by Fayek Shakran

Course Objective
identify pump classifications
describe the purpose of pump parts.
define various pump terms.
explain pump operation.
describe the components of a pump curve.
Describe a simple pumping system.
describe typical pump failures and their
causes
Introduction
Purpose of a pump:
A pump is designed to:
transfer fluid from one point
to another.
-from low pressure areas to
higher pressure Areas.
-from lower elevations to
higher Elevations.
-From local locations to
distant locations.
Pump Definition
Pump is defined as a mechanical device that rotates or reciprocates
to move fluid from one place to another
Introduction
41%
30%
24%
5%
20 Year Life Cycle Cost
Chemical Process Pump
Maintenance
Operation
Installation
Purchase
Life Cycle Cost
Energy and maintenance costs during the life of a pump system are usually more
than10 times its purchase price
Pumping System Basics
Typical pumping systems contain five basic components:
Pumps.
prime movers.
Piping.
Valves.
end-use equipment.
Pumps are available in a wide range of types, sizes, and materials,
two categories describedpositive displacement and centrifugal.
positive displacement pumps have a
fixed displacement volume.
Consequently, the flow rates they
generate are directly proportional to
their speed.
Centrifugal pumps have a variable
flow/pressure relationship.
Pumps Types
Positive
displacement pump
Positive displacement pumps work on the principle that No
two objects can occupy the same space at the same time
A solid will
displace a volume
of fluid equal to its
own volume
Reciprocating element
(piston plunger)
Rotating element
(Vans , Screws or
Gears)
Discharge flow / rate can be controlled by:
- Change the speed of the prime mover.
- Use of bypass lin.
- Change of the piston stroke length.
Types of Positive Displacement Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps Rotary Pumps
Three main types:
- Piston Type.
- Plunger Type.
- Diaphragm Type.
Piston Type Reciprocating Pump
Each complete movement of the piston along the length of the cylinder is called A
STROKE
Used as portable backup pumps for the removal of surplus process fluids
Very similar to piston type pumps and either
vertical or horizontal acting
Plunger Type Reciprocating Pump
What is the difference between piston and plunger pumps?
Diaphragm Pump
Get their name from the flexible diaphragm
Diaphragm Pump
Double-Diaphragm Pump
A perfect seal, it makes Diaphragm Pump ideal for:
1- pumping chemicals.
2- Controlled metering.
Diaphragm Pump
A diaphragm is usually
made of a flexible
rubber materials
often covered with
a thin metal disc
where the
connecting rod is
attached.
Types of Rotary Pumps
-Gear Pump.
-Sliding Vane Pump.
-Rotary Lobe Pump.
-Rotary Screw Pump.
Gear Pump / External
consists of two intermeshing gears, one driven and one idling,
in a close-fitting casing
Gear Pump / External
Gear Pump / Internal
Internal gear pump has a
small (driven) gear mounted
eccentrically inside a larger
idler gear that rotates inside a
circular casing.
Vane Pump
The common vane type pump consists of a rotor with a radial
slots machined into it. The rotor is mounted off-center and
rotates inside a circular casing.
Vane Pump
Liquid is drawn in through the suction side and squeezed out under pressure
through the discharge side.
Rotary Lobe Pump
The rotary lobe pump
works on a similar
principle to the gear
pump
Rotary Screw Pump
Rotary screw
pumps are
special types
of rotary
positive
displacement
pumps in
which the
flow through
the pumping
elements is
truly axial.
Screw pumps
are also called
axial flow
pumps
TYPES OF SCREW PUMPS
Screw pumps can have one , two or three screws
The types of screw pumps are the:
Single Screw Pump Multiple Screw Pump
Single Screw Pumps
It consists of a
spiral-shaped
rotor that turns
in an internal-
helix liner. The
rotor is usually
metal. The liner
is rubber.
Multiple Screw Pumps
Multiple screw pump
increases the pumping
capacity of a single screw
type by providing
additional rotors to move
fluid.
Multiple screw pumps are
driven by a single rotor called
the power rotor.
Two screw pumps are often
called timed screw pumps
Multiple Screw Pumps
Multiple Screw Pumps
Three-screw pumps have two idler screws. The idlers are
threaded to mesh with the power rotor. (untimed screw pumps)
Centrifugal
and axial pumps
Centrifugal and axial pumps
impart kinetic energy to a fluid
and rely on the conversion of this
kinetic energy to potential energy
to increase fluid pressure
Initial Pump Selection
Centrifugal and axial pumps
centrifugal pumps are used
typically in high-flow, low-head
applications in which fluid
viscosity is not prohibitively high
Initial Pump Selection
Centrifugal pumps
Pumps sectional drawing
1. Casing half, lower
2. Casing half, upper
3. Casing wear ring
4. Neck bush
5. Lantern ring
6. Stuffing gland
7. Bearing housing
8. Bearing cower I.
9. Bearing cover II.
10. Cooling cover
11. Shaft
12. Impeller
13. Impeller ring
14. Shaft protecting sleeve
15. Shaft nut
16. Lock nut
17. Labyrinth ring
18. Shoulder ring
19. Distance sleeve
20. Lubrication ring
21. Bearing
pumps, typical sectional drawing
Pumps, typical sectional drawing
Axial-flow pumps with
pull-out rotor and with
blading adjustable
during operation
Initial Pump Selection
Axial pumps
Initial Pump Selection
Mixed-flow pumps
1. Suction cone
2. Suction bell
3. Wearing ring
4. Guide bearing casing
5. Guide vanes casing
6. Tube
7. Delivery elbow
8. Neck bush
9. Stuffing box
10. Thrust bearing casing
11. Thrust bearing cover
12. Motor stool
13. Cover
14. Shaft nut
15. Blade
16. Fixing plate
17. Impeller hub
18. Shaft sleeve
19. Shaft
20. Packing
21. Shaft sleeve
22. Oil retaining tube
23. Bearing bell
24. Coupling
Vertical shaft
ADVANTAGES OF CENTRIGUGAL PUMPS
Advantages
Simple in construction and
cheap
Handle liquid with large
amounts of solids
No metal to metal fits
No valves involved in pump
operation
Maintenance costs are lower
Disadvantages
Cannot handle highly viscous fluids efficiently
Cannot be operated at high heads
Maximum efficiency holds over a narrow range of conditions
Initial Pump Selection
HQ Curve
The amount of fluid power that a
system consumes is a product of head
and flow, according to this equation:
Fluid power = HQ (s.g.)
3,960
where
H = head (ft)
Q = flow rate (gallons per minute [gpm])
s.g. = specific gravity of the fluid
3,960 is a units conversion to state fluid
power in terms of horsepower
Initial Pump Selection
The operating point of centrifugal
pumps at which their efficiency is
highest is known as the best efficiency
point (BEP). Efficiencies range
widely, from 35% to more than 90%,
and they are a function of many
design characteristics
Vapor pressure vs. temperature
Boiling water with low pressure
Pressure
Specific gravity is the
density ratio of a liquid
as compared to water at
a given temperature.
Water is used as the
standard at 14.69 psia
(1.013 bar abs) and
at 60F (15.5C).
Specific Gravity
Its specific gravity
is 1.0 at this standard
temperature
and pressure.
Static Head
Initial Pump Selection
Initial Pump Selection
Static Lift
is defined as the minimum
hydraulic head condition in
which a pump can meet its
head and capacity
requirements without
the liquid vaporizing inside
the pump.
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
Vaporization of the liquid
causes cavitations. This
cavitations reduces a pumps
performance
and may damage the pump.
Cavitations
Initial Pump Selection
The standard tests for NPSHR
tell us that even if NPSHA equals
NPSHR there still is still a mild
incipient cavitation occurring.
Therefore, we need a little safety
margin. A good margin to use is:
NPSHA > NPSHR +3 ft. (1m)
This margin can vary with pump
type, impeller type, and fluid
being pumped. However for most
Overhung Impeller Centrifugal
Pumps the 3 ft (1m) safety margin
is usually satisfactory.
NPSH Available and NPSH Required
Initial Pump Selection
Most pumps are driven by electric
motors. Although some pumps are
driven by direct current (dc) motors,
the low cost and high reliability of
alternating current (ac) motors make
them the most common type of
pump prime mover.
Prime Movers
Prime Movers
Piping
Piping is used to contain the
fluid and carry it from the
pump to the point of use.
aspects of piping are its
dimensions, material type,
and cost.
The flow resistance at a
specified flow rate of a pipe
decreases as the pipe
diameter gets larger;
however, larger pipes are
heavier, take up more floor
space, and cost more than
smaller pipe.
In systems that operate at high
pressures small-diameter pipes
can have thinner walls than large-
diameter pipes and are easier to
route and install.
Piping
Small-diameter pipes restrict flow,
can be especially problematic in
systems with surging flow
characteristics. Smaller pipes also
operate at higher liquid velocity,
increasing erosion effects, wear,
and friction head. Increased
friction head affects the energy
required for pumping
Valves
The flow in a pumping system
may be controlled by valves.
Some valves have:
distinct positions.
shut or open.
throttle flow.
selecting the correct valve for an
application depends on:
ease of maintenance.
Reliability.
leakage tendencies.
Cost.
frequency with which the valve
will be open and shut.
Valves
End-Use Equipment
The essential purpose of a pumping system may be to provide
cooling, to supply or drain a tank or reservoir, or to provide
hydraulic power to a machine.
Design Practices
Fluid system designs are usually developed to support the needs of
other systems.
In cooling system applications, the requirements flow is determine.
Pump capabilities are then calculated based on the system layout
and equipment characteristics
The most challenging
aspect of the design
process is cost-
effectively matching
the pump and motor
characteristics to the
needs of the system
Analyzing System Requirements
fully understand system requirements
(peak demand, average demand, and the variability of demand)
with respect to time of day and time of year
Problems with oversized pumps
often develop because the system is
designed for peak loads, while
normal operating loads are much
smaller. Excess flow energy is then
forced into the system. In addition
to increasing operating costs, this
excess flow energy creates
unnecessary wear on components
such as valves, piping, and piping
supports.
Initial Pump Selection
Pump selection starts with a
basic knowledge of:
System operating conditions.
Fluid properties.
Pressures.
Temperatures.
System layout.
System Operating Costs.
These conditions determine the
type of pump that is required to
meet certain service needs.
positive displacement
centrifugal.
Axial flow pumps
flow rate and head!
efficiency
suction inlet conditions
operating life
maintenance.
Costs
Pumps Installation
Jack-bolts
Base plate
Grouting
Foundation
Shims
Pumps Installation
1. Serial number
2. Pump Model
3. Frequency
4. Rated Power
5. Speed
6. Maximum Head
7. Capacity
8. Head Range
9. Maximum Operating
Pressure
10. Rotating Direction
Pump nameplate information
1-Check the pump/pump unit
immediately upon delivery/receipt of
dispatch for damage or missing parts.
2-The pump/pump unit must be
transported carefully and by competent
personnel. Avoid serious impacts.
3-Keep the pump/pump unit in the same
position in which it was supplied from
the factory.
4-Take note of the instructions on the
packaging.
5-The intake and discharge side of the
pump must be closed with plugs during
transport and storage
Transport, Handling
Transport, Handling
Dispose of all packing materials in accordance with local
regulations.
6-Lifting devices (e.g. fork-lift truck, crane, crane device,
pulleys, sling ropes, etc.) must be sufficiently strong and must
only be used by authorized persons.
7-The weight of the pump/pump unit is given in
the Data Sheet.

8-The pump/pump unit may only be lifted by solid points such

as the casing, flanges or frame.
9-The following illustration shows the correct method of
carrying by crane.
Transport, Handling
Transport, Handling
Transport, Handling
Do not stand underneath suspended loads.
Pumps or pump units that are stored for a long time (6 months max)
before use must be protected against moisture, vibrations and dirt
(e.g. by wrapping in oil paper or plastic sheeting).
Pumps must basically be stored in a place where they are protected
from the weather, e.g. under cover. During
this time, all suction and discharge branches and all other intakes
and outlets must be closed with dummy flanges or plugs.
Please contact factory for storage instructions for storage periods
longer than 6 months
Pumps Storage
Cover the equipment with industrial strength plastic, preferably
transparent to allow its visual inspection, including its nameplate,
without uncovering the unit.
Drain the casing completely and dry it including :
bearing housing .
stuffing box.
seal chamber.
Apply a coat of soluble rust preventive solution both internally and
externally
Pumps Storage
Remove the shaft coupling; it may cause the shaft to develop a
permanent sag during prolonged storage.
Store the unit in its normal position in a dry place.
Protect the bearing housing from moisture by placing bags of vapor
phase inhibitor crystals around the housing
Inspect the unit periodically and turn
the shaft a few times plus 1/4 turn.
Turning the shaft prevents pitting of
finished surfaces. The extra 1/4 turn is
to displace the sag and prevent the
shaft from developing a permanent
bow.
Pumps Storage
Mounting of pump onto
a base frame
Pumps Installation
Installation and Alignment
of Coupling
Connecting the pipes to
the pump
Electrical connection
Starting up
Operation and Monitoring
Shutting down
Pumps Installation
Mounting of pump onto a base frame
The pump unit must be provided with a shared base frame made of
steel or cast iron or a welded steel profile frame. This base frame must
be placed on a foundation which can withstand all loads that arise
during operation.
following is to be noticed
The base must withstand all loads occurring during operation.
The mounting surfaces of the pump feet and motor on the base
frame must be flat
safe fastening
Space between pump and motor depending on the used
coupling
Pumps Installation
Installation and Alignment of Coupling
Make sure that nobody can start the motor during work
on the coupling.
Before starting installation coupling
carefully clean shaft ends
do not hit the coupling
coupling may be heated before
hand in an oil bath approx. 100C
Secure coupling hubs against
axial sliding
Pumps Installation
Installation and Alignment of Coupling
The installation and alignment of the coupling must be
carried out with the utmost care and attention.
Badly aligned couplings cause
noise.
vibration .
increased wear on bearings,
couplings and shaft seals
Mount coupling guard after alignment
and before starting the unit.
Pumps Installation
Connecting the pipes to the pump
The pipes must be of a size and design that liquid can flow freely
it is recommended that a check valve is installed in the discharge
pipe shortly after the pump.
Particular attention is to be paid to ensuring that suction pipes are
air tight and that the NPSH values are observed.
Do not install fittings or bends right before the suction nozzle.
When laying the pipes, make sure that the pump is accessible for
maintenance, installation and disassembly.
If the pipe system is tested with the
pump installed, do not exceed the
maximum permitted casing pressure
of the pump and/or shaft sealing.
In the case of pumps with stuffing
boxes, replace packing after pressure
test
Any sealing, flushing or cooling pipe
connections must be installed
Pumps Installation
Connecting the pipes to the pump
This vent will prevent
air binding problem
during operation and
facilitate proper filling
and vent of the pump
during startup.
An additional flushed
piping - discharge
branch-vent line
makes it easier to de-
aerate the pump before
start-up.
Pumps Installation
Connecting the pipes to the pump
Pumps Installation
Connecting the pipes to the pump
Pumps Installation
Electrical connection
Electrical connection work may only be carried out by an
authorized professional
Before starting work, check that the information on the motor rating.
The power supply cable accordance with the wiring diagram.
A protective motor switch is to be provided.
The direction of rotation should only be
checked when the pump is full. Dry
running will cause
damage to the pump.
Fixed Discharge System
Variable Discharge System
Tank Transfer\Unloading
Pumps Installation
Starting up
The plant may only be started up by people who are familiar
with the local safety regulations and with these Operating
Instructions
Starting up for the first time
If pump is oil lubricated, first open oil drain
and drain off any liquid that may have collected.
Fill until the fluid level is at the mid of the oil
level sight glass.
For pumps with grease lubrication, no further lubrication is needed
before initial start-up.
Pump and suction pipe must be filled completely with liquid when
starting up.
Turn pump unit once again by hand and check that it moves smoothly and
evenly.
Check that coupling guard is installed and that all safety devices are
operational.
Switch on any sealing, flushing or cooling devices that are provided.
Open isolation valve in suction /intake pipe.
Set discharge side isolation valve to approx. 25% of rated flow quantity.
With pumps with a discharge
branch rated width less than 200, the isolation valve can remain closed
when starting up
Check direction of rotation by switching on and off briefly. It must be the
same as the directional arrow on the bearing frame.
Start drive device.
As soon as it reaches normal operating speed, open discharge valve
immediately and adjust the required operating point.
Pumps Installation
Starting up
During the first few hours of operation, slowly reduce the leakage
rate as the pump is running by gradually tightening the packing
gland. The guideline value is around 30 - 100 drops/minute
Pumps Installation
Starting up /Packing
Packing that run dry will harden and then destroy the shaft
sleeve and/or the shaft.
If pump does not reach attended
head or if atypical sounds or
vibrations do occur:
Switch off pump and seek for
causes
Pumps Installation
Starting up /Packing
Packing & Mechanical Seal
Process
Fluid
Vessel
Wall
The Basic Sealing Problem:
RUN-DRY
DEAD HEADING
TEMPERATURE
ALIGNMENT
VIBRATION
PARTICULATE / ABRASIVES
CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITY
MECHANICAL SEAL COMMON FAILURES
Pumps Installation
Labyrinth seals
Pumps Installation
Operation and Monitoring
suction pressure:
Suction pressure is the
actual pressure, positive
or negative, at the pump
suction connection as
measured on
a gauge. Pumps do not
suck fluid as the pump
suction
25 %
50 %
75%
5,8 kW
7,6 kW
9,2 kW
1,8 kW
3,2 kW
5,7 kW
4,0 kW
4,4 kW
3,5 kW
11.680 kWh
12.848 kWh
10.220 kWh
34.748 kWh
year (2920
hours)
saving per 1/3
saving in kW
variable speed
pump at
power consumption as per curve
constant speed
pump at
in %
capacity
Energy saving within 1 year (8.760 hours)
Reduces Operating Cost
Constant Pressure
Spray Nozzles
Decoking
Boiler Feed
Fire Suppression
Constant Flow
Distillation Tower
Reactor Feed
Filter Supply
Pipe line
System Curve
Pilot Plant
Heat Exchanger Feed
Actuator Mode
Process Metering
Tank\Sump Level
Control
Tank Unloading
Process Application
pump discharge?
The pump discharge is the
outlet or flange area where
the fluid leaves the olute
(casing). The discharge
flange is usually oriented up
(or vertically), but can also
be mounted sideways (or
horizontally) if the
application
requires it.
Pumps Installation
Troubleshooting a System Problem
Some pumping system problems are sufficiently expensive to justify a
system assessment. Examples of these problems include inefficient
operation, cavitations, poor flow control, and high maintenance
Inefficient system operation can be
caused by a number of problems as:
improper pump selection.
poor system design.
excessive wear-ring clearances.
wasteful flow control practices.
Indications of inefficient system
operation include:
high energy costs.
excessive noise in the pipes and
across valves.
high maintenance requirements
Inefficient Operation.
Bearing Failures and Their Causes
Bearing Failures and Their Causes
Troubleshooting a System Problem
6 month period in a typical process plant
CAUSE NUMBER % of T OT AL
Bearing 25 10.50
Bearing housing 1 0.42
Case wearing ring 2 0.84
Impeller 8 3.36
Rotating face 1 0.42
Screws /set screws 1 0.42
Seals - mechanical 179 75.21
Shaft 12 5.04
Sleeve 9 3.78
T OT AL 238 100.00%
PUMP FAILURE ANALYSIS
High Temp. Rise
H
e
a
d
H
e
a
d
Flow Flow
BEP BEP
Low FlowCavitation
DischargeRecirculation
Reduced Impeller Life
Suction Recirculation
LowBrg. & Seal Life
Cavitation
LowBrg. & Seal Life
Results of Operating Off BEP
Shaft deflection is the result of unbalanced radial loads.
The amount of shaft deflection or bending depends on the amount
of unbalance radial forces and a pumps slenderness ratio.
The higher the forces or the larger the slenderness ratio, the more
shaft deflection will occur. Shaft deflection results in sealing device,
bearing, and other pump mechanical failures.
Shaft Deflection
The Shaft
Slenderness Ratio is
a ratio of shaft
length to shaft
diameter.
Shaft Slenderness Ratio
Shaft Deflection
SIMULTANEOUS DYNAMIC LOADS ON PUMP SHAFT
Impeller Axial
Thrust
Impeller Radial Thrust
Hydraulically
Induced
Forces due to
Recirculation
& Cavitation
Hydraulic
Imbalance
Seal
Radial Thrust
due to Impeller
and Misalignment
Axial Load
from Misalignment
and Impeller
Radial Thrust
due to Impeller
and Misalignment
Coupling
Motor
Shaft Deflection
TEMPERATURE RISE
Overheating of the liquid in the casing can cause:
Rubbing or seizure from thermal expansion
Vaporization of the liquid and excessive vibration
Accelerated corrosive attack by certain chemicals
Temperature rise per minute at shutoff is:
T
o
F (
o
C) / min.= HP (KW)
so
x K
Gal (m
3
) x S.G. x S.H.
HP
so
= HP (KW) @ shutoff from curve
Gal. (m
3
) = Liquid in casing
S.G. = Specific gravity of fluid
S.H. = Specific heat of fluid
Ex.: Pump w/ 100HP (75KW) @s.o. , 6.8 gal casing (.03m
3
)
w/ 60
o
F (16
o
C) water would reach boiling in 2 min.
A recirculation line is a possible solution to the low flow or shut off
operation problems....
CASING GROWTH DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE
T F T C INCHES MILLIMETERS
EXPANSION
100 F 55 C 0.0097 IN 0.245 MM
200 F 110 C 0.0190 IN 0.490 MM
300 F 165 C 0.0291 IN 0.735 MM
400 F 220 C 0.0388 IN 0.900 MM
500 F 275 C 0.0485 IN 1.230 MM
600 F 330 C 0.0582 IN 1.470 MM
10
inches
250 mm
R
O
T
A
T
I
O
N
COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION FOR 316 S/S
IS 9.7X10
-6
IN/IN/F OR 17.5 X10
-6
MM/MM/C
CALCULATION IS T x 9.7 X10
-6
X LENGTH IN INCHES
T x 17.5X10
-6
X LENGTH IN
MILLIMETERS
High temperature requires more clearance
PUMP GROWTH DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE
IMPELLER BALANCE
MECHANICAL
- Weight offset from center of impeller
- Balance by metal removal from vane
HYDRAULIC
- Vane in eye offset from impeller C/L
- Variation in vane thickness
- Results in uneven flow paths thru impeller
- Investment cast impeller eliminates
problem
- Careful machining setup can help
Any
Questions ?