistance earthed neutral to restrict earth fault current to a very low value (5 A or 10 A). Earth fault relay connected directly across the NGR or across the loading resistor on the secondary of the earthing transformer shall be providwed . Relay may be wired only for alarm, but in cases where transformer feeder extensive cabling, each outgoing feeder should be protected additionally by an earth fault relay connected to a core balance CT. In this case the earth fault relay of each feeder is wired to trip the feeder. All the earth fault relays should be either inverse time or definite time relays and where connected to trip are to be graded with earth fault relays or fuses provided for the outgoing feeders. (d) For Delta connected transformers either an instantaneous residually connected earth fault relay with a suitable stabilising resistor or a time delayed earth fault relay shall be provided. This relay need not be graded with earth fault relays or fuses on the outgoing feeders but should have adequate
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(b)
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time delay to prevent its operation during magnetising inrush current. 3.7 (a) Differential & restricted earth fault protection for star connected windings can be combined for transformer upto 63 MVA or 132 kV. If earthing transformers are provided these can be included in the REF scheme. Earthing transformer can also be covered by the differential protection.
(b) Differential & restricted earth fault protection should be separately provided for transformer of rating greater than 63 MVA or for all 220 kV / 400 kV transformers. REF protection uses bushing CTs while differential protection uses transformer yard CTs. Double wound transformer should have REF protection for both the windings. (c) Large auto transformer should be provided with REF protection using nine (9) CTs.
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