Lab Report of Analogue Electronic

ABSTRACT Analogue electronics are electronic systems that have a continuously varying signal with a proportional relationship existing between a signal and current or voltage Transistors! capacitors! resistors! inductors and diodes are the basic components in an analogue circuit board The Transistor "eedbac# Circuit circuit boards consist of three circuit bloc#s that include$ Series "eedbac#! %ultistage Amplifier "eedbac# and the &ifferential Amplifier "eedbac# The first three circuit bloc#s demonstrate feedbac# methods while the fourth one is used to demonstrate a differential amplifier An input signal with defined amplitude is fed into the circuit and it consists of a voltage with a certain value of current transistor Transistor "eedbac# Circuit board s carry three forms of feedbac# These include$ the Series Shunt feedbac# or the Series feedbac#! the %ultistage Amplifier "eedbac# consists of multistage series shunt feedbac# and multistage shunt series feedbac#! as well as the &ifferential Amplifier "eedbac# The multistage circuit involves two ma'or stages of amplification! using a combination of both shunt and series feedbac#

()TR*&+CT(*) "eedbac# in transistor feedbac#s refers to the return of a part of an amplifier,s output signal There are only two types of feedbac#s! the positive and the negative feedbac#s The positive feedbac# produces a signal that in turn ma#es the transistor circuit to deliver a larger signal The feedbac# is in the form of a signal moving in a negative direction (n the negative feedbac#! a signal bac#-passes to a previous stage and reduce the signal amplitude (n both cases! a feedbac# signal is of greater effect on the troughs and pea#s that represent distortions &ifferential amplifier is an amplifier with output signals that is proportional to the difference between input signals The attenuator and a generator buffer are incorporated into the circuit board to reduce the magnitude of the input signal (n this experiment! the #ey ob'ective was to locate and identify the circuit boards of Transistor "eedbac#s *ther ob'ectives of the experiment include$ gaining ability in describing effect of series shunt feedbac# by use of &C and AC gain measurements To observe the characteristics and operation of the multistage amplifiers! and differential amplifier and to understand how bandwidth is affected by the series negative feedbac# using feedbac# circuit Also! to gain ability in calculation and measure current gain in shunt series and be able to measure output impedance of the shunt-series multistage amplifier

T.E*R/ The set up of this experiment was based on the four ma'or Transistor "eedbac# Circuits mentioned above %ost transistors have leads in a single line with plastic cases They have a current gain of 011! up to 234 of the rated current This falls to 31 for the following 234 current increase This further falls to 51 for the following 234 in current gain and 01 at the maximum allowable current The transistor arrangement is slightly changed to come up with various feedbac# circuits with new features The diagram below shows circuits of the Transistor "eedbac# Circuit

E6+(7%E)T +SE& "*R T.E E87ER(%E)T Setting up this experiment re9uired the following lab e9uipment$ "ault Assisted Circuits for Electronics Training :" A C E T ; base unit! %ultimeter! 03v &C power supply! *scilloscope! &ual trace <enerator! Transistor feedbac# circuit and Transistor feedbac# Circuit circuit board

+)(T 0= Series "eedbac# 7rocedure The series feedbac# variable supply was ad'usted to >01?d c and R5 set to obtain 3 3?d c at the transistor collector 60! then ch0was connected to display ?b Ch2 was connected to display ?o at 62 output and the generator set for 5?p#-p# and01#h@ sine wave at 60 output To measure gain with feedbac#! the connector was removed and the generator ad'usted to obtain ?o Ch0was connected to the output ?o and the generator set for 2?p#-p#! 23 #.@ s9uare wave

and the scope was set at 3 SAdiv The vertical and hori@ontal positioning was ad'usted and the upper cutoff fre9uency calculated C2 was removed to add ac gain and the generator set at 2?p#-

p#!

011 #.@ s9uare wave at output ?o ! scope at 0 sAdiv C2 was then put bac# to the circuit and

the generator set at 2?p#-p#! 31.@ s9uare wave at output! and the oscilloscope set for 1 2%sAdiv The procedure was repeated with C2 removed from the circuit to add ac gain and oscilloscope set for 0mSAdiv Ch0 was then connected to the input ?i! the generator set at B1m?p#-p# and B1#.@ sin wave Ch2 was connected to display ?b and the oscilloscope set at 31%vAdiv ?R0 was measured and li and Ci calculated C2 was disconnected to introduce a feedbac# and ?i ad'usted to B1m?p#-p# Results and &iscussion Exercise 0= Effect of feedbac# on AC gain

The series feedbac# amplifier circuit bloc# develops series and shunt feedbac# that is parallel to the amplifier input The feedbac# causes a significant reduction in gain and the results obtained show that the measured "f is the same as the calculated Af Exercise 2= Effect of feedbac# in bandwidth

The negative feedbac# reduces the amplitude of the output amplifier! and improves the low and high fre9uency responses (n determining the cutoff fre9uency of an amplifier! the s9uare wave is more convenient to sine wave

Exercise 5= Effect of feedbac# on impedance

(ncreasing the circuit input impedance reduces the input current and addition of the series feedbac# increases the input impedance The transistor base impedance D

+nit 2= %ultistage amplifier feedbac# 7rocedure A multistage shunt-series feedbac# circuit was used in this experiment The oscilloscope ch0 was connected between ?o and the ground and the generator set for 011 m? p#-p#! 01 #.@ across R00 and the current through it was calculated Ch0 was then connected to the 'unction of C0 and R0 while Ch2 to the base of 60! and Ch2 was set to invert Ch0 was then connected between R00 and the output ?o measured The generator was then set for 5?p#-p# and 01 #.@ sine wave at the amplifier output RE CCF was then ad'usted to obtain a maximum resistance The post connecter between RE and the output was removed and the generator ad'usted to ?o D 5?p#-p# The ohmmeter was then disconnected and two post connectors inserted at RE to obtain ?oD0 3?p#-p# RE was disconnected and post connectors connected above RE! and then CF fully set to minimi@e resistance The generator was then set at 01 #.@! 0?p#-p# sine wave and Av calculated C%B was then activated to reduce RB set for 0?p#-p# at ?o! then ?i measured on ch! and Av calculated The generator was again set for 211m?p#-p#! 01 #.@ sine wave and R00set fully CF and connector inserted between R00 and R02 with R00 ad'usted to obtain 011m? p#-p# at the output C%01 was activated to reduce RE and the generator set for 211m? p#-p#! 01 #.@ sine wave at the output The connector at R00 was inserted and ad'ustments made to obtain 011m?p#-p# C%B was then activated to reduce RE and the generator set for 211m? p#-p#! 01 #.@ sine wave at the output The connector at R00 was inserted to obtain 011m?p#-p#

Results and &iscussion Exercise 0= Shunt - series current gain

Fhen Ch0 is connected between R00 and the output!

The resistor Rsh in the circuit provides the input with a shunt feedbac# while resistor Rsh provides series feedbac# for the output The voltage gain is less than the current gain that can be determined from the ratio= Current gainD

Exercise 2= Shunt - series output impedance

The output impedance of the circuit is high with the output current being essentially constant due to the high impedance The impedance decreases by the value of the collector resistor .ence! output impedance! Co output collector resistor! Rc and!

Fhen the output voltage! ?o D31m?p#-p#! the output current (o is given by$

Exercise 5= Series - shunt voltage gain There is a series feedbac# at the input stage and shunt feedbac# at the output stage The voltage gain varies directly with the circuit feedbac# ratio and is given by$ AvDRshARef

Exercise G= Series - shunt output impedance Fhen the connector between R00 and R02 is removed and C%01 is activated! R00>R02D011 ! representing a 534 change in collector value Fhen the connector is removed and C%B activated! R00>R02D 011 in collector value ! representing B24 change

The output impedance of a series-shunt feedbac# is low and is not related directly to the collector resistance

+nit 5= &ifferential feedbac# amplifier 7rocedure A differential amplifier was used with a voltmeter connected across collectors 60 and 62 and RG ad'usted until 1?dc was obtained The voltmeter was then connected across R5 and ?R5 measured and (R5 calculated A dc ammeter was connected in series across R3and and A" generator with two post connectors at 60 base Ch0 was connected to 60 base and the generator set for 311m?p#-p#! 0 #.@ sine wave at the input Ch2 was connected to 62 and both set for 1 3?Adiv and ch0 triggered A" generator was connected with two post connectors at the 60 base Ch0 was then connected to the 60 base and the generator set for 311m?p#-p# ! 0H.@ sine wave Ch2 was connected to 62 and the output signal output measured Ch2 was connected to the collector 62 with the input voltage still at 311m?p#-p# and ch2 moved to 60 collector Ch2 and ch0 were set for 1 3 ?Adiv and the differential output voltage measured across 60 and 62 and Av calculated Two post connectors were used at R0 with 3? dc at both inputs and the collector voltage recorded and the common mode voltage gain obtained Ch0 was connected to the A" generator and set for 3?p#-p# ! 0H.@ sine wave Ch0 was then moved the collector 60! and ch2 to 62 and the two set at 011m?Adiv Results and &iscussion

Exercise 0= Characteristics of differential amplifier The collector signal becomes out of phase with the input base signal and is positive when the base is negative and vice versa (R5 divides voltage e9ually between each collector series The 62 collector signal is in phase with the input signal at 60 The output of the differential amplifier has amplitude twice the single ended output

Exercise 2= Single ended and differential gain of differential amplifier

The sum of the two e9ual single ended gains is the differential output of the amplifier Exercise 5= Common mode gain of differential amplifier The dc and ac signals that are common to both inputs are re'ected by the differential amplifier (t was also found that the differential voltage remains constant between collectors and is decreased by an e9ual amount

C*)CL+S(*) The negative feedbac# results to a significant decrease in the circuit gain and increases the bandwidth! and decreases the gain in the amplifier Addition of the series negative feedbac# to a common emitter amplifier leads to an increase of the input impedance